A novel high-voltage powerline inspection system is investigated, which consists of the cooperated ground vehicle and drone. The ground vehicle acts as a mobile platform that can launch and recycle the drone, while the drone can fly over the powerline for inspection within limited endurance. This inspection system enables the drone to inspect powerline networks in a very large area. Both vehicle’ route in the road network and drone’s routes along the powerline network have to be optimized for improving the inspection efficiency, which generates a new two-layer point-arc routing problem. Two constructive heuristics are designed based on “Cluster First, Rank Second” and “Rank First, Split Second”. Then local search strategies are developed to further improve the quality of the solution. To test the performance of the proposed algorithms, practical cases with different-scale are designed based on the road network and powerline network of Ji’an, China. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters related with the drone’s inspection speed and battery capacity is conducted. Computational results indicate that technical improvement on the inspection sensor is more important for the cooperated ground vehicle and drone system.

In this article, a novel hybrid welding process called plasma-TIG coupled arc welding was proposed to improve the efficiency and quality of welding by utilizing the full advantage of plasma and TIG welding processes. The two arcs of plasma and TIG were pulled into each other into one coupled arc under the effect of Lorentz force and plasma flow force during welding experiments. The arc behavior of coupled arc was studied by means of it’s arc profile, arc pressure and arc force conditions. The coupled arc pressure distribution measurements were performed. The effects of welding conditions on coupled arc pressure were evaluated and the maximum coupled arc pressure was improved compared with single-plasma arc and single-TIG arc. It was found that the maximum arc pressure was mainly determined by plasma arc current and plasma gas flow. According to the results, the proposed coupled arc welding process have both advantages of plasma arc and TIG method, and it has a broad application prospect.

In steel recycling, the optimization of electric arc furnaces (EAFs) is of central importance in order to increase efficiency and reduce costs. This study focuses on the optimization of electric arcs, which make a significant contribution to the energy consumption of EAFs. A three-phase equivalent circuit integrated with the Cassie-Mayr arc model is used to capture the nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of arcs, including arc breakage and ignition process. A particle swarm optimization technique is applied to real EAF data containing current and voltage measurements to estimate the parameters of the Cassie-Mayr model. A novel Arc Quality Index (AQI) is introduced in the study, which can be used to evaluate arc quality based on deviations from optimal conditions. The AQI provides a qualitative assessment of arc quality, analogous to indices such as arc coverage and arc stability. The study concludes that the AQI serves as an effective operational tool for EAF operators to optimize production and increase the efficiency and sustainability of steel production. The results underline the importance of understanding electric arc dynamics for the development of EAF technology.

Three-phase AC electric arc furnace (EAF) is a typical non-linear load, causing many power quality problems. Most of the researches on the voltage problems of EAF mainly focus on the voltage fluctuation, and less on the transient voltage problems caused by EAF short circuit and open circuit. In this paper, the relationship between voltage and current of EAF is obtained by combining hyperbolic function and exponential function, then the white noise and chaotic circuit are added to establish the EAF model which is suitable for the study of voltage fluctuation and transient voltage. This paper analyzes the causes of the transient voltage problem of the EAF, calculates the short-circuit current, reactive impact and the influence on voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) in the three-phase short-circuit of the EAF, and compares the calculation results with the simulation results to prove the accuracy of this model. The results show that the reactive impact of three-phase short circuit is about twice as much as that of normal operation of EAF, resulting in about 30% voltage sag at the PCC, which is very unfavorable to the power grid. This paper provides reference for transient power quality evaluation and dynamic reactive power compensation of EAF.

Arc sensors have been used in seam tracking and widely studied since the 80s; commercial arc sensing products for T and V shaped grooves have been developed. However, it is difficult to use these arc sensors in narrow gap welding because arc stability and sensing accuracy are not satisfactory. Pulse gas melting arc welding (P-GMAW) has been successfully applied in narrow gap welding and all position welding processes, so it is worthwhile to research P-GMAW arc sensing technology. In this paper, we derived a linear mathematical P-GMAW model for arc sensing, and the assumptions for the model are verified through experiments and finite element methods. Finally, the linear characteristics of the mathematical model were investigated. In torch height changing experiments, uphill experiments, and groove angle changing experiments the P-GMAW arc signals all satisfied the linear rules. In addition, the faster the welding speed, the higher the arc signal sensitivities; the smaller the groove angle, the greater the arc sensitivities. The arc signal variation rate needs to be modified according to the welding power, groove angles, and swing or rotate speed.

Recently many researches of EOS (Electric Arc Furnace Oxidizing Slag) on application to construction industry have been carried out with increasing its production and limited reclamation site. EOS can be used as a fine aggregate for construction material, however, its engineering properties vary with the manufacturing process and producing district, causing a quality differences in material performance. In the work, EOS is obtained from steel manufacturing plants in South Korea and the engineering properties are evaluated for EOS and the cement mortar with EOS, respectively. From the tests, EOS is mainly made up of CaO, SiO₂, and FeO with 18.2% of larnite which has a crystal structure of β-C₂S with similar cement mineral. EOS mortar shows an increasing compressive strength with more EOS content, which is affected by a considerable amount of larnite (β-C2S) in EOS. The EOS based mortar with ERS (Electric Arc Furnace Reduction Slag) shows unsatisfactory results over the criteria for rate of change, which implies that more consideration must be taken for the usage of the mixed ERS and EOS for cement mortar due to swelling effect of ERS on dimensional stability.

Ti and its alloys are the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications. However, bacterial infection after implant placement is still one of the significant rising complications. Therefore, the application of the antimicrobial agents into implant surfaces to prevent implant-associated infection has attracted lots of attention. Scientific papers have shown that inorganic antibacterial metal element (e.g. Ag, Cu, Zn) can be introduced to implant surfaces with the addition of metal nanoparticles or metallic compounds into electrolyte via micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. In this review, the effects of the composition and concentration of electrolyte and process parameters (e.g. voltage, current density, oxidation time) on morphological characteristics (e.g. surface morphology, bonding strength), antibacterial ability and biocompatibility of MAO antimicrobial coating were discussed in detail. Anti-infection and osseo-integration can be simultaneously accomplished with the selection of the proper antibacterial elements and operating parameters. Besides, MAO assisted by magnetron sputtering (MS) to endow Ti-based implant materials with superior antibacterial ability and biocompatibility was also discussed. Finally, the development trend of MAO technology in the future was forecasted.

