The human body is inhabited by unique microbial communities that protect and regulate the host against pathogens and inflammation. To address issues related to disrupted microbial composition, microbial transfer therapy (MTT) has emerged as a potential treatment option. The most popular form of MTT is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which has been successful in treating various diseases. Another emerging form of MTT is vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT), transferring of the vaginal microbiota from a healthy female donor to a diseased patient's vaginal cavity, which aims to restore normal vaginal microbial composition. However, VMT is vastly unexplored due to safety concerns and lack of research. This paper explores the mechanisms involved in VMT's therapeutic effect and discusses future perspectives. Further research is needed to advance VMT's clinical applications and techniques.

Equine fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy for restoring gut microbiome balance in horses. An imbalance in the gut microorganisms, known as dysbiosis, can cause inflammation and metabolic disruptions. FMT, which involves transferring gut bacteria from a healthy donor to a diseased recipient, has shown positive results in treating gastrointestinal diseases in horses, but is still largely limited to research purposes due to safety concerns and lack of understanding of its mechanisms. This paper aims to shed light on the possible mechanisms of FMT in horses and discuss future perspectives for its clinical application. Further research is needed to develop more effective and safer FMT techniques for horses.

Allergic diseases are becoming a major healthcare issue in many developed nations, where living environment and lifestyle are most predominantly distinct. Such differences include urbanized, industrialized living environments, overused hygiene products, antibiotics, stationary lifestyle, and fast-food based diets tend to reduce microbial diversity and lead to impared immune protection, which further increase the development of allergic diseases. In the same time, studies also showed that modulating microbiomes can ameliorate allergic symptoms. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to review recent findings on the potential role of the human microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract, surface of skin and respiratory tract for the development of allergic diseases. Furthermore, we addressed a potential therapeutic or even preventive strategy for such allergic diseases by modulating the human microbial composition.