During the bioassay, on leaf sections of the A. roylei species, a significantly higher number of T. tabaci females was recorded compared to the cv. Tęcza of the A. cepa species and the cv. Kroll of the A. fistulosum species, in each observation period. Significantly more thrips settled on cv. Kroll compared to Alibaba and Bila. Regarding the results obtained on A. cepa, significantly fewer females were found on cv. Bila compared to cv. Tęcza. Opposite results were observed in a combination of cvs. Tęcza - Alibaba, where significantly more insects settled on leaves of cv. Alibaba. Statistically significant differences of cultivars/species were found in the number of hatched larvae on the leaves of the tested cultivars/species of onion. The significantly lowest number of larvae hatched from eggs laid on A. roylei compared to A. fistulosum and cultivars of A. cepa, except for Bila.

The frequency synthesizer is a critical component in Cs beam clock technology. In this paper, we present a demonstration of a direct microwave frequency-synthesis chain for a cesium-beam atomic clock, which utilizes frequency multiplication and a dual-phase-locked loop mode. A detailed analysis of the frequency-synthesis chain is conducted, and a mathematical model is established. The phase settling time and system stability are simulated, measured, and verified. The experimental results for the phase settling time align with the simulation outcomes. The phase settling time can be adjusted within the range of 644.5 µs to 1.5 ms, and the absolute phase noise values are -63.7 dBc/Hz, -75.7 dBc/Hz, -107.1 dBc/Hz, and -122.5 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz offset frequencies, respectively. Additionally, the Ramsey fringes are detected, and the Allan deviations of the 10 MHz output from the cesium-beam atomic clock are measured to be 2.99×10−12 at 1s and 8.02×10−14 at 10,000 s.

The paper investigates the possible use of a low strength domestic sand (D) (up to today useless – not considered as proppant source) of small particle sizes, instead to that of high strength imported commercial sand (C), as a prospective micro-proppant for low permeability reservoirs in Poland. There is need to develop national unconventional gas resources like tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane. An important energy source of value and readily available in Poland is coal. The basins of this resource are large and bears low permeability coalbed methane reservoirs which needs to be developed to contribute to the energy security, economy and environmental needs of the country. These reservoirs need technological assistance such as hydraulic fracturing which makes use of proppants for development. Most of the commonly used proppants over the years for fracturing have been large grain size commercial proppants of high strength material content bought abroad. Investigated finer proppants are known to have the ability to penetrate narrow fracture networks to ensure effective high reservoir volume and conductivity for production. Results from presented laboratory research shows the D - proppant, which is cheaper and readily available, has the 3K class with low settling rates as a potential micro-proppant for effective transportation, enhancement of conductivity and production rate in the narrow fractures of low permeability reservoirs. Future using of domestic proppant will decrease stimulation cost and will have positive impact on the environment due to omitting long distance transportation from abroad.