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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a Dog, Connecticut, February 2021

Dong-Hun Lee, Zeinab Helal, Junwon Kim, Amelia Hunt, Alyza Barbieri, David H. Chung, Ji-Yeon Hyeon, Guillermo Risatti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; Dog; Connecticut; Epidemiology

Online: 18 March 2021 (10:56:35 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0125.v1

Gal-3BP in Viral Infections: An Emerging Role in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Valentina Gallo, Alyexandra Arienzo, Stefano Iacobelli, Valentina Iacobelli, Giovanni Antonini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Gal-3BP; Virus infection; SARS-CoV-2; Biomarkers

Online: 10 May 2022 (03:44:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0158.v2

Mapping the Accessory Proteins (Orfs) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Sunil Thomas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; accessory protein; mapping; structure; Open reading frame, Orf.

Online: 3 November 2022 (10:27:01 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0264.v1

Applying Philosophy, Logic, and Rational Argumentation to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Pandemic Response

Ari Joffe, David Redman

Subject: Social Sciences, Anthropology Keywords: COVID-19; critical scrutiny; logic; pandemic; response; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 12 May 2021 (10:48:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0609.v1

Evaluation of a Bioaerosol Sampler for Indoor Environmental Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Patrick F. Horve, Leslie Dietz, Dale Northcutt, Jason Stenson, Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Aerosols; Environmental Surveillance; Air Sampling

Online: 24 March 2021 (17:29:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0137.v1

Genome Wide Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Implicates World-Wide Circulatory Virus Strains Heterogeneity

M. Rafiul Islam, M. Nazmul Hoque, M. Shaminur Rahman, J. Akter Puspo, Masuda Akhter, Salma Akter, A. S. M. Rubayet-Ul-Alam, Munawar Sultana, Keith A. Crandall, M. Anwar Hossain

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; genomes; nucleotide; amino-acid; mutations; replacements

Online: 9 April 2020 (05:56:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0271.v1

Immunoinformatics-Guided Designing of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Ahmed Rakib, Saad Ahmed Sami, Arkajyoti Paul, Asif Shahriar, Abu Montakim Tareq, Nazim Uddin Emon, Nusrat Jahan Mimi, Md. Mustafiz Chowdhury, Taslima Akter Eva, Sajal Chakraborty, Sagar Shil, Sabrina Jahan Mily, Talha Bin Emran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; de novo vaccine; epitope; immunity

Online: 16 May 2020 (17:07:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0261.v1

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern: A Perspective for Emerging more Transmissible and Vaccine-Resistant Strains

Anacleto S. de Souza, Vitor Martins de Freitas Amorim, Gabriela D. A. Guardia, Filipe F dos Santos, Henning Ulrich, Pedro A. F. Galante, Robson Francisco de Souza, Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 variants; transmissibility; viral load; sensitivity to antisera

Online: 22 February 2022 (02:59:33 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0376.v1

Increase in Antibody Titer and Change over Time Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection after mRNA Vaccination: Consideration of the Significance of Additional Vaccination

Hiroshi Kusunoki, Michiko Ohkusa, Rie Iida, Ayumi Saito, Mikio Kawahara, Kazumi Ekawa, Nozomi Kato, Masaharu Motone, Hideo Shimizu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccines; breakthrough infection; SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Online: 5 January 2024 (02:04:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0120.v1

Validation of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Microneutralization Assay for Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity

Stephanie Hamilton, Mingzhu Zhu, Shane Cloney Clark, Penny Mayes, Jen Fenner, Leah Cui, Rongman Cai, Raj Kalkeri, Louis F Fries, Melinda Pryor, Joyce Plested

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: microneutralization; COVID-19; Omicron variant; wildtype; Live virus,; XBB.1.5; MN50; SARS CoV-2; variants of concern; BSL-3

Online: 4 December 2023 (03:43:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0709.v1

Mapping IgA Epitope and Cross‐Reactivity between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus and DENV

Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone, Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo, Guilherme Curty Lechuga, Joao P.R.S. Carvalho, Maria Eduarda Monteiro, Carlos Medicis Morel, David William Provance

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV2 variants; IgA epitopes; IgA-diagnostic; Cross-reactive epitopes; mucosal immunity.