The development effect of water flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoir was poor due to its poor physical property and high shale content, the experimental study of air flooding which help to complement producing energy was carried out. Based on the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter experimental results, the crude oil of N block in L oilfield can produce low-temperature oxidation reaction, which was the basic condition of air flooding. Three groups of experiment natural cylinder core were designed for oil displacement, water flooding and air flooding were used respectively, and the relationship of differential pressure, oil recovery, injection capacity with injection volume was investigated. It has been showed on the result that the recovery efficiency improved sharply than water flooding, the effect of depressurization and augmented injection was obvious, and the air displacement was validation.

The gold deposits of the eastern region of Cuba are genetically related to the lithological formations of the island arc and the ophiolitic complex, which have been studied and exploited since the time of the Spanish colonization in the mid-sixteenth century. These deposits are part of the so-called Aguas Claras-Guajabales mineral field, in the Holguín Province (Cuba) and lie in an extensive elongated strip of approximately 15 km in length. The object of this work is to make an orderly, detailed, and chronological review of the geological and mining work carried out in this region as well as to highlight the degree of study achieved in each of the stages of research. To facilitate this work, an extensive bibliographic review of all available materials was planned and carried out, such as reports, manuals, monographs, and articles. The results obtained from this study highlight that gold mineralization is closely linked to metasomatic processes produced by the circulation of hydrothermal fluids that affected different lithologies of both the volcanic island arc and the ophiolitic complex, it is noteworthy that the highest gold contents are mainly where the lithologies contact each other. This highlights the fact that the presence of alterations such as serpentinization, listvenitization, rodingitization and propylitization have played a primary role in the deposition of gold during mineralization processes. This work could be a very useful guide for future research in this region, as it is an orderly, concrete, and practical compilation of the characteristics of the mineralization and alterations, as well as a precise indication of the spatial position, thicknesses, and contents of the gold horizons.

When a railway vehicle moves on a curved rail, sliding contact occurs between the rail head side and wheel flange, which wears the wheel flange down. The thinned flange needs to be restored above the required minimum thickness for structural safety. In this study, a new process and welding wire for restoring worn-out railway wheels by submerged arc welding was developed. To characterize the properties of the restored wheel, dilatometric analysis of phase transformation, SEM/EDX analyses, hardness measurement, and residual stress measurement using the X-ray diffraction method were performed. Finally, wear tests with full-size wheel/rail specimens were carried out. It was confirmed that the weld metal was composed of bainitic microstructures as intended, and welding defects were not observed. The wear amount of the restored wheel was greater than that of the base material, but it was less than half of the wear depth of the weld-repaired wheel with ferritic–pearlitic microstructures. The developed process seems applicable to industry.

In the paper, the effect of voltage increasing (from 500 VDC up to 650 VDC) on the structure and chemical composition of porous coating on titanium made by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, is presented. In the present paper, phosphates based coatings enriched with calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper in electrolyte based on 1 L of 85% concentrated H3PO4 with additions of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, and Mg(NO3)2∙6H2O, and Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O, and Cu(NO3)2∙3H2O, are described. The morphology, chemical and phase composition, are evaluated using SEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, GDOES. Based on all the analyses, it was found out that the PEO coatings are porous and enriched with calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. They consist mainly of the amorphous phase, which is more visible for higher voltages, and it is correlated with the increasing of the total PEO coating thickness (the higher the voltage, the thicker the PEO coating). However, for 650 VDC an amorphous phase and titanium substrate was also recorded with a signal from Ti2P2O7 crystalline, that was not observed for lower voltages. It was also found out that all the obtained coatings may be divided in three sub-layers, i.e. porous, semiporous, and transition one.

The processes of hydrogen reduction of silicon and germanium chlorides under the conditions of high-frequency (40.68 MHz) counteracted arc discharge stabilized between two rod electrodes are investigated. The main gas-phase and solid products of plasma-chemical transformations are determined. Thermodynamic analysis of SiCl4 + H2 and GeCl4 + H2 systems for optimal process parameters was carried out. Using the example of hydrogen reduction of SiCl4 by the method of numerical modeling, gas-dynamic and thermal processes for this type of discharge are investigated. The impurity composition of gas-phase and solid reaction products is investigated. The possibility of single-stage production of high-purity Si and Ge mainly in the form of compact ingots, as well as high-purity chlorosilanes and trichlorogermane, is shown.

Plasma generation by means of electrical discharge requires specialized power supply systems. The applicability of plasma for various plasma processes depends on its parameters, and these in turn depend on the parameters of the power supply systems. Arc plasma can be unstable, generating a lot of electromagnetic interference and overvoltage and overcurrent. The power system of a plasma reactor must guarantee good plasma control characteristics, be immune to disturbances and ensure good cooperation with the power grid. The article analyzes the cooperation of a three-phase plasma reactor, with gliding arc discharge, with a power supply system of a new type. This system integrates an AC/DC/AC converter with a five-column transformer of special design in a single device. Using the properties of magnetic circuits, it was possible to integrate the functions of ignition and sustaining the burning of the discharge in the reactor in a single transformer. Proper design of the transformer is crucial to achieve good cooperation of the AC/DC/AC converter with both the plasma reactor and the power supply network. The presented power supply design shows a number of positive features predisposing it to powering arc plasma reactors.

We investigated new anodic coloring materials that are used as ion storage layers in complementary energy storage electrochromic devices (ESECDs) to enhance their electrochromic storage performance. In this study, we fabricated counter electrodes (ion storage layers) using IrO2 doping NiO (Ir: NiO) film through cathodic arc plasma (CAP) with varying surface charge capacities. We investigated the influence of MoO3-doped WO3 (Mo: WO3) film by various Ar/O2 gas flow ratios (1/4, 1/5, and 1/6). The ESECDs used in the demonstration were 10×10 cm2 in size. They achieved optical transmittance modulation of Ir: NiO- ESECDs (glass/ITO/ Mo: WO3/gel-polymer electrolytes/ Ir: NiO /ITO/glass), ΔT=53.3% (from Tbleaching (66.6%) to Tcoloration (13.1%)). The ESECDs had a quick coloration time of 3.58 seconds, a rapid bleaching time of 1.24 seconds, and high cycling durability. It remained at 45% transmittance modulation even after 3000 cycles. New anodic materials can provide an alternative to traditional active materials for bi-functional electrochromic batteries.

