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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0201.v2

Pravin Pokhrel, Changpeng Hu, Hanbin Mao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 Detection, SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test, SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test, False Negative, False Positive, Sensitivity, Specificity, Point-of-care testing (POCT), SARS-CoV-2 Mutants

Online: 25 March 2021 (15:33:14 CET)

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created huge damage to society and brought panics around the world. Such panics can be ascribed to the seemingly deceptive features of the COVID-19: compared to other deadly viral outspreads, it has medium transmission and mortality rates. As a result, the severity of the causative coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was deeply underestimated by the society at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on this, in this review, we define the viruses with features similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 as the Panic Zone viruses. To contain those viruses, accurate and fast diagnosis followed by effective isolation and treatment of patients are pivotal at the early stage of virus breakouts. This is especially true when there is no cure or vaccine available for a transmissible disease, which is the case for current COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 2021, more than two hundred kits for the COVID-19 diagnosis on the market are surveyed in this review, while emerging sensing techniques for SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed. It is of critical importance to rationally use these kits for the efficient management and control of the Panic Zone viruses. Therefore, we discuss guidelines to select diagnostic kits at different outbreak stages of the Panic Zone viruses, SARS-CoV-2 in particular. While it is of utmost importance to use nucleic acid-based detection kits with low false negativity (high sensitivity) at the early stage of an outbreak, the low false positivity (high specificity) gains its importance at later stages of the outbreak. When a society is set to reopen from the lock-down stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes critical to have antibody based immunoassay kits with high specificity to identify people who can safely return to the society after their recovery of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Given that the emergence of mutant viruses at the beginning of 2021 has complicated current battle against the COVID-19, we also discussed approaches and guidelines to detect viral mutants in the middle of the second wave of the pandemic that started at the end of 2020. Finally, since a massive attack from a viral pandemic requires a massive defense from the whole society, we urge both government and private sectors to research and develop more affordable and reliable point-of-care testing (POCT) kits, which can be used massively by the general public (and therefore called as massive POCT) to contain Panic Zone viruses in future.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0551.v1

Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB): An Online Database Designed to Facilitate Comparisons Between Candidate Anti-Coronavirus Compounds

Philip L Tzou, Kaiming Tao, Janin Nouhin, Soo-Yon Rhee, Benjamin D Hu, Shruti Pai, Neil Parkin, Robert W Shafer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; Antiviral therapy

Online: 23 July 2020 (11:43:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0189.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

Anbesh Jamwal, Sumedha Bhatnagar, Prakarti Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS CoV; SARS CoV-2; novel CoV; India

Online: 12 April 2020 (09:17:16 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Pathogenic Human Coronavirus Envelope Protein: A Clear Link to Immunopathology?

Dewald Schoeman, Burtram C. Fielding

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: human coronavirus; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; envelope protein; immunopathology

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:54:57 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0071.v1

Diversity of Coronavirus Receptors

Pritha Ghosh, Savita Jayaram, Dhruti Patwardhan, Saranya Marimuthu, Patrick Lenehan, AJ Venkatakrishnan, Travis Hughes, David Zemmour, Praveen Anand, Venky Soundararajan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; receptors; COVID-19; pandemic

Online: 3 August 2021 (11:05:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0532.v1

Potential Role of Cellular Senescence on Coronavirus Infections

Prem Chapagain

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: cellular senescence; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; aging

Online: 30 April 2020 (13:58:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0380.v1

Nomenclature: Coronavirus and the 2019 Novel Coronavirus

Zhiwen Hu, Zhongliang Yang, Qi Li, Yongfeng Huang

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: human coronaviruses (HCoVs); infodemic; PHEIC; 2019-nCoV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 February 2020 (12:33:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1253.v1

Antiviral Effect of Antimicrobial Peptoids and a Murine Model of Respiratory Coronavirus Infection

Maxim Lebedev, Aaron Benjamin, Sathish Kumar, Natalia Molchanova, Jennifer S. Lin, Kent J. Koster, Julian L. Leibowitz, Annelise E. Barron, Jeffrey D. Cirillo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Peptoid; MHV; SARS-CoV-2; Antimicrobials

Online: 22 February 2024 (09:24:34 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0376.v1

Increase in Antibody Titer and Change over Time Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection after mRNA Vaccination: Consideration of the Significance of Additional Vaccination

Hiroshi Kusunoki, Michiko Ohkusa, Rie Iida, Ayumi Saito, Mikio Kawahara, Kazumi Ekawa, Nozomi Kato, Masaharu Motone, Hideo Shimizu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccines; breakthrough infection; SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Online: 5 January 2024 (02:04:00 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0473.v2

Impacts of Coronavirus on Farm and Pet Animals

Sachin Subedi, Sulove Koirala, Lilong Chai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; animals; nephritic; vaccination; biosecurity measures

Online: 25 August 2020 (08:30:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0201.v1

Coronavirus (Covid-19): The Lockdown Strategy in Nigeria

Ehijiele Ekienabor

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; lockdown; social distancing

Online: 11 May 2020 (13:26:56 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0270.v1

Use of Isoelectric Point for Fast Identification of Anti-SARS CoV-2 Coronavirus Proteins

Kanad Mallik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: isoelectric point; anti-viral; SARS CoV-2

Online: 16 May 2020 (16:51:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0032.v2

HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective

Palesa Makoti, Burtram C. Fielding

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronaviruses; HIV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV; immunosuppression; immune response; coinfection

Online: 4 August 2020 (07:36:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0157.v1

COVID-19: Recent Findings into Emerging Coronavirus

Kamal Hezam, Hasan A. M. M. Almansoub, Fuad A.F. Saleh, Yusra A. M. Almansob, Hanadi Al-Mekhlafi, Asma AL-Yousofi, Adel Al-Gheethi, Maged Almezgagi, Fadhl Al-Shaebi, Dina Murshed

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: novel coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pneumonia; Betacoronavirus; transmission

Online: 14 June 2020 (03:06:15 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