Online: 13 November 2023 (08:34:45 CET)

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Background: The newly introduced COVID-19 vaccines have reduced disease severity and hospitalizations. However, they do not significantly prevent infection or transmission. In the same context, measuring IgM and IgG antibody levels is important, but it doesn't provide information about the status of the mucosal immune response. This article describes a comprehensive mapping of IgA epitopes of the S protein, its cross-reactivity, and the development of an ELISA-peptide assay. Methods: IgA epitope mapping was conducted using Spot-synthesis and sera from RT-qPCR COVID-19-positive patients. Specific and cross-reacting epitopes were identified, and an evolutionary analysis from the early Wuhan strain to the Omicron variant was performed using bioinformatics tools and a microarray of peptides. The selected epitopes were chemically synthesized and evaluated using ELISA-IgA. Results: 40 IgA epitopes were identified, with 23 in S1 and 17 in the S2 subunit. Among these, at least 23 epitopes showed cross-reactivity with DENV and other organisms and 24 with other associated coronaviruses. Three MAP4 polypeptides were validated by ELISA, demonstrating a sensitivity of 90-99.96% and a specificity of 100%. Among the six IgA-RBD epitopes, only the SC/18 epitope of the Omicron variants (BA.2 and BA.2.12.1) presented a single IgA epitope. Conclusions: This research unveiled the IgA epitome of the S protein and identified many epitopes that exhibit cross-reactivity with DENV and other coronaviruses. The S protein of variants from Wuhan to Omicron retains many conserved IgA epitopes, except for one epitope (#SCov/18). The cross-reactivity with DENV suggests limitations in using the whole S protein or the S1/S2/RBD segment for IgA serological diagnostic tests for COVID-19. The expression of these identified specific epitopes as diagnostic biomarkers could facilitate monitoring mucosal immunity to COVID-19, potentially leading to more accurate diagnoses and alternative mucosal vaccines.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0590.v2

How One Pandemic Led To Another: Was African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) The Disruption Contributing To Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars‑cov‑2) Emergence?

Wei Xia, Joseph Hughes, David Robertson, Xiaowei Jiang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: African swine fever virus (ASFV); Pork shortage; Alternative meat consumption; Wildlife; Human-animal contact; Zoonotic spillover; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 January 2022 (10:01:12 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0153.v1

An Oral Live Attenuated Vaccine Strategy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV)

Madhusudana Girija Sanal, Ravi Chandra Dubey

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; 2019-nCoV; COVID-19; angiotensin converting enzyme 2; Receptor; Live Attenuated Oral Vaccine; Intestine; proximal and distal enterocytes; herd immunity

Online: 9 April 2020 (13:10:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0265.v1

Structural Identification of the Electrostatic Hot Spots for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein to Be Complexed with Its Receptor ACE2 and Its Neutralizing Antibodies

Wei Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV; Spike protein; Electrostatic hot spots; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); Neutralizing antibody

Online: 18 February 2020 (11:03:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1253.v1

Antiviral Effect of Antimicrobial Peptoids and a Murine Model of Respiratory Coronavirus Infection

Maxim Lebedev, Aaron Benjamin, Sathish Kumar, Natalia Molchanova, Jennifer S. Lin, Kent J. Koster, Julian L. Leibowitz, Annelise E. Barron, Jeffrey D. Cirillo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Peptoid; MHV; SARS-CoV-2; Antimicrobials

Online: 22 February 2024 (09:24:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1267.v1

A 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Zileuton, Modulates Host-Immune Responses and Improves Lung Function in a Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Induced by Betacoronavirus

Rafaela das Dores Pereira, Rayane Aparecida Nonato Rabelo, Natália Fernanda de Melo Oliveira, Samuel Porto, Ana Claudia dos Santos Pereira Andrade, Celso M. Queiroz-Junior, César Luís Nascimento Barbosa, Luiz Pedro De Souza-Costa, Felipe Rocha da Silva Santos, Fernando Bento Rodrigues Oliveira, Bárbara Luísa Vieira Da Silva, Hanna L. Umezu, Raquel Ferreira, Glauber S. F. Da Silva, Jader Santos Cruz, Mauro Martins Teixeira, Vivian Vasconcelos Costa, Fabiana Simão Machado