Having garnered significant attention in the scientific community over the past decade, Wire Arc Directed Energy Deposition (arc-DED) technology is at the heart of this investigation into additive manufacturing parameters. Singularly focused on invar as the selected material, the primary objective revolves around devising an indirect cord height measurement approach. This innovative methodology involves the seamless integration of internal signals and sensors, enabling the derivation of crucial measurements sans the requirement for direct physical interaction or conventional measurement methodologies. Through the course of this research, meticulous alteration of deposition parameters is undertaken to thoroughly scrutinize their influence on the ultimate cord dimensions. The fusion of cutting-edge manufacturing techniques with advanced sensor technology constitutes the essence of this endeavor, offering substantial potential to augment precision and efficiency in additive manufacturing processes. Remarkably cost-effective, this solution circumvents the need for intricate measurements and significantly contributes to the proper layer-by-layer growth process.

The Feni Island group is located at the southeastern end of the NW trending Ta-bar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) island chain, northeastern Papua New Guinea. This island chain is renowned for hosting alkaline magmas, geothermal activity, copper-gold mineralization and mining. The purpose of this paper is to present the geological observations of Feni Island within the context of the regional tectonic setting and evolution of the TLTF. The TLTF arc is a younger arc situated within the Greater Melanesian Arc, specifically within the New Ireland Basin bounded by New Ireland to the west and the extinct Kilinailau Trench in the east. The formation of the TLTF is attributed to post-subduction extensional tectonics relating to the opening of the Manus Basin and the magma is sourced from subduction-modified upper mantle. Normal, ex-tensional faulting is observed throughout the TLTF.

We introduce a new variation on the domination theme which we call vertex domination as reducing waste of time in transportation planning and optimization of transport routes. We determine the vertex domination number $\gamma_v$ for several classes of fuzzy graphs. The bounds is obtained for it. In fuzzy graphs, monotone decreasing property and monotone increasing property are introduced. We prove both of the vizing's conjecture and the Grarier-Khelladi's conjecture are monotone decreasing fuzzy graph property for vertex domination. We obtain Nordhaus-Gaddum (NG) type results for these parameters. The relationship between several classes of operations on fuzzy graphs with the vertex domination number of them is studied. Finally, we discuss about vertex dominating set of a fuzzy tree by using the bridges and $\alpha$-strong edges equivalence.

In this work commercial 18650 lithium-ion cells with LiMn₂O₄, LiFePO₄ and Li(Ni_0.33Mn_0.33Co_0.33)O₂ cathodes were exposed to external heating in an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (es-ARC, THT Company) to investigate the thermal behavior under abuse conditions. New procedures for measuring external and internal pressure change of cells were developed. The external pressure was measured utilizing a gas-tight cylinder inside the calorimeter chamber in order to detect venting of the cells. For internal pressure measurements, a pressure line connected to a pressure transducer was directly inserted into the cell. During the thermal runaway experiments, three stages (low rate, medium rate and high rate reaction) have been observed. Both pressure and temperature change indicated different stages of exothermic reactions, which produced gases or/and heat. The onset temperature of thermal runaway was estimated according to temperature and pressure changes. Moreover, the different activation energies for the exothermic reactions could be derived from Arrhenius plots.

The processes of hydrogen reduction of silicon and germanium chlorides under the conditions of radio-frequency (40.68 MHz) counteracted arc discharge stabilized between two rod electrodes were investigated. The main gas-phase and solid products of plasma-chemical transformations were determined. Thermodynamic analysis of SiCl4 + H2 and GeCl4 + H2 systems was carried out. It is shown that under the implemented experimental conditions, equilibrium components of the products are established. The detected spectra of chemical activity were studied, which gave reason to assume that the molecular mechanism of the hydrogen reduction process is the main one. The impurity composition of gas-phase and solid reaction products was investigated. The possibility of single-stage production of high-purity Si and Ge mainly in the form of compact ingots, as well as high-purity chlorosilanes and trichlorogermane, was shown.

Nanostructured transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been considered a promising substitute for precious metal catalysts toward ORR due to their multi-electron orbitals, metallic properties, and low cost. To design TMNs catalysts with high catalytic activity toward ORR, the intrinsic features of the influencing factor on the catalytic activity toward ORR of nanostructured TMNs need to be investigated. In the paper, titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), and hafnium nitride (HfN) nanoparticles (NPs) are high-efficiency and one-step synthesized by the direct current arc plasma. TiN, ZrN, and HfN NPs with an oxidation layer are applied as the catalysts of hybrid sodium-air batteries (HSABs). The effect of composition and structure attributes of TMNs on ORR catalysis is defined as follows. (ⅰ) Composition effect. With the increase of the oxygen content, the catalytic ORR capability of TMNs decreases progressively due to the reduction of oxygen adsorption capacity; (ⅱ) Structure effect. The redistribution of the density of states (DOS) of ZrN indicates higher ORR activity than TiN and HfN. HSABs with ZrN exhibit an excellent cyclic stability up to 137 cycles (about 140 h), an outstanding rate performance, and a specific capacity of 2817 mAh·g−1 at 1.0 mA·cm−2.

This investigation aims to discuss the formation process of eddies and the heat transportation in plasma keyhole arc welding. In order to clarify this issue, the measurement of the convection inside the weld pool, the convection on the weld pool surface, also the temperature distribution on the weld pool surface were carried out. The results showed that two eddies were found in the weld pool, which is controlled mainly through the shear force by the plasma flow acting on the weld pool surface. The magnitude, extent and direction of the shear force are thought to be determined primarily by the variation of keyhole profile. The relative shape and strength of each eddy is largely changed depending on the change of the keyhole profile when nozzle diameter changed. These relative strengths of each eddy are considered to decisively govern the heat transport in the weld pool coinciding with the direction of eddies. A larger eddy near the lower part of the keyhole inside the weld pool was found out in the case of 1.6 mm, meanwhile a upward larger eddy was found out near the upper part of the keyhole inside the weld pool in the case of 2.4 mm.