The Immune System View of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Ivana Celardo, Luigia Pace, Loredana Cifaldi, Carlo Gaudio, Vincenzo Barnaba

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine; coronavirus; monoclonal antibodies

Online: 3 December 2020 (09:20:35 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) During Pregnancy: A Case Series

Weiyong Liu, Qianli Wang, Qi Zhang, Ling Chen, Junbo Chen, Bo Zhang, Yanjun Lu, Shaoshuai Wang, Liming Xia, Lu Huang, Kai Wang, Lu Liang, Yongli Zhang, Lance Turtle, David Lissauer, Ke Lan, Ling Feng, Hongjie Yu, Yingle Liu, Ziyong Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: pregnancy; neonate; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vertical transmission

Online: 25 February 2020 (11:38:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0230.v1

Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability

Fabian Zech, Christoph Jung, Timo Jacob, Frank Kirchhoff

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Sarbecovirus; Spike; mutation; manifestation; immune evasion; zoonoses

Online: 3 January 2024 (09:58:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0413.v1

Characterization of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein from Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Abhishek Kumar, Alisha Parveen, Narendra Kumar, Sneha Bairy, Vibha Kaushik, Chetan Chandola, Jyoti Sharma, Phulwanti Sharma, Akhil Agarwal, Akhilesh Pandey, Pankaj Goyal, Muniasamy Neerathilingam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nucleocapsid (N); genomics; coronavirus; Wuhan; Pandemic

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:45:40 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Uncovering Signals from the Coronavirus Genome

Enrique Canessa

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Sequence analysis; Comparative genomic variants; Alternating Series; Covid-19

Online: 7 April 2021 (12:59:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0125.v1

Gal-3BP in Viral Infections: An Emerging Role in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Valentina Gallo, Alyexandra Arienzo, Stefano Iacobelli, Valentina Iacobelli, Giovanni Antonini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Gal-3BP; Virus infection; SARS-CoV-2; Biomarkers

Online: 10 May 2022 (03:44:27 CEST)

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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a Dog, Connecticut, February 2021

Dong-Hun Lee, Zeinab Helal, Junwon Kim, Amelia Hunt, Alyza Barbieri, David H. Chung, Ji-Yeon Hyeon, Guillermo Risatti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; Dog; Connecticut; Epidemiology

Online: 18 March 2021 (10:56:35 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0333.v2

2-Deoxy-d-glucose Inhibits Replication of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with Adverse Effects on Host Cell Metabolism

Vikas Malgotra, Varun Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 2-Deoxyglucose; Adverse effects; COVID-19; Glutamine; PI3K/Akt

Online: 1 July 2021 (13:04:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0757.v1

Mathematical Modelling in Prediction of Novel CoronaVirus (COVID-19) Transmission Dynamics

Md. Sharif Uddin, Md. Taufiq Nasseef, Mufti Mahmud, Ali AlArjani

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: Coronavirus; ODE; SIR; SEIR; transmission dynamic; prediction; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 30 September 2020 (15:08:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0220.v2

Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients with Lung Cancer

Sufang Tian, Weidong Hu, Li Niu, Huan Liu, Haibo Xu, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19 pneumonia; pathology; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 2 March 2020 (01:34:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0264.v1

Rapid Quantification and Neutralization Assays for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Using Avicel RC-591 Semi-Solid Overlay

Anna N. Honko, Nadia Storm, David J. Bean, Jhonatan Henao Vasquez, Sierra N. Downs, Anthony Griffiths

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: plaque assay; neutralization; SARS; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; Avicel; methylcellulose; COVID

Online: 16 May 2020 (15:51:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v2

Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19

Kuldeep Dhama, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Yashpal Singh Malik, Karam Pal Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: emerging coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; vaccines; therapy; one health

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0358.v3

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Assosiated Pneumonia in China: Current Status and Future Prospects

Temoor Ahmed, Muhammad Noman, Ahmad Almatroudi, Muhammad Shahid, Mohsin Khurshid, Farheen Tariq, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, Rongrong Yu, Bin Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Infectious diseases; Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Pneumonia; China

Online: 28 February 2020 (13:21:43 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Respiratory Virus Infection Is A High-risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

MIngyue Chen, Wenxiu Wang, JIng Yu, Zhou Wang, Xiaofeng Zheng, Mingshu Han, Youwei Zhang, LEi Zhang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; influenza; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; risk factor

Online: 16 October 2020 (11:49:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0311.v1

Pathological Study of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Post-Mortem Core Biopsies

Sufang Tian, Yong Xiong, Huan Liu, Li Niu, Jianchun Guo, Meiyan Liao, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pathology; post-mortem biopsy

Online: 20 March 2020 (09:24:10 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0353.v1

In Search of Feasible Interventions for the Prevention and Cure of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019

Sunil Kumar Verma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; Curcumin

Online: 24 March 2020 (03:16:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0530.v1

An Update of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Essential Brief for Clinicians

Afshin Zare, Seyyede Fateme Sadati-Seyyed-Mahalle, Amirhossein Mokhtari, Nima Pakdel, Zeinab Hamidi, Sahar Almasi-Turk, Neda Baghban, Arezoo Khoradmehr, Iraj Nabipour, Mohammad Amin Behzadi, Amin Tamadon

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Epidemiolog; Pathophysiology; Clinical manifestations; Vaccines

Online: 23 February 2021 (16:00:05 CET)