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Zileuton; Viral Infection; MHV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 19 September 2023 (15:25:24 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0360.v2

The Role of Alveolar Edema in COVID-19

Shu Yuan, Si-Cong Jiang, Zi-Lin Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; acute respiratory distress syndrome; hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; alveolar edema; early low-flow oxygen

Online: 11 February 2021 (11:40:30 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0354.v1

SARS-CoV-2 May Persist in Digestive Tract Longer than Respiratory Tract

Yilin Hu, Lisha SHEN, Zheming XU, Jianying Zhou, Hua Zhou

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; case

Online: 24 February 2020 (14:03:12 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0122.v1

Gastrointestinal Manifestation of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in an Immunocompromised Dog

Elizabeth M. Lennon, Alfonso Oceguera, Eli Braun, Stephen D. Cole, Nolan V. Chalifoux, Jillian Whelan, Nuala Meyer, Kimberly Slensky, Andreanne Cleroux, Susan R. Weiss, Una O'Doherty, Shelley C. Rankin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; canine; gastrointestinal; infection; virus

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:23:45 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Respiratory Virus Infection Is A High-risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

MIngyue Chen, Wenxiu Wang, JIng Yu, Zhou Wang, Xiaofeng Zheng, Mingshu Han, Youwei Zhang, LEi Zhang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; influenza; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; risk factor

Online: 16 October 2020 (11:49:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0065.v1

SARS-CoV-2 A Relation with Other Acute Respiratory Tract Infectious (ARTI) Diseases: A Short Communication

HAKANI SYMPLI

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; influenza; pneumonia; respiratory tract infectious diseases

Online: 3 August 2020 (08:44:56 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

The Immune System View of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Ivana Celardo, Luigia Pace, Loredana Cifaldi, Carlo Gaudio, Vincenzo Barnaba

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine; coronavirus; monoclonal antibodies

Online: 3 December 2020 (09:20:35 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0270.v1

Use of Isoelectric Point for Fast Identification of Anti-SARS CoV-2 Coronavirus Proteins

Kanad Mallik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: isoelectric point; anti-viral; SARS CoV-2

Online: 16 May 2020 (16:51:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0333.v2

2-Deoxy-d-glucose Inhibits Replication of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with Adverse Effects on Host Cell Metabolism

Vikas Malgotra, Varun Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 2-Deoxyglucose; Adverse effects; COVID-19; Glutamine; PI3K/Akt

Online: 1 July 2021 (13:04:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0040.v2

Expression Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Respiratory Tract

Yichuan Liu, Hui-Qi Qu, Jingchun Qu, Lifeng Tian, Hakon Hakonarson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; TMPRSS2

Online: 28 September 2020 (03:19:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0201.v2

Detecting the Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Pravin Pokhrel, Changpeng Hu, Hanbin Mao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 Detection, SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test, SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test, False Negative, False Positive, Sensitivity, Specificity, Point-of-care testing (POCT), SARS-CoV-2 Mutants

Online: 25 March 2021 (15:33:14 CET)