The pivotal role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the emotional modulation of hippocampal plasticity and memory consolidation is well established. Specifically, multiple studies have demonstrated that the activation of the noradrenergic (NA) system within BLA governs these modulatory effects. However, most of the current evidence has been obtained by direct infusion of synthetic NA or beta-adrenergic agonists. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of endogenous NA release in the BLA, induced by a natural aversive stimulus (coyote urine), on memory consolidation for a neutral hippocampal-dependent task. We combined a weak version of the object location task (OLT) with mild predator odor exposure (POE) for our experiments. To investigate the role of the BLA in memory modulation, a subset of the animals (Wistar rats) were treated with the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol at the end of the behavioral procedures. Hippocampal tissue was collected either 90 minutes after drug infusion or 24 hours after the OLT test. The samples were used to determine the levels of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) - two molecular markers of experience-dependent changes in neuronal activity. The result suggests that POE is a behavioral paradigm suitable for studying the interaction between BLA and the hippocampus in memory prioritization and selectivity.

Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is an emerging technology employed to produce high hardness or anti-corrosion ceramic coatings on lightweight metals such Al, Ti, Mg and their respective alloys. However, under non-lubrication conditions, such coatings exhibit relatively high friction coeffi-cients. To enhance the friction reduction properties of the MAO coatings, we employed a one-step MAO process with varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) in an aluminate sys-tem electrolyte to create composite coatings on the surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The effect of concentrations of GO particles on microstructure, composition, and wear behavior of the result-ing composite coatings was investigated. Measurements of the coating's thickness, hardness, and roughness have also been conducted. Ball-on-disk friction test under dry condition were carried out to reveal tribological behavior of the MAO coating. The addition of graphene oxide in the electrolyte reduces the friction coefficient, with the composite coating containing 5 g/L of GO particles displaying the most effective friction reduction. Moreover, coating thickness increases with higher GO concentration. This friction reduction can be attributed to the particles in the coating acting as lubricants during friction, while GO also reduces adhesive damage, shifting the wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive.

This paper presents a novel approach of welding thick steel plates that offers time and energy savings compared with conventional techniques. The combination of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and hot-wire technology simplifies the joint configuration and enhances the process tolerance. In this study, a square butt joint was prepared with as-cut edges and a thickness of 15 mm. The relationship between the welding current and the deposition rate of solo GMAW showed limitations and low process tolerance. Increasing the welding current led to a larger deposited volume with unnecessary weld penetration. An independent deposition volume due to hot-wire insertion was used to improve process tolerance. This approach provided an additional volume without increasing the welding current and reduced unnecessary penetration. With optimized parameters, full-penetration single-pass welding was achieved. Compared with the formation of a typical single-v butt joint at a similar welding speed of 30 cm/min, the proposed process reduced the minimum arc time and power consumption by approximately 83% and 62%, respectively. Moreover, a single pass at a travel speed of 60 cm/min was achieved with approximately 91% and 81% less arc time and power consumption, respectively. In summary, the combined process simplifies the joint configuration, enables full-penetration single-pass welding, and reduces time and energy requirements.

To understand the enhanced protection mechanism of CoCrNiAlY-YSZ-LaMgAl11O19 dou-ble-layer ceramic coating with aluminum plating, a finite element simulation method was used to simulate the distribution of thermal stress in the coating in all directions. The results show that in the air exposure of the un-aluminized coating, high temperature causes a large radial thermal stress on the surface of the LaMgAl11O19 (LMA) layer, and it increases with the increase in temperature, which is the main reason for the initiation of axial cracks. After arc aluminum plating, the aluminum plating layer effectively inhibited the volume shrinkage of the coating through good adhesion to the coating and internal diffusion, the thermal stress of the coating was considerably reduced, and the CoCrNiAlY-YSZ-LMA coating had an effective enhancement and protection effect; however, there was still a certain amount of shear thermal stress inside the LMA layer, the top of the crack, and the bottom of the crack. This thermal stress caused the initi-ation of radial microcracks in the LMA layer, which also becomes a risk point for the failure of the aluminum coating.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential element constituting sedimentary carbonate in subducting sediments. Ca isotopic characteristics of subduction-related rocks could provide insight into the behavior and budget of carbonate and carbon cycles in subduction zones, due to the distinctive δ^44/40Ca ranges of sedimentary carbonate with respect to the mantle. Here, we studied the Ca isotopic compositions of arc magmas from the Northern Luzon arc (NLA), which are evolved from a depleted mantle metasomatized by slab-derived fluids and sediment melts. The δ^44/40Ca values range from 0.76 ± 0.04‰ to 1.01 ± 0.03‰ and cover the typical ranges for bulk silica earth (BSE, ~ 0.94‰) and fresh mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB, ~ 0.83‰). The Ca isotopes of NLA volcanics are not dominantly determined by the effects of mantle partial melting or fractional crystallization, nor significantly modified by secondary alteration. Instead, the δ^44/40Ca values of NLA volcanics are controlled by the subduction-related metasomatism. The metasomatism by slab-derived fluids (mainly expelled from altered oceanic crust, AOC) dramatically elevated the contents of fluid-mobile elements (e.g., Ba and Pb) with respect to fluid-immobile elements (e.g., Ce). This process, however, rarely modified the Ca isotopes, possibly ascribed to the δ^44/40Ca similarity between AOC and the depleted mantle. The δ^44/40Ca values significantly correlated with subduction indicators (e.g., Sr-Nd isotopes, Ba/Nb, Ce/Pb, and Nb/La), demonstrating the Ca isotopes of NLA volcanics are mainly controlled by the metasomatism of sediment melts subducting from the South China Sea (SCS). Based on the thermal structures and chemical compositions of sediments subducting into global trenches, we propose that carbonate Ca isotopic signals can only be observed in the arcs with high sedimentary Ca fluxes and temperature-pressure conditions well beyond the solidus of H₂O-saturated sediment melting, e.g., NLA, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, South Chile, North Vanuatu, New Zealand, and Kermadec. The absence of such signals in other arcs suggests either limited sedimentary fluxes or much of the subducting sedimentary carbonate has been survived during plate subduction to enter the deep mantle.

Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag (EAF) has a high density of 3.0~3.7 t/m3 and therefore has a high bulk density when mixed with concrete. Extensive research has been conducted on the use of concrete with high unit volume weight as heavyweight concrete for radiation shielding concrete. In this study, to examine the possibility of developing a radiation shielding concrete, the physical properties of normal concrete, magnetite concrete, EAF concrete, and EAF concrete with added iron powder, were compared. Also, their radiation shielding performance was assessed through shielding tests against X-rays and γ-rays. While the unit volume weight of EAF concrete (3.21 t/m3) appeared lower than that of magnetite concrete (3.5 t/m3), the compressive strength of EAF concrete was greater than those of magnetite and normal concretes. The radiation shielding ratio of magnetite concrete was observed to be 93.9% from the X-ray shielding test, followed by 91.2% of EAF concrete, and 73.7% of normal concrete, indicating a linear relationship with unit volume weight. From the γ-ray shielding test, the performance of EAF and magnetite concretes appeared to be similar. Based on the excellent physical properties and radiation shielding performance of EAF concrete, its potential applicability as radiation shielding concrete was confirmed.

The method of micro-arc oxidation has been utilized to synthesize a protective biocompatible coating for a bioresorbable orthopedic Mg implant. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive research of micro-arc coatings based on diatomite – a biogenic material consisting of shells of diatom microalgae. The main focus of this study was the functionalization of diatomite-based micro-arc coatings by incorporating the particles of titania (TiO2) into them. Various properties of the resulting coatings were examined and evaluated. The XRD analysis has revealed the formation of a new magnesium orthosilicate phase – forsterite (Mg2SiO4). It has been established that the corrosion current density of the coatings has decreased by 2-4 orders of magnitude after the inclusion of TiO2 particles, depending on the coating process voltage. The adhesion strength of the coatings has increased following the particle incorporation. The processes of dissolution of both coated and uncoated samples in a sodium chloride solution were studied. The in vitro cell viability was assessed, which showed that the coatings significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of Mg samples.

Manganese sludge, an industrial waste in the ferroalloy industry, contains various components and holds significant importance for sustainable development through its valorization. This study focuses on characterizing a manganese sludge and investigating its behavior during sulfuric acid leaching. The influence of process conditions, including temperature, acid concentration, liquid to solid ratio, and leaching duration, was examined. The results revealed that Mn, Zn, and K are the main leachable components, and their leaching rates increase with increasing temperature, liquid to solid ratio, and time. However, acid concentration requires optimization. High leaching rates of 90% for Mn, 90% for Zn, and 100% for K were achieved. Moreover, it was found that Pb in the sludge is converted to sulfate during the leaching which yields a sulfate concentrate rich in PbSO4. The leaching process for Mn and Zn species appears to follow a second or -third order reaction, and the calculation of rate constants indicated that Mn leaching kinetics are two to five times higher than those for Zn. Thermodynamic calculations were employed to evaluate the main chemical reactions occurring during leaching.

In recent years, additive manufacturing of products made from 5000 series alloys has grown in popularity for marine and automotive applications. In this work, we compare of mechanical properties characteristics of aluminum alloy 5056 material produced by wire-arc additive technology and rolling. We carried out tension tests under quasi-static loading and impact toughness tests under impact loading. The results show that upon similar ultimate tensile strength and ductility, material after additive manufacturing demonstrates decreased resistance against dynamic loading than material manufactured by the typical method of casting and rolling. This decrease in properties was explained through macro- and microstructure analysis.

The material flow dynamic and velocity distribution on the melted domain surface play a crucial role on the joint quality and formation of welding defects. In this study, authors investigated the effects of the low and high currents of plasma arc welding on the material flow and thermodynamics of molten pool and its relationship to the welding defects. The high-speed video camera (HSVC) was used to observe the convection of the melted domain and welded-joint appearance. Furthermore, to consider the Marangoni force activation, the temperature on the melted domain was measured by a thermal HSVC. The results revealed that the velocity distribution on the weld surface was higher than that inside the molten weld pool due to the difference of the massive density between the air and the steel. Moreover, in the case of low welding current (80A) the convection speed of molten was faster than that of the high welding current case (160A) owing to the difference of main driving forces direction and strength, which leading to undercut and humping defects on the weld surface and excessive convex (burn-through) defect at the bottom weld side, respectively. The medium welding current (120A) had two convection patterns with the main flow in backward direction, which resulted in better welding quality without defect. The interaction between the shear force and Marangoni force played a solid state on the convection and heat transportation processes in the plasma arc welding process.

The overrun of transient power quality index caused by the large-capacity electric arc furnace (EAF) has become a prominent problem affecting the safe and stable operation of the power system. (1) In this paper, the relationship between arc furnace volt-age and current is derived based on the different stages of arc combustion, and the random variation of chaotic phenomenon of the arc voltage are simulated. Established an EAF model suitable for the study of transient power quality problems. (2) Take 50t AC EAF as an example to analyze the reactive power impact and the influence on the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage caused by the three-phase short circuit of the electrode. The results show that the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the model. (3) When the three-phase short-circuit occurs, the reactive power impact is nearly 6 times that of normal operation, the short-circuit current is 2.66 times that of normal operation, and the effective value of the PCC voltage has dropped by 40.37%, which provides a theoretical basis for real-time compensation of impulsive reactive power and improvement of the transient power quality of the EAF.

Reducing emissions from the iron and steel industry is essential to achieve the Paris climate goals. A new system to reduce the carbon footprint of steel production is proposed in this article by coupling hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (H-DRI) and natural gas pyrolysis on liquid metal surface inside a bubble column reactor. If grid electricity from EU is used, the emissions would be 435 kg CO₂/tls without considering methane leakage from the extraction, storage and transport of natural gas. Solid carbon, produced as a by-product of natural gas decomposition, finds applications in many industrial sectors, including as a replacement for coal in coke ovens. Specific energy consumption (SEC) of the proposed system is approximately 6.3 MWh per ton of liquid steel(tls). It is higher than other competing technologies, 3.48 MWh/tls for water electrolysis based DRI, and, 4.3-4.5 MWh/tls for natural gas based DRI and blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) respectively. Utilization of large quantities of natural gas, where the carbon remains unused, is the major reason for high SEC. Preliminary analysis of the system revealed that it has the potential to compete with existing technologies to produce CO₂ free steel, if renewable electricity is used. Further studies on the kinetics of the bubble column reactor, H-DRI shaft furnace, design and sizing of components, along with building of industrial prototypes are required to improve the understanding of the system performance.

Software defect prediction is an important means to guarantee software quality. Because there are no sufficient historical data within a project to train the classifier, cross-project defect prediction (CPDP) has been recognized as a fundamental approach. However, traditional defect prediction methods using feature attributes to represent samples, which can not avoid negative transferring, may result in poor performance model in CPDP. This paper proposes a multi-source cross-project defect prediction method based on dissimilarity space ( DM-CPDP). This method first uses the density-based clustering method to construct the prototype set with the cluster center of samples in the target set. Then, the arc-cosine kernel is used to form the dissimilarity space, and in this space the training set is obtained with the earth mover’s distance (EMD) method. For the unlabeled samples converted from the target set, the KNN algorithm is used to label those samples. Finally, we use TrAdaBoost method to establish the prediction model. The experimental results show that our approach has better performance than other traditional CPDP methods.

The interest in the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique has continuously increased over the last few years. This article shows the possibility of the development of a SPS device used for material processing and synthesis both in both scientific and industrial applications. This work presents an example of processing Arc-Meleted (half-Heusler, cobalt triantimonide) and SHS-synthesized semiconductors (bismuth telluride) materials with SPS device. The system functionalities expansion is presented, showing the possible way of increasing the information amount obtained about SPS processes and using the SPS apparatus for conducting synthesis of materials and increasing reproducibility and accuracy of process parameters control.

Wall–stabilized arcs dominated by nozzle–ablation are key elements of self–blast circuit breakers. In the present study, high–current arcs were investigated using a model circuit breaker (MCB) in CO2 as gas alternative to SF6 and in addition a long polytetrafluoroethylene nozzle under ambient conditions for stronger ablation. The assets of different methods for optical investigation were demonstrated, e.g. high-speed imaging with channel filters and optical emission spectroscopy. Particularly the phase near current zero (CZ) crossing was studied in two steps. In the first step using high-speed cameras, radial temperature profiles have been determined until 0.4 ms before CZ in the nozzle. Broad temperature profiles with a maximum of 9400 K have been obtained from analysis of fluorine lines. In the second step, the spectroscopic sensitivity was increased using an intensified CCD camera, allowing single-shot measurements until few microseconds before CZ in the MCB. Ionic carbon and atomic oxygen emission were analyzed using absolute intensities and normal maximum. The arc was constricted and the maximum temperature decreased from >18000 K at 0.3 ms to about 11000 K at 0.010 ms before CZ. The arc plasma needs about 0.5-1.0 ms after both the ignition phase and the current zero crossing to be completely dominated by the ablated wall material.

Flood is identified as one of the major disasters in the world; it destroys both human and properties across the world, where lives are lost, properties, public infrastructure, farmlands and agricultural produce with farm crops carted away as a result of flood disaster. Studies revealed that the flood in itself is not the danger, but the level of human vulnerability to flooding disaster risk, which enhances its destructive capabilities. However, based on the challenges poses by flood disaster risk, this research identifies Ala river in Akure as a potential cause of flood, considering its location and other human activities around the river. Therefore, the research used Ala-river a case study to identify and mapped out areas susceptible to flood disaster risk. The research made use of both literature review and conducted goe-data gathering with the application GIS-computer database to retrieve georeferencing relevant data from the fieldwork in the study area of Ala-river basin to mapped out locations vulnerable to achieve the research aim. The research adopted a Geo-mapping of the vulnerable area to Ala-River basin using arc-GIS tool in combination with other software such as IKONAS and OLI (Operation Land Imager) for the production of the study area imagery, ER-ITERIM was used for the collection of rainfall data and FAO was applied for digital soil mapping. These applications produced; the land use/land cover map, digital elevation map, buffer map using 30 meters setback, annual rainfall map, soil types map, vulnerability map and soil textural table for the study area. Analysis of the produced and generated maps shows 316 buildings vulnerability to flood disaster risk; the soil texture and types, and alternative use to which the soil types can be useful. The research recommends that demolition of the identified 316 buildings prone to flood disaster and compliance of building construction to 30 meters setback by developers. Others are the conversion of the future land setback for urban agricultural purposes and preservation of water retention areas for agricultural activities during the dry season among others. The study concludes that relevant government agencies in the State and in particular in Akure South Local Government should ensure prompt compliance and implementation of the recommendations to avoid potential flood disaster risks.

Dissimilar welds between ferritic and austenitic steels represent a good solution for exploiting the best performance of stainless steels at high and low temperatures and in aggressive environments, while minimizing costs. Therefore, they are widely used in nuclear and petrochemical plants, however, due to the different properties of the steels involved, the welding process can be challenging. Fusion welding can be specifically addressed to connect low-carbon, or low-alloy steels, with high-alloy steels, which have similar melting point. Welding of thick plates can be performed with electric arc in multiple passes or in a single pass by means of a laser beam equipment. Since microstructure and consequently mechanical properties of the weld are closely related to composition, the choice of the filler metal and processing parameters, which in turn affects the dilution rate, plays a fundamental role. Numerous technical solutions were proposed for welding dissimilar steels and much research was developed on the weldment metallurgy; therefore, this article is aimed at a review of the most recent scientific literature on the issues relating to the fusion welding of ferritic / austenitic steels. Two specific sections are dedicated respectively to electric arc and laser beam welding; finally, metallurgical issues, related to dilution and thermal field are debated in the discussion section.

In this study composite with alternate layers of 5056 and 1580 alloys was manufactured by wire arc additive manufacturing technology. It is shown that increased strength characteristics of composite material can be obtained due to deformation treatment by high-pressure torsion (HPT) technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the HPT-processed material in different structural states were investigated. The HPT-processed material exhibits high value of ultimate tensile strength (~ 770 MPa) but low ductility. Short-term annealing at 250 oС and additional deformation by HPT to 0.25 of revolution at room temperature resulted in a slight decrease in material’s strength to ~ 700 MPa but provided ductility ∼ 9%. Physical mechanisms to improve plasticity in correlation with microstructure evolution is discussed.

Replacing carbon by hydrogen is a huge step towards reducing CO₂ emissions in the iron- and steel-making industry. The reduction of iron oxides using hydrogen plasma smelting reduction as an alternative to conventional steel-making routes has been studied at Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria. The aim of this work was to study the slag formation during the reduction process and the reduction behaviour of iron oxides. Furthermore, the reduction behaviour of iron ore during continuous feeding was assessed. Mixtures of iron ore and calcined lime with a basicity of 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.3, and 2.9 were melted and reduced by hydrogen. The off-gas composition was measured during the operations to calculate the process parameters. The reduction parameters, namely the degree of reduction, degree of hydrogen utilisation, produced iron, and slag, are presented. The results of the batch-charged experiments showed that at the beginning of the reduction process, the degree of hydrogen utilisation was high, and then, it decreased over the operation time. In contrast, during the continuous-feeding experiment, the degree of hydrogen utilisation could be kept approximately constant. The highest degrees of reduction and hydrogen utilisation were obtained upon the application of a slag with a basicity of 2.3. The experiment showed that upon the continuous feeding of iron ore, the best conditions for the reduction process using hydrogen could be applied.

The 70/30 copper–nickel alloy is mainly used in critical parts with more demanding conditions in marine settings. There is a need for innovative methods that offer fast production and cost-effectiveness to supplement current copper–nickel alloy manufacturing processes. In this study, we employ wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) to fabricate the 70/30 copper–nickel alloy. The as-built microstructure is characterized by columnar grains with prominent dendrites and chemical segregation in the inter-dendritic area. The aspect ratio of the columnar grain increases with increasing travel speed (TS) at the same wire feed speed (WFS). This is in contrast to an equiaxed grain structure with a more random orientation of conventional sample. The sample built with a WFS of 8 m/min, TS of 1000 mm/min, and a track distance of 3.85 mm exhibits superior corrosion properties in the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution compared to the conventional one, as evidenced by a higher film resistance and breakdown potential, along with a lower passive current density of the WAAM sample. The corrosion morphology reveals the critical roles played by the nickel element unevenly distributed between the dendrite core and inter-dendritic area.

The development of hydrogen plasma smelting reduction as a CO₂ emission-free steel-making process is a promising approach. This study presents a concept of the reduction of hematite using hydrogen thermal plasma. A laboratory scale and pilot scale hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) process are introduced. To assess the reduction behavior of hematite, a series of experiments has been conducted and the main parameters of the reduction behavior, namely the degree of hydrogen utilization, degree of reduction and the reduction rate are discussed. The thermodynamic aspect of the hematite reduction is considered and the pertinent calculations have been carried out using FactSage^TM 7.2. The degree of hydrogen utilization and the degree of reduction were calculated using the off-gas chemical composition. The contribution of carbon, introduced from the graphite electrode, ignition pin and steel crucible, to the reduction reactions was studied. The degree of reduction of hematite, regarding H₂O, CO and CO₂ as the gaseous reduction products, is determined. It is shown that the degree of hydrogen utilization and the reduction rate were high at the beginning of the experiments, then decreased during the reduction process owing to the diminishing of iron oxide. Conducting experiments with the high basicity of slag B₂=2 led to a decrease of the phosphorus concentration in the produced iron.

The paper is devoted to the study of a high-pressure short-arc xenon discharge, which is widely used as a light source. Cathodes of such lamps are often doped with thorium for better cathode operation. As a result, thorium can evaporate into a discharge. The study is based on a model of a short-arc xenon discharge plasma, which includes presence of thorium atoms in the plasma. The data obtained show that thorium atoms strongly affect the characteristics of the plasma, reducing its temperature, changing the ionic composition near the cathode, energy balance and generation of optical radiation. Especially interesting is the case when the discharge electrodes have a different shape of the working surface: the anode has a convex or concave shape; the cathode has a different cone angle. The obtained data make it possible to propose a new way to increase the luminous efficiency of xenon lamps due to the appropriate choice of the electrodes working surface shape, which turned out to be an unexpectedly strong factor of affecting plasma characteristics. This, in turn, allows us to develop xenon lamps with the desired characteristics providing optical radiation in the required range of the spectrum and better use of energy.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique developed to measure possible environmental impacts during the manufacture and use of a given product or service. Additive Manufacturing (AM) has proven to be suitable in several industries, especially wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), offering many advantages such as delivery time and reduction in terms of material waste, energy consumption and equivalent CO₂ emissions (CO₂e). This study aimed to develop a methodology to evaluate environmental indicators during the life cycle assessment, from gate-to-gate, in the production of two low-alloy carbon steel metal parts (flanges) using ER-90 wire and allowed identifying the main stages that most influence environmental indicators. The total energy consumption in the production of flanges 1 and 2 were, respectively, 10,239.0 MJ, 12,754.0 MJ and the total carbon footprint, respectively, 714.1 kgCO₂e kg^-1 and 749.3 kgCO₂e kg^-1.

The demand for efficient processes through a comprehensive understanding and optimization of welding conditions continues to grow in the manufacturing industry. This study involves heat-resistant 2.25 Cr-1 Mo V-groove steel welding using the square-waveform alternating cur-rent. Experiments were conducted to build the relationship between input variables—such as current, frequency, electrode negativity ratio, and welding speed—and process performance, such as penetration, bay area, deposition rate, melting efficiency, percentage dilution, flux–wire ratio, and heat input. The process was analyzed in light of the defect-free high-deposition weld groove weld, the sensitivity to process parameters, and the optimization and development of the process map. The study proposes an innovative approach to reducing the cost and time of optimizing the one-pass-each-layer V-groove welding process using bead-on-plate welds. Square waveform welding creates a metallurgical notch in the form of a bay at the fusion boundary that can be minimized by selecting appropriate welding conditions. The square waveform submerged arc welding is more sensitive towards changes in current and welding speed than the frequency and electrode negativity ratio; however, the electrode negativity ratio and frequency are minor but helpful parameters to achieve optimal results. The proximity of the planned and experimental results to within 3% confirms the validity of the proposed approach. The investigation shows that 90% of the maximum deposition rate is possible for one-pass-each-layer V-groove welds within heat input and weld width constraints.

The strength of laser joined metal and plastic hybrids is based purely on adhesion. Unpolar plastics like polypropylene depend solely on the mechanical adhesion while polar plastics like polyamide 6.6 develop covalent bonds with the metal. In this research the influence of different surface metallizations on the lap shear strength of laser joined hybrids was investigated. Sandblasted AISI 304 was used as base metal and reference. Aluminum and titanium coatings were deposited by the means of Arc-PVD. Polypropylene and polyamide 6.6 were utilized as polar und unpolar plastics. The lap shear strength of all hybrids with polyamide 6.6 was higher than the polypropylene samples. For all investigated variations of the laser power, scanning speed and the cohesive and adhesive failure modes, the samples joined with the sandblasted AISI 304 showed the highest lap shear strength. The reduction in lap shear strength for the coated samples was due to the increased difference in thermal conductivity between the plastics and the coating materials. This lead to increased warping and residual stresses. It can be concluded that the thermal properties of the metallization in laser joined metal and plastic hybrids has a high impact on the lap shear strength.

In light of the current situation where no testing equipment is available for measuring thermal deformation of objects, this paper proposes a novel method for accurate and precise measurement. The method overcomes the limitations of previous approaches that relied on pitch angle. By utilizing the principle of biplane multiple reflections, a bivariate laser spot displacement analysis algorithm is devised to attain highly precise measurements of bivariate angles. Additionally, a temperature gradient comparison algorithm is introduced to calculate the indicator test results under specific temperature conditions. To validate the effectiveness and reliability of this method, a testing system is constructed and utilized. The results demonstrate that the thermal deformation angle change test achieves an impressive accuracy of 0.015″ and a rate of thermal deformation angle change of 0.3247″/°C. These values are in close agreement with the previously simulated analysis result of 0.359″/°C, with only a relative error of 9.55%. Therefore, the test results confirm the efficacy and reliability of this testing method along with the feasibility of the algorithm processing.

Keywords: Pulp cell, Periodontal cell, Micro-Arc Oxidation (MAO), Sever Plastic deformation (SPD), Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), AlamarBlue, ELISA, trypsin

Cladding is typically used to protect components from wear and corrosion while also improving the aesthetic value and reliability of the substrate. The cladding process induces significant residual stresses due to the temperature difference between the substrate and the clad layer. However, these residual stresses could be effectively utilized by modifying processes and geometrical parameters. This paper introduces a novel methodology for using the weld-cladding process as a cost-effective alternative to various existing reinforcement techniques. The numerical analyses are performed to maximize the reinforcement of a cylindrical tool. The investigation of how the weld cladding develops compressive stresses on the specimen in response to a change in the weld beads and the welding sequence is presented. For the benchmark shape, experimental verification of the numerical model is performed. The impact of the distance between the weld beads and the effect of the tool diameter is numerically investigated. Furthermore, the variation in compressive stresses due to temperature fluctuations during the extrusion process has been evaluated. The results showed that adequate compressive stresses are generated on the welded parts through the cladding process after cooling. Hence, the targeted reinforcement of the substrate can be achieved by optimizing the welding sequence and process parameters.

Molecule radiation can be used as a tool to study colder regions in switching arc plasmas like arc fringes in contact to walls and ranges around current zero (CZ). This is demonstrated in the present study for the first time for the case of ablation-dominated high–current arcs as key elements of self–blast circuit breakers. The arc in a model circuit breaker (MCB) in CO2 with and an arc in a long nozzle under ambient conditions with peak currents between 5 and 10 kA were studied by emission and absorption spectroscopy in the visible spectral range. The nozzle material was polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in both cases. Imaging spectroscopy was carried out either with high-speed cameras or with intensified CCD cameras. A pulsed high-intensity Xe lamp was applied as background radiator for the broad-band absorption spectroscopy. Emission of Swan bands from carbon dimers was observed at the edge of nozzles only or across the whole nozzle radius with highest intensity in the arc center, depending on current and nozzle geometry. Furthermore, absorption of C2 Swan bands and CuF bands were found with the arc plasma serving as background radiator. After CZ, only CuF was detected in absorption experiments.

In article questions of development low-waste technologies of processing of steel-smelting slag are considered, gland allowing by extraction and its connections from steel-smelting slag to receive additional raw materials for production became, and the remains to use in building industry. Studying of gravitational methods of enrichment of steel-smelting slag and heat treatment the ore-fuel of pellets is the basis for work. Proceeding from it, in work modern physic-mechanical, chemical and physical and chemical methods of researches (UV-spectroscopy, electronic microscopy, the granulometric analysis) are used.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been proving suitable to support or even replace traditional manufacturing in several industries, offering many advantages such as delivery time and reduction in terms of material waste, energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study aimed to carry out a comparative assessment of the life cycle, from gate to gate, in the production of a low alloy carbon steel flange part using ER-90 wire. The methods utilized were Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) and conventional manufacturing (CM) by forging, and comparative factors were energy demands, GHG emissions and generated solid waste. The total energy consumption in WAAM was 10,239.40 MJ, total carbon footprint in CO2 equivalent (CO2e) was 714.1 kgCO2e kg-1, and generated solid waste was 68.6 kg, respectively, 90%, 95% and 76% lower than consumption calculated in conventional manufacturing.

Abstract: A recent approach to radiotherapy for prostate cancer is the administration of high doses of radiation to the prostate while minimizing the risk of side effects. Thus, image-guided radiotherapy utilizes advanced imaging techniques and is a feasible strategy for increasing the radiation dose. New radioactive particles are another approach to achieving high doses and safe procedures. Prostate brachytherapy is currently considered as a combination therapy. Spacers are useful to protect adjacent organs, specifically the rectum, from excessive radiation exposure.

For evaluating probabilities of arbitrary random events with respect to a given multivariate probability distribution, specific techniques are of great interest. An important two-dimensional high risk limit law is the Gauss-exponential distribution whose probabilities can be dealt with based upon the Gauss-Laplace law. The latter will be considered here as an element of the newly introduced family of (p,q)-spherical distributions. Based upon a suitably defined non-Euclidean arc-length measure on (p,q)-circles we prove geometric and stochastic representations of these distributions and correspondingly distributed random vectors, respectively. These representations allow dealing with the new probability measures similarly like with elliptically contoured distributions and more general homogeneous star-shaped ones. This is demonstrated at hand of a generalization of the Box-Muller simulation method. En passant, we prove an extension of the sector and circle number functions.