In order to produce bioethanol from yellow poplar sawdust without detoxification, deacetylation (mild alkali treatment) was performed with aqueous ammonia solution. To select the optimal conditions, deacetylation process was carried out using different conditions: NH₄OH loading (2–10% (w/v)) and solid-to-liquid ratio (1:4–10) at 121 °C for 60 min. In order to assess the effectiveness of deacetylation, fractionation of deacetylated yellow poplar sawdust was performed using dilute acid (H₂SO₄, 0.5–2.0% (w/v)), reaction temperature (130–150 °C) and time (10–80 min). The toxicity-reduced hemicellulosic hydrolysates that were obtained through a two-step treatment at optimized conditions were fermented using Pichia stipitis for ethanol production, without any further detoxification. The maximum ethanol production was 4.84 g/L, corresponding to a theoretical ethanol yield of 82.52%, which is comparable to those of intentionally made hydrolyzates as controls.

Random copolymers made of both (PIM-polyimide) and (6FDA-durene-PI) were prepared for the first time by a facile one-step polycondensation reaction. By combining the highly porous and contorted structure of PIM (polymers with intrinsic microporosity) and high thermomechanical properties of PI (polyimide), the membranes obtained from these random copolymers [(PIM-PI)x-(6FDA-durene-PI)y] showed high CO₂ permeability (> 1047 Barrer) with moderate CO₂/N₂ (> 16.5) and CO₂/CH₄ (> 18) selectivity, together with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The membranes prepared from three different compositions of two comonomers (1:4, 1:6 and 1:10 of x:y), all showed similar morphological and physical properties, and gas separation performance, indicating ease of synthesis and practicability for large-scale production. The gas separation performance of these membranes at various pressure ranges (100–1500 torr) was also investigated.

We developed a transparent and flexible electrochemical sensor using a platform based on a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for the non-enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released from living cells. We decorated the SWCNT network on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using a potentiodynamic method. The PtNP/SWCNT/PET sensor synergized the advantages of a flexible PET substrate, a conducting SWCNT network, and a catalytic PtNP, and demonstrated good biocompatibility and flexibility, enabling cell adhesion. The PtNP/SWCNT/PET-based sensor demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards H2O2 as well as excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. The sensor exhibited a wide dynamic range of 500 nM to 1 M, with a low detection limit of 228 nM. In addition, Furthermore, the PtNP/SWCNT/PET sensor remained operationally stable even after bending at various angles (15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) with no noticeable loss of current signal. These outstanding characteristics enabled the PtNP/SWCNT/PET sensor to be practically applied for the direct culture of HeLa cells and the real-time monitoring of H2O2 release by the HeLa cells under drug stimulation.

Communication between devices has transitioned from wired to unwired. Wireless networks have been in use widely around the globe since the advent of smartphones, IoT devices and other technologies that are compatible with wireless mode of communication. At the same time security issues have also increased in such communication methods. The aim of this paper is to propose security and privacy issues of the wireless networks and present them through comprehensive surveys. In context of security issues, there are 2 typical DDoS attacks - HTTP flood and SYN flood. Other than DDoS attacks, there are several other threats to wireless networks. One of the most prevalent include security issues in Internet of Things. In terms of privacy issues in a wireless network, location-based applications, individual data, cellular network and V2G (Vehicle to Grid) network are surveyed. The survey is hosted using questionnaire and responses of 70 participants is recorded. It is observed from the survey results that many groups of people lack the knowledge of security and privacy of wireless technologies and networks despite their increased use, however, students are relatively more aware and have strong knowledge of those issues. It is concluded from the results that an effective solution to these problems can be hosting campaigns for spreading the security and privacy laws to help the groups of people who are lagging behind in this domain of knowledge become more aware. A unique solution is also presented to overcome the security issues which include implementation of detection and mitigation techniques, implementing Blockchain in the IoT devices and implementing fog computing solutions. The unique solutions to overcome the privacy issues are proposed in the form of a privacy approach from the LBS server between pairs of users to increase the implementation of DSPM and blockchain as a solution.