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created huge damage to society and brought panics around the world. Such panics can be ascribed to the seemingly deceptive features of the COVID-19: compared to other deadly viral outspreads, it has medium transmission and mortality rates. As a result, the severity of the causative coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was deeply underestimated by the society at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on this, in this review, we define the viruses with features similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 as the Panic Zone viruses. To contain those viruses, accurate and fast diagnosis followed by effective isolation and treatment of patients are pivotal at the early stage of virus breakouts. This is especially true when there is no cure or vaccine available for a transmissible disease, which is the case for current COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 2021, more than two hundred kits for the COVID-19 diagnosis on the market are surveyed in this review, while emerging sensing techniques for SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed. It is of critical importance to rationally use these kits for the efficient management and control of the Panic Zone viruses. Therefore, we discuss guidelines to select diagnostic kits at different outbreak stages of the Panic Zone viruses, SARS-CoV-2 in particular. While it is of utmost importance to use nucleic acid-based detection kits with low false negativity (high sensitivity) at the early stage of an outbreak, the low false positivity (high specificity) gains its importance at later stages of the outbreak. When a society is set to reopen from the lock-down stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes critical to have antibody based immunoassay kits with high specificity to identify people who can safely return to the society after their recovery of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Given that the emergence of mutant viruses at the beginning of 2021 has complicated current battle against the COVID-19, we also discussed approaches and guidelines to detect viral mutants in the middle of the second wave of the pandemic that started at the end of 2020. Finally, since a massive attack from a viral pandemic requires a massive defense from the whole society, we urge both government and private sectors to research and develop more affordable and reliable point-of-care testing (POCT) kits, which can be used massively by the general public (and therefore called as massive POCT) to contain Panic Zone viruses in future.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0413.v1

Characterization of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein from Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Abhishek Kumar, Alisha Parveen, Narendra Kumar, Sneha Bairy, Vibha Kaushik, Chetan Chandola, Jyoti Sharma, Phulwanti Sharma, Akhil Agarwal, Akhilesh Pandey, Pankaj Goyal, Muniasamy Neerathilingam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nucleocapsid (N); genomics; coronavirus; Wuhan; Pandemic

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:45:40 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0398.v1

New SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Pet Cat with Severe Lung Disease in Italy

Nicolò Musso, Angelita Costantino, Sebastiano La Spina, Alessandra Finocchiaro, Francesca Andronico, Stefano Stracquadanio, Luigi Liotta, Rosanna Visalli, Giovanni Emmanuele

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pet cat; RNA-extraction; pneumonia

Online: 17 July 2020 (16:02:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1019.v1

Vitamin D Levels as a Marker of Severe SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Lambros Athanassiou, Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou, Sofia Nikolakopoulou, Alexandra Konstantinou, Olga Mascha, Evangelos Siarkos, Charilaos Samaras, Panagiotis Athanassiou, Yehuda Shoenfeld

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: vitamin D; SARS-CoV-2; outcome; ferritin; d-dimers; fibrinogen

Online: 15 September 2023 (02:40:24 CEST)

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Severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus is associated with various clinical findings, including hematological manifestations. Thrombotic events or a tendency to develop thrombotic events also characterize severe COVID-19 disease and may lead to death. Vitamin D is known to have immunomodulating properties and to enhance the body defense system against invading pathogens and to have immunostimulatory properties as far as the innate immune response is concerned. The aim was to measure 25(OH)D3 levels in patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 infection, to explore the relationship between 25(OH)D3 and outcome and to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels, CRP, ferritin, d-dimers and fibrinogen levels in this cohort. In a cohort of 88 patients hospitalized for severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a control group matched for age and sex the levels of 25(OH)D3 were measured. In the same cohort CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and fibrinogen levels were also analyzed. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were 17.36±8.80 ng/ml (mean±SD) as compared with 24.34±10.34 ng/ml, in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and the control group, respectively, p<0.001 (Student’s t test). The levels of 25(OH)D3 were found to be significantly related to outcome, i.e. survival as opposed to non-survival, as more patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency (0-10 ng/ml) and insufficiency (10-20 ng/ml) had a fatal outcome as compared with those with vitamin D sufficiency, p<0.001, chi-square test, p<0.001, Fischer’s exact test. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were inversely related to CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and fibrinogen levels, p<0.001, linear regression analysis, beta coefficient of variation, -0.176, -0,160, -0.178, -0.158, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was related to the disease outcome. Increased ferritin levels, and increased thrombotic markers, namely d-dimer and fibrinogen levels were observed in the patients and their concentration was also inversely related to vitamin D. We showed that vitamin D levels were low in hospitalized patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and also inversely related to CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and fibrinogen concentration. It is proposed that vitamin D levels may be an index of severity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0551.v1

Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB): An Online Database Designed to Facilitate Comparisons Between Candidate Anti-Coronavirus Compounds

Philip L Tzou, Kaiming Tao, Janin Nouhin, Soo-Yon Rhee, Benjamin D Hu, Shruti Pai, Neil Parkin, Robert W Shafer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; Antiviral therapy

Online: 23 July 2020 (11:43:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0186.v1

The Binding Mechanism of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Baliram Lone, Megha Lone

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; RBD; Molecular modelling

Online: 11 May 2020 (04:08:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0264.v1

Rapid Quantification and Neutralization Assays for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Using Avicel RC-591 Semi-Solid Overlay

Anna N. Honko, Nadia Storm, David J. Bean, Jhonatan Henao Vasquez, Sierra N. Downs, Anthony Griffiths

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: plaque assay; neutralization; SARS; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; Avicel; methylcellulose; COVID

Online: 16 May 2020 (15:51:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0189.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

Anbesh Jamwal, Sumedha Bhatnagar, Prakarti Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS CoV; SARS CoV-2; novel CoV; India

Online: 12 April 2020 (09:17:16 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Pathogenic Human Coronavirus Envelope Protein: A Clear Link to Immunopathology?

Dewald Schoeman, Burtram C. Fielding

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: human coronavirus; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; envelope protein; immunopathology

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:54:57 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0090.v1

Hydroxychloroquine as an Aerosol Might Markedly Reduce and Even Prevent Severe Clinical Symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Ansgar Klimke, Gudrun Hefner, Bianca Will, Ursula Voss

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19: hydroxychloroquine aerosol; pharmacotherapy; prevention; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:11:09 CEST)

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Covid-19 is a new coronavirus disease first described in December 2019. This respiratory illness is severe and potentially fatal. Severe cases make up to 15%, lethality ranges between 1.5 and more than 10 %. What is urgently needed is an efficient pharmacological treatment for the treatment of severe cases. During the infection of alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, the ACE2 receptor has a central function. The antimalarial drugs chloroquine phosphate (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) impair in vitro the terminal glycosylation of ACE2 without significant change of cell-surface ACE2 and, therefore, might be potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Starting inhibition at 0.1 µM, CQ completely prevented in vitro infections at 10 µM, suggesting a prophylactic effect and preventing the virus spread 5 hours after infection. In a first clinical trial, CQ was effective in inhibiting exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promotion of virus-negative conversion, and shortening the disease. In addition, HCQ, which is three times more potent than CQ in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells (EC50 0.72 µM), was significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Theoretically, CQ and HCQ could thus be effectively used in the treatment of SARS-CoV pneumonia. From a pharmacological standpoint, however, the major problems of oral treatment with these drugs are possible severe side effects and toxicity. Concretely, this relates to (a) the inconsistent individual bioavailability of these drugs at the alveolar target cells, depending on intestinal resorption, hepatic first-pass metabolism and accumulation in liver, spleen and lung, and (b) the need for a relatively high concentration of 1-5 µM at the alveolar surface. Therefore, we propose in a first dose estimation the use of HCQ as an aerosol in a dosage of 2-4 mg per inhalation in order to reach sufficient therapeutic levels at the alveolar epithelial cells. By using a low-dose non-systemic aerosol, adverse drug reactions will markedly be reduced compared with oral application. This increase in tolerability enables a broader use for prevention and after contact with an infected person, which would be an advantage especially for the high-risk, often multi-morbid and elderly patients. Empirical data on self-medication with a one-week aerosol application by two of the authors is presented. Inhalation was well tolerated without relevant side effects.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0446.v1

Central Disequilibrium Could be an Early Sign and Symptom of Rapidly Progressive SARS-CoV-2 related Respiratory Failure

Ali Zreik, Ali Ammar, Charles. Hunley, Mario Madruga, Rumi Khan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Central Disequilibrium; CNS; covid-19 coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 24 April 2020 (14:07:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0071.v1

Diversity of Coronavirus Receptors

Pritha Ghosh, Savita Jayaram, Dhruti Patwardhan, