A case study is presented which demonstrates the value and validity of a novel approach to the use of consolidated amateur (‘ham’) radio reception reports as indicators of the presence of intense ionospheric sporadic E (Es). It is shown that the use of amateur data can provide an important supplement to other techniques, allowing the detection and tracking of Es where no suitable ionosonde or other measurements are available. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by reference to ionosonde data, and the advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed.

This work reports 60 marine alien molluscs, collected by two Belgian citizen scientists, from nine countries across the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Some of their published observations concerning the collecting dates are compared with the year of first publication for these alien molluscs reported in the literature, which enabled to backdate some of these introductions. This underlines the importance of collaboration between volunteers and institutional scientists in tracing variations and changes in the environment and biodiversity.

In the era of digital information consumption, YouTube has emerged as a prominent platform for disseminating knowledge across various domains. One such area that has gathered significant attention is teeth whitening, with a plethora of videos offering insights into professional proce-dures, home remedies, and personal experiences. This study delves into the vast landscape of teeth whitening content on YouTube, meticulously categorizing videos into professional and amateur domains. The aim is to critically analyze the information presented, considering its accuracy, re-liability, and potential impact on public perceptions and oral health choices. A total of 100 videos in Greek (n1= 73) and in English (n2= 27) were studied. The analysis was based on views, likes, publication year, duration, presence of background music, and the presence of a description. The completion date of the search was October 7, 2023. Professional videos predominantly present whitening as a painless, conservative, and economical procedure, emphasizing safety measures. Bleaching mechanisms involving hydrogen peroxide and carbamide are explored, with various application techniques discussed, including whitening strips, splints, and in-office procedures. Contradictory findings on the efficacy of home versus in-office treatments are highlighted. In-ternal and external discoloration factors are delineated, with contraindications specified. Amateur videos, garnering greater public appeal, present personal experiences, product promotions, and homemade remedies, reflecting a concerning trend of misinformation. The analysis incorporates viewer engagement metrics, emphasizing the impact of non-professional content. As social media platforms play an increasingly influential role in shaping healthcare narratives, understanding the nuances of dental discourse on YouTube becomes crucial for both practitioners and the public. This exploration encompasses a spectrum of topics, ranging from the chemical intricacies of bleaching agents to the societal dynamics influencing viewer preferences. By unraveling the complexities of online dental information, this study seeks to contribute valuable insights to the evolving land-scape of oral health education in the digital age. Future research should adopt a multi-platform approach and explore the dynamic interaction between content creators and viewers for a more holistic comprehension of online dental information.