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During 2019, the number of patients suffering from cough, fever and reduction of WBC’s count increased. At the beginning, this mysterious illness was called “fever with unknown origin”. At the present time, the cause of this pneumonia is known as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 is one member of great family of coronaviruses. Coronaviruses can cause different kind of illnesses including respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological diseases in animals like cat and bat. Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 has some particular structures for binding to host cells, reproducing itself in cells and damaging human cells. The SARS-CoV-2 can bind angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE‐2) receptors and cause various difficulties for human. The SARS-CoV-2 can cause either not-serious issues like fever and cough or serious concerns such as multi-organ failure. Source(s) of SARS-CoV-2 is under debate. Malayan pangolin and bat are the most suspicious candidate for being sources of the SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by various ways such as transmitting from infected human to healthy human and can make severe pneumonia, which can lead to death. The SARS-CoV-2 can infect different kind of people with different ages, races, and social and economic levels. The SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can cause various sorts of clinical manifestations like cough and fever and intensity of signs and symptoms depends on sufferer conditions. Clinicians use all of available documents and tests like laboratory, histopathological and radiological findings for diagnosing new cases and curing patients with high accuracy. At the present time, there is no particular way for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection; neither antiviral drugs nor palliative agents. It seems that the best way for standing against the SARS-CoV-2 infection is preventing from it by social distancing and vaccination. This review tries to prepare an essential brief update about SARS-CoV-2 infection for clinicians.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0186.v1

The Binding Mechanism of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Baliram Lone, Megha Lone

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; RBD; Molecular modelling

Online: 11 May 2020 (04:08:26 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)

Weiren Luo, Hong Yu, Jizhou Gou, Xiaoxing Li, Yan Sun, Jinxiu Li, Lei Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pathology; Critical patient

Online: 9 March 2020 (10:31:10 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0283.v1

Clinical, Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of the SARS-CoV2 Virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Literature Review

Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Katherine Simbaña-Rivera, Lenin Gomez-Barreno, Mario Rubio-Neira, Linda P. Guaman, Nikolaos Kyriakidis, Claire Muslin, Ana Maria Gomez-Jaramillo, Carlos Barba, Domenica Cevallos, Hugo Sanchez-San Miguel, Luis Unigarro, Rasa Zalakeviciute, Naomi Gadian, Andrés López-Cortés

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Covid-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; review; pandemic

Online: 16 April 2020 (15:55:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0137.v1

Genome Wide Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Implicates World-Wide Circulatory Virus Strains Heterogeneity

M. Rafiul Islam, M. Nazmul Hoque, M. Shaminur Rahman, J. Akter Puspo, Masuda Akhter, Salma Akter, A. S. M. Rubayet-Ul-Alam, Munawar Sultana, Keith A. Crandall, M. Anwar Hossain

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; genomes; nucleotide; amino-acid; mutations; replacements

Online: 9 April 2020 (05:56:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0339.v1

New Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Clinical Symptoms Other Than Pneumonia with Emphasis on Thrombosis

Takuma Hayashi, Kaoru Abiko, Masaki Mandai, Nobuo Yaegashi, Ikuo Konishi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; alveolar macrophage; thrombus; thrombosis

Online: 28 June 2020 (10:34:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0388.v1

Significance of Conserved Regions in Coronavirus Spike Protein for Developing a Novel Vaccine against SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Titus A Olukitibi, Zhujun Ao, Bryce Warner, Rodrigo Unat, Darwyn Kobasa, Xiaojian Yao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine; Spike protein; Mutation; Conserved epitopes

Online: 23 January 2023 (02:03:42 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0264.v1

Applying Philosophy, Logic, and Rational Argumentation to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Pandemic Response

Ari Joffe, David Redman

Subject: Social Sciences, Anthropology Keywords: COVID-19; critical scrutiny; logic; pandemic; response; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 12 May 2021 (10:48:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0609.v1

Evaluation of a Bioaerosol Sampler for Indoor Environmental Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Patrick F. Horve, Leslie Dietz, Dale Northcutt, Jason Stenson, Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Aerosols; Environmental Surveillance; Air Sampling

Online: 24 March 2021 (17:29:23 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0078.v1

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by Fathhome’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-friendly Ozone-based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Timsy Uppal, Amir Khazaieli, Antoine Snijders, Subhash C. Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: FATHHOME, SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Virus decontamination, PPEs

Online: 2 February 2021 (09:34:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0271.v1

Immunoinformatics-Guided Designing of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Ahmed Rakib, Saad Ahmed Sami, Arkajyoti Paul, Asif Shahriar, Abu Montakim Tareq, Nazim Uddin Emon, Nusrat Jahan Mimi, Md. Mustafiz Chowdhury, Taslima Akter Eva, Sajal Chakraborty, Sagar Shil, Sabrina Jahan Mily, Talha Bin Emran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; de novo vaccine; epitope; immunity

Online: 16 May 2020 (17:07:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0271.v2

Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Chuan-bin Sun, Yue-ye Wang, Geng-hao Liu, Zhe Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Coronavirus; 2019-nCOV; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; infection; conjunctiva; eye

Online: 24 March 2020 (06:42:35 CET)

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The outbreak of recently identified 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) infection has become a world-wide health threat. Currently, more information is needed for further understanding the transmission, clinical characteristics, and infection control procedures of 2019-nCOV. Recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-nCOV has been intensively discussed. Previous investigations about other high infectious human COVs, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), may provide helpful information. In this review, we describe the genomics and morphology of human CoVs, the epidemiology, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, mechanisms of human CoVs infection, and infection control procedures. The role of the eye in the transmission of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCOV is discussed. Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of ocular surface and upper respiratory tract is connected by nasolacrimal duct and share same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses. The eye is rarely involved in human CoVs infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infection, and COV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infection is also very low, which imply that the eye is neither a preferred organ of human COVs infection, nor is a preferred gateway of entry for human COVs to infect respiratory tract. However, pathogens exposed to the ocular surface might be transported to nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa by constant tear rinsing through lacrimal duct, and then cause respiratory tract infection. Considering close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice which are apt to transmit human COVs by droplets and fomites, hand hygiene and personal protection are still highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0197.v3

2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

Leslie Dietz, Patrick F. Horve, David Coil, Mark Fretz, Jonathan Eisen, Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Built Environment (BE); building operations; novel coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 2 April 2020 (05:19:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0026.v1

Sequence Analysis and Amino Acid Variations of Structural Proteins Deduced From Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Strains, Isolated in Different Countries

Tarlan Mamedov, Inanc Soylu, Gunay Mammadova, Gulnara Hasanova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Spike protein; Nucleocapsid protein; MSA

Online: 3 May 2020 (06:27:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0565.v1

Immunobiochemical Aspects in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) Infection

Venkata Bharat Kumar Pinnelli, Mangala N. Sirsikar, W. Vishnu Vandana, Shrabani Mohanty, Wilma Delphine Silvia CR, Ranjan Kumar Mohapatra, Sabitha Vadakedath, Venkataramana Kandi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Immunobiochemical aspects; pathogenesis; diagnosis; management

Online: 24 September 2020 (04:39:38 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0350.v1

A Radiation Oncology Departmental Policy for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

Yuan James Rao, Destie Provenzano, Hiram A. Gay, Paul W. Read, Martin Ojong, Sharad Goyal

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; novel coronavirus; department policy; radiation oncology

Online: 23 March 2020 (09:55:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0261.v1

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern: A Perspective for Emerging more Transmissible and Vaccine-Resistant Strains

Anacleto S. de Souza, Vitor Martins de Freitas Amorim, Gabriela D. A. Guardia, Filipe F dos Santos, Henning Ulrich, Pedro A. F. Galante, Robson Francisco de Souza, Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 variants; transmissibility; viral load; sensitivity to antisera

Online: 22 February 2022 (02:59:33 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0558.v1

Recombinant Protein Vaccines, a Proven Approach Against Coronavirus Pandemics

Jeroen Pollet, Wen-Hsiang Chen, Ulrich Strych

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Adjuvants; Vaccine Production; Vaccine Delivery; Clinical Trials; Neutralizing Antibodies; Th1

Online: 22 November 2020 (11:57:51 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0395.v2

Beclabuvir can Inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of Newly Emerged Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Kunal Dutta, Sergey Shityakov, Olga Morozova, Ibrahim Khalifa, Jin Zhang, Wei Zhu, Amiya Panda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2); RdRp; HCV; beclabuvir; in silico; molecular docking

Online: 2 April 2020 (11:25:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0709.v1

Mapping IgA Epitope and Cross‐Reactivity between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus and DENV

Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone, Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo, Guilherme Curty Lechuga, Joao P.R.S. Carvalho, Maria Eduarda Monteiro, Carlos Medicis Morel, David William Provance

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV2 variants; IgA epitopes; IgA-diagnostic; Cross-reactive epitopes; mucosal immunity.

Online: 13 November 2023 (08:34:45 CET)

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Background: The newly introduced COVID-19 vaccines have reduced disease severity and hospitalizations. However, they do not significantly prevent infection or transmission. In the same context, measuring IgM and IgG antibody levels is important, but it doesn't provide information about the status of the mucosal immune response. This article describes a comprehensive mapping of IgA epitopes of the S protein, its cross-reactivity, and the development of an ELISA-peptide assay. Methods: IgA epitope mapping was conducted using Spot-synthesis and sera from RT-qPCR COVID-19-positive patients. Specific and cross-reacting epitopes were identified, and an evolutionary analysis from the early Wuhan strain to the Omicron variant was performed using bioinformatics tools and a microarray of peptides. The selected epitopes were chemically synthesized and evaluated using ELISA-IgA. Results: 40 IgA epitopes were identified, with 23 in S1 and 17 in the S2 subunit. Among these, at least 23 epitopes showed cross-reactivity with DENV and other organisms and 24 with other associated coronaviruses. Three MAP4 polypeptides were validated by ELISA, demonstrating a sensitivity of 90-99.96% and a specificity of 100%. Among the six IgA-RBD epitopes, only the SC/18 epitope of the Omicron variants (BA.2 and BA.2.12.1) presented a single IgA epitope. Conclusions: This research unveiled the IgA epitome of the S protein and identified many epitopes that exhibit cross-reactivity with DENV and other coronaviruses. The S protein of variants from Wuhan to Omicron retains many conserved IgA epitopes, except for one epitope (#SCov/18). The cross-reactivity with DENV suggests limitations in using the whole S protein or the S1/S2/RBD segment for IgA serological diagnostic tests for COVID-19. The expression of these identified specific epitopes as diagnostic biomarkers could facilitate monitoring mucosal immunity to COVID-19, potentially leading to more accurate diagnoses and alternative mucosal vaccines.

Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Potential for Developing a SARS-CoV Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) Recombinant Protein as a Heterologous Human Vaccine against Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID)-19

Wen-Hsiang Chen, Peter J. Hotez, Maria Elena Bottazzi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: heterologous vaccine; receptor-binding domain; subunit vaccine; coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 4 March 2020 (05:19:16 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0253.v1

Is Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) a Missing Link for Elucidating the Mechanism of Action of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Explaining the Side Effects-Complications of COVID-19 Disease?

Constantinos A Demopoulos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Platelet Activating Factor; PAF; SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19

Online: 21 June 2020 (10:27:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0158.v2

Mapping the Accessory Proteins (Orfs) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Sunil Thomas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; accessory protein; mapping; structure; Open reading frame, Orf.

Online: 3 November 2022 (10:27:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0337.v1

Reporting Two SARS-CoV-2 Strains Based on A Unique Trinucleotide-Bloc Mutation and Their Potential Pathogenic Difference

Mustak Ibn Ayub

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; strains of SARS-CoV-2

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:14:52 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus behind COVID-19 pandemic is acquiring new mutations in its genome. Although some mutations provide benefits to the virus against human immune response, a number of them may result in their reduced pathogenicity and virulence. By analyzing more than 3000 high-coverage, complete genome sequences deposited in the GISAID database, here I report a unique 28881-28883:GGG>AAC trinucleotide-bloc mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that results in two sub-strains, described here as SARS-CoV-2g (28881-28883:GGG genotype) and SARS-CoV-2a (28881-28883:AAC genotype). Computational analysis and literature review suggest that this bloc mutation would bring 203-204:RG(arginine-glycine)>KR(lysine-arginine) amino acid changes in the nucleocapsid (N) protein affecting the SR (serine-arginine)-rich motif of the protein, a critical region for the transcription of viral RNA and replication of the virus. Thus, 28881-28883:GGG>AAC bloc-mutation is expected to modulate the pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2g and SARS-CoV-2a strains can be linked with the heterogeneity of COVID-19 cases across different regions within and between countries by analyzing existing data. Sequence analysis suggests that severely affected cities, such as Milan, Lombardy, New York, Paris have the predominant presence of SARS-CoV-2g strains, whereas less affected places like Abruzzo, Lyon, Valencia have a relatively higher presence of SARS-CoV-2a, an indication that the latter strain may contribute to the reduced cases of COVID-19. A similar relationship is observed when Netherlands, Portugal are compared with Spain, France and Germany. These analyses suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 has already evolved into a less infective SARS-CoV-2a affecting COVID-19 cases in different regions. The time a country or region needs to acquire SARS-CoV-2a strains may be indicative to the time it would need to overcome the peak of the COVID-19 cases. To confirm these assumptions, prompt retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies should be conducted in different countries to understand the course of pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2a and SARS-CoV-2g. Potential drugs can be designed targeting 28881-28883 region of the N protein to modulate virus pathogenicity.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0161.v1

High Throughput Virtual Screening to Discover Inhibitors of the Main Protease of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Birgit Strodel, Olujide Olubiyi, Maryam Olagunju, Monika Keutmann, Jennifer Loschwitz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; main protease inhibition; virtual screening; drugs; natural products

Online: 9 April 2020 (14:59:37 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0012.v1

Coronavirus and Football (Soccer): Why Mid-Day Matches Are Much Safer for Players

Nadav Kashtan, Aliza Fedorenko, Tomer Orevi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Orthopedics And Sports Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; football; soccer; microbiology; microdroplets; saliva; SARS-CoV-2, sport; soccer; surfaces; transmission; viruses

Online: 3 July 2020 (05:13:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0463.v3

Trends of Mutation Accumulation Across Global SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: Implications for the Evolution of the Novel Coronavirus

Chayan Roy, Santi M Mandal, Suresh K Mondol, Shriparna Mukherjee, Wriddhiman Ghosh, Ranadhir Chakraborty

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; genome-wide mutations; transition; transversion; nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations; microevolution

Online: 5 October 2020 (10:56:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0151.v1

Dynamics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in the Albanian Population: Impact of Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity during the COVID-19 Pandemic Year from August 2021 to August 2022

Genc Sulcebe, Alban Ylli, Fabian Cenko, Margarita Kurti-Prifti, Erkena Shyti, Jonida Dashi-Pasholli, Erina Lazri, Irena Seferi-Qendro, Melissa J. Perry

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence; Vaccination Status; SARS-CoV-2; anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; Albanian population

Online: 2 August 2023 (10:10:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0390.v1

A Closed-loop Approach to Fight Coronavirus: Early Detection and Subsequent Treatment

Guoguang Rong, Yuqiao Zheng, Xi Yang, Kangjian Bao, Fen Xia, Huihui Ren, Sumin Bian, Lan Li, Bowen Zhu, Mohamad Sawan

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Biosensing; Coronaviru; , SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Early diagnosis; Epidemic control; Respiration monitor; Photoacoustic imaging; Neurostimulation

Online: 23 August 2022 (03:44:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0430.v1

Atherosclerosis as Pathogenetic Substrate for Sars-Cov2 ‘‘Cytokine Storm’’

Mattia Vinciguerra, Silvia Romiti, Ernesto Greco

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: atherosclerosis; sars-cov-2; covid-19; pathogenesis of sars-cov-2

Online: 24 April 2020 (08:58:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0285.v1

Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Features Indicative of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Emergency Departments – A Multicentre Case-Control Study in Hong Kong

Rex Pui Kin Lam, Kevin Kei Ching Hung, Eric Ho Yin Lau, Chun Tat Lui, Kin Ling Chan, Chin San Leung, Ion Wa Wong, Kin Wa Wong, Colin A. Graham, Patrick Chiu Yat Woo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; emergency department; early diagnosis; case-control studies

Online: 17 May 2020 (08:27:12 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0198.v1

Sudden Onset, Acute Loss of Taste and Smell in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review

Lakshman SAMARANAYAKE, Kausar Fakhruddin, Chamila Panduwawala

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: loss of taste and smell; dysgeusia; anosmia; chemosensory dysfunction; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 16 June 2020 (07:46:15 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0407.v2

New Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Complexities Resulting in a Tragedy

Gabriele Grunig, Nedim Durmus, Leigh Marsh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: covid; covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; zoonosis; ethnic disparities; health care disparities; virus strains; virus subtypes; virus variants

Online: 26 April 2020 (05:13:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0279.v1

Chinese Stock Market Sector Indices Performance in the Time of Novel Coronavirus Pandemic

Venus Khim-Sen Liew, Chin-Hong Puah

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: novel coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; Chinese stock market; Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity

Online: 17 May 2020 (03:11:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0076.v1

Why COVID-19 Transmission is More Efficient and Aggressive than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Fatma Elrashdy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19; viral infection; virus-host interaction

Online: 4 September 2020 (03:19:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0275.v1

Chloroquine as a Potential Treatment and Prevention Measure for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: A Review

John Kearney

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Antimalarial; Chemoprophylaxis; Chloroquine; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Global Health; Hydroxychloroquine; Public Health; SARS-CoV-2; Virus

Online: 17 March 2020 (09:17:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0623.v1

Clinical Performance of Paraoxonase-1-Related Variables and Novel Markers of Inflammation in Coronavirus Disease-19. A Machine Learning Approach

Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs, Simona Iftimie, Helena Castañé, Gerard Baiges-Gaya, Anna Hernández-Aguilera, María González-Viñas, Antoni Castro, Jordi Camps, Jorge Joven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: biomarkers; chemokines; COVID-19; galectin-3; machine learning; paraoxonase-1; SARS-CoV-2.

Online: 26 May 2021 (08:06:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0325.v1

Blockchain and AI-Based Solutions to Combat Coronavirus (COVID-19)-like Epidemics: A Survey

Dinh C. Nguyen, Ming Dinh, Pubudu N. Pathirana, Aruna Seneviratne

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; artificial intelligence; AI; blockchain; epidemic; pandemic; machine learning; deep learning; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 19 April 2020 (04:44:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0616.v1

Events Sequence Beyond mRNA Spike (S) Protein Vaccine and Long COVID: Simply Targeting Brain?

Marcos Altable

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Long COVID; vaccine; neuroinflammation; SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein

Online: 11 March 2024 (12:59:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0489.v1

Autoantigens of Nervous System and Human Coronavirus Antigens: Is There a Possibility for Molecular Mimicry?

Natalia Y. Gavrilova, Muslimbek G. Normatov, Lidia A. Soprun, Vladimir J. Utekhin, Tamara V. Fedotkina, Leonid P. Churilov

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: molecular mimicry; post-COVID-19 syndrome; SARS-CoV-2; human coronaviruses; autoimmunity; autoantigens of nervous system

Online: 7 July 2023 (10:41:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0448.v1

Betacoronavirus Genomes: How Genomic Information Has Been Used to Deal with past Outbreaks and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Alejandro Llanes, Carlos M. Restrepo, Zuleima Caballero, Sreekumari Rajeev, Melissa A. Kennedy, Ricardo Lleonart

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: betacoronaviruses; genomics; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 27 May 2020 (08:50:46 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0044.v1

Major Concerns on the Identification of Bat Coronavirus Strain RaTG13 and Quality of Related Nature Paper

xiaoxu lin, Shizhong Chen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Epidemiology; COVID-19; coronavirus; bat; RaTG13; BtCoV/4991; SARS-CoV-2; Pangolin Coronavirus; next generation sequencing

Online: 5 June 2020 (06:17:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0505.v2

Non-coronavirus Genome Sequences Identified from Metagenomic Analysis of Clinical Samples from COVID-19 Infected Patients: An Evidence for Co-infection

Mohamed Abouelkhair

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; Viral Co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; Influenza A virus; Human Immunodeficiency virus

Online: 18 June 2020 (04:57:14 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0133.v2

The Airborne and Gastrointestinal Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 Pathways

Tomás Santa-Coloma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: ACE2, airborne; coronavirus; COV-2; COVID-19; food chain; intestinal infection; Kepler conjecture; rebound epidemic; packaging; particle size; SARS; surgical masks.

Online: 13 April 2020 (10:12:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0052.v1

Efficacy, Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Profiles of a Broadly SARS-CoV2 Neutralizing Antibody

Silvia Godínez-Palma, Edith González-González, Frida Ramírez-Villedas, Circe Garzón-Guzmán, Luis Vallejo-Castillo, Gregorio Carballo-Uicab, Gabriel Marcelín-Jiménez, Dany Batista, Sonia M. Pérez-Tapia, Juan C. Almagro

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: COVID-19; therapeutic antibody; SARS-CoV-2 Delta; SARS-CoV-2 Omicron; toxicology

Online: 1 August 2023 (11:27:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0962.v1

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status and Societal Restrictions in Controlling COVID-19 Across the World

Jasmijn Stroo, Michaëla Lepolder, Jean-Luc Murk, Ger T. Rijkers

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID pass; SARS-CoV-2 antigen test; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; societal restrictions

Online: 14 July 2023 (05:20:20 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1332.v1

Mycophenolate Interruption Restores Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Immunogenicity in Unresponsive Liver Transplant Recipients

Pierluigi Toniutto, Annarosa Cussigh, Sara Cmet, Martina Fabris, Francesco Curcio, Davide Bitetto, Ezio Fornasiere, Elisa Fumolo, Edmondo Falleti

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Sars-CoV-2 infection; mycophenolate mofetil, liver transplantation, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Online: 18 May 2023 (10:39:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0543.v1

The New Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): What Do We Know So Far?

Sammer Tang, Mike Brady, Jo Mildenhall, Ursula Rolfe, Alex Bowles, Kirsty Morgan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemic; Paramedic; Infection prevention and control; Aerosols; Aerosol Generating Procedures; Novel virus; Wellbeing

Online: 30 April 2020 (17:20:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1955.v1

Maternal COVID-19 serological Changes. Comparison between seroconversion Rate in First and Third Trimester of Pregnancy and Subsequent Obstetric Complications: A Cohort Study

Maria N Rayo, Adriana Aquise, Irene Fernandez-Buhigas, Lorena Gonzalez Gea, Coral Garcia Gonzalez, Mirian Sanchez Tudela, Miguel Rodriguez Fernandez, Diego Tuñon-Le Poultel, Belén Santacruz, María M. Gil

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pregnancy; morbidity

Online: 30 October 2023 (16:13:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0098.v1

Preclinical Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (Maps) Sars Cov-2 Vaccine

Cieslewicz Brian, Daniel Makrinos, Heidi Burke, Dara Bree, Renuka Haridas, Ian Tonkiss, Yannic Bartsch, Galit Alter, Richard Malley, Gilles Besin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS CoV-2 Vaccine; MAPS

Online: 7 June 2022 (09:00:26 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Sars-Cov-2 Wastewater Surveillance for Public Health Action: Connecting Perspectives From Wastewater Researchers and Public Health Officials During a Global Pandemic

Jill McClary-Gutierrez, Mia Mattioli, Perrine Marcenac, Andrea Silverman, Alexandria Boehm, Kyle Bibby, Michael Balliet, Francis de los Reyes III, Daniel Gerrity, John Griffith, Patricia Holden, Dimitrios Katehis, Greg Kester, Nathan LaCross, Erin Lipp, Jonathan Meiman, Rachel Noble, Dominique Brossard, Sandra McLellan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; wastewater surveillance

Online: 7 June 2021 (13:01:18 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Genomic Evidence of a SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Case with E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil

Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka, Marília Miranda Franco, Tiago Gräf, Ana Verena Almeida Mendes, Renato Santana de Aguiar, Marta Giovanetti, Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; reinfection; E484K

Online: 27 January 2021 (15:08:12 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 during the early phase of the pandemic in Asia

Jale Moradi, Mohsen Moghoofei, Mohammad Doroudian, Ramin Abiri

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Phylogenetics; Asia

Online: 15 January 2021 (13:14:15 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0002.v1

Animal Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2 in Animals, What Do We Actually Know?

Paolo Bonilauri, Gianluca Rugna

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; animals; veterinary

Online: 4 January 2021 (08:27:33 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Airborne SARS-CoV-2 and the Use of Masks for Protection against Its Spread in Wuhan, China

Jia Hu, Chengfeng Lei, Zhen Chen, Weihua Liu, Xujuan Hu, Rongjuan Pei, Zhengyuan Su, Fei Deng, Yu Huang, Xiulian Sun, Junji Cao, Wuxiang Guan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Airborne; Mask

Online: 29 May 2020 (03:41:50 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0400.v1

Susceptibility of the Elderly to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: ACE-2 Overexpression, Shedding and Antibody-dependent Enhancement (ADE)

Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Helder Nakaya

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ACE-2

Online: 27 March 2020 (02:48:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1836.v1

Application of an Rbd-Based Simple Immunoassay for Assessing Humoral Immunity against Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Virus Variants

Orsolya Mózner, Judit Moldvay, Kata Sára Szabó, Dorottya Vaskó, Júlia Domján, Dorottya Ács, Zoltán Ligeti, Csaba Fehér, Edit Hirsch, László Puskás, Cordula Stahl, Manfred Frey, Balázs Sarkadi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 immunity; ELISA; Spike-RBD; SARS-CoV-2 variants; Omicron; virus neutralizing

Online: 30 October 2023 (07:06:58 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1835.v1

COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccine in Japan—A Review from a General Physician's Perspective

Hiroshi Kusunoki

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccines; breakthrough infection; hybrid immunity; SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Online: 26 May 2023 (04:05:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0024.v1

Serological Testing for COVID-19 in the Fertility Setting: The Lockdown Impact and Subsequent Dynamics Reflected in the Seroprevalence of Sars-Cov-2 Antibodies

Corina Manolea, andrei capitanescu, anca pop, roxana bors, ioana rugescu, melihan bechir, claudia mehedintu, valentin varlas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; COVID-19; infertility; lockdown; IVF; SARS-CoV-2 serological testing

Online: 4 January 2021 (12:07:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0265.v1

Structural Identification of the Electrostatic Hot Spots for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein to Be Complexed with Its Receptor ACE2 and Its Neutralizing Antibodies

Wei Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV; Spike protein; Electrostatic hot spots; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); Neutralizing antibody

Online: 18 February 2020 (11:03:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0184.v1

Feasibility of Known RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs

Ujjwal Neogi, Kyle J. Hill, Anoop T. Ambikan, Xiao Heng, Thomas P. Quinn, Siddappa N. Byrareddy, Anders Sönnerborg, Stefan G. Sarafianos, Kamal Singh

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; RNA polymerase; nsp12

Online: 12 April 2020 (05:36:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0065.v1

SARS-CoV-2 A Relation with Other Acute Respiratory Tract Infectious (ARTI) Diseases: A Short Communication

HAKANI SYMPLI

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; influenza; pneumonia; respiratory tract infectious diseases

Online: 3 August 2020 (08:44:56 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Application of Tensor Decomposition to Gene Expression of Infection of Mouse Hepatitis Virus can Identify Critical Human Genes and Efffective Drugs for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Y-H. Taguchi, Turki Turki

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; in silico drug discovery; gene expression profile; tensor decomposition; feature extraction

Online: 8 December 2020 (10:17:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0372.v1

Structural Genomics and Interactomics of 2019 Wuhan Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Indicate Evolutionary Conserved Functional Regions of Viral Proteins

Hongzhu Cui, Ziyang Gao, Ming Liu, Senbao Lu, Winnie Mkandawire, Oleksandr Narykov, Suhas Srinivasan, Mo Sun, Dmitry Korkin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: structural genomics; protein-protein interactions; structural bioinformaticscomparative modeling; functional annotation; antiviral design; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCoV

Online: 25 February 2020 (11:24:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0120.v1

Validation of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Microneutralization Assay for Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity

Stephanie Hamilton, Mingzhu Zhu, Shane Cloney Clark, Penny Mayes, Jen Fenner, Leah Cui, Rongman Cai, Raj Kalkeri, Louis F Fries, Melinda Pryor, Joyce Plested

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: microneutralization; COVID-19; Omicron variant; wildtype; Live virus,; XBB.1.5; MN50; SARS CoV-2; variants of concern; BSL-3

Online: 4 December 2023 (03:43:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0564.v1

Comparative Immune Response after Vaccination with SOBERANA® 02 and SOBERANA® plus Heterologous Scheme and Natural Infection in Young Children

Rocmira Perez-Nicado, Chiara Massa, Laura Rodriguez-Noda, Anja Mueller, Rinaldo Puga-Gomez, Yariset Ricardo-Delgado, Beatriz Paredes-Moreno, Meiby Rodríguez-González, Marylé García-Ferrer, Ilianet Palmero-Álvarez, Aniurka Garcés-Hechavarría, Daniel G. Rivera, Yuri Valdés-Balbín, Vicente Vérez-Bencomo, Dagmar García-Rivera, Barbara Seliger

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vaccine; Children; SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG; Memory T cell

Online: 8 September 2023 (02:55:35 CEST)

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(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection is mostly accompanied by mild COVID-19 symptoms in children. However, the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) and long-term sequelae are often severe complications. Therefore, the protection of the pediatric population against SARS-CoV-2 with effective vaccines is particularly important. Here we compare the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in children (n=15) aged 5-11 years vaccinated with RBD-based vaccines combined in a heterologous scheme of SOBERANA® 02 and SOBERANA® Plus with those from children (n=10) aged 4-11 years who recovered from mild symptomatic COVID-19. (2) Methods: Blood samples were taken 14 days after last dose for vaccinated and 45-60 days after the infection diagnosis for COVID-19 recovered children. Anti-RBD IgG and ACE2-RBD inhibition were assessed by ELISA; IgA, cytokine and cytotoxic related proteins profile were determined by multiplex assays. Total B and T cell subpopulations and IFN-γ release were measured by multiparametric flow cytometry using a large panel of antibodies after in vitro stimulation with S1 peptides. (3) Results: Significant higher levels of specific anti-RBD IgG and IgA and ACE2-RBD inhibition capacity were found in vaccinated children in comparison to COVID-19 recovered children. Th1-like and Th2-like CD4+ T cells were also significantly higher in vaccinated subjects. IFN-γ secretion were higher in central memory CD4+ T cells of COVID-19 recovered children, but no differences between both groups were found in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells effector, terminal and naïve T cell subpopulations. High levels of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 in contrast to low levels of IL-4 suggesting a predominant Th1 cell polarization. Cytotoxic-related proteins granzyme A and B, perforin and granulin were also found in the supernatant after S1 stimulation in both vaccinated and recovered children. (4) Conclusions: Vaccination with the heterologous scheme of SOBERANA® 02/ SOBERANA® Plus induces strong antibody and cellular immune response compared to natural infections of young children.

Working Paper REVIEW

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Double-Edged Sword in COVID-19 Infection

Jana Burchfield

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Online: 25 March 2020 (03:56:27 CET)

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The role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a controversial topic of discussion. RAAS inhibitors, such as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, have been implicated in potentially increasing cell surface levels of ACE2. ACE2 is the host receptor for COVID-19 that was discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since December, COVID-19 has transmitted rapidly across the world and has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 is similar to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with the first case reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. COVID-19, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also similar to SARS-CoV, which first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002, and caused an epidemic between November 2002 and July 2003. Both SARS-CoV and COVID-19 use ACE2 to enter host cells. ACE2 is primarily expressed in the mouth, lung, heart, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and intestines, and is a component of RAAS, which serves to maintain vascular tone and blood volume. Inhibition or activation of other components of RAAS has been shown to directly increase or decrease the expression and/or activity of ACE2. Furthermore, RAAS-targeting therapeutics, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, have also been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of ACE2, albeit in animal models. Although these changes in ACE2 have been demonstrated only in animal models, there is no evidence that administration of RAAS-targeting therapeutics to humans for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction and heart failure) causes changes in ACE2 expression. Nor is there clinical evidence that RAAS-targeting therapeutics augment COVID-19 infection, morbidity, or mortality. However, clinical evidence does suggest that ACE2 expression may protect against respiratory distress caused by a variety of noxious agents. This review attempts to provide a balanced overview of the potential role of RAAS in regulating ACE2, and the role of ACE2 during COVID-19 infection. Evidence is provided to show that the expression of ACE2 may mediate both positive and negative outcomes, depending on the timing of ACE2 expression.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0307.v1

Energy Efficient Centrifugal Air Extractor for Environments Contaminated With Sars-Cov-2 (Coronavirus).How to Build a Motor That Saves Electricity

Ibar Federico Anderson

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: Centrifugal fan; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; energy efficiency; synchronous motor; PMSM/IPM; single-phase alternating current

Online: 16 November 2022 (12:43:05 CET)

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The product is a centrifugal air extractor, whose objective is to extract the stale air of SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19 (Coronavirus); designed for civil and commercial use, it works with a single-phase alternating current (AC) motor of 220 (V) and 50 (Hz), with high energy efficiency (EE). Developed under the Design Thinking methodology, by electromechanical simulation using NI Multisim 14.0 software, case design using Cfturbo 2020 R2.0 CAD software, and rapid 3D prototyping with the OverLord Pro printer; with a prototype of the conventional stator winding of a synchronous motor with a two-pole PMSM/IPM single-phase alternating current (AC) field winding and a 4000 (Gauss) ferromagnetic ceramic magnet rotor. Innovating online nº 15 of invention patent nº 381968 by Nikola Tesla, 5/1/1888.One of the objectives is to link the middle level or Technical Schools with the University system (and careers with a Technological profile) through Project B374 located in the Secretariat of Science and Technology (SCyT) of the National University of La Plata ( UNLP), whose title is: “Integrated Management of Design and Innovation. Contributions for a theoretical-conceptual and methodological review” by the Director: Mg. Federico del Giorgio Solfa. Just as links were sought with the Research and Development Laboratory of the Department of Industrial Design (LIDDI-FBA-UNLP) through its Director D.I. Pablo Ungaro and D.I. Ana Bocos. In 2021, the project participated in the INNOVAR National Contest of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation of the Nation (MINCYT), Argentine Republic; in the "Covid-19 Projects" category, having been selected in the catalog of innovative products, won the 1st. "Covid-19 Projects" position of the National Agency for Research and Technological Development and local innovation (R+D+i) dependent on MINCYT.The results showed, according to the analysis of the test bench, that the PMSM/IPM type synchronous motor used in the centrifugal fan, with the innovation of the reactance-inductive control in series plus the capacitor in parallel, reduces the power by 67% (Watts) and active energy consumption (kWh), performing 56% more mechanical work (Joules) on the fluid air (with a 50% reduction in carbon footprint). Which leads us to the following conclusion: it is possible to develop centrifugal fans that save electricity (kWh) without the need to resort to (1) the "Fan Affinity Law", nor (2) the use of variable speed drives (VDF) or frequency (which are devices with complex and expensive electronics). Which would bring an enormous saving of the cost of electrical energy.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0171.v1

The Potential Roles of Protein Functional Motifs in Coronavirus Infection

Haitham Sobhy

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19 outbreak; SARS-CoV; ESCRT pathway; FGI-104 quinolone; chloroquine;

Online: 10 April 2020 (13:22:27 CEST)

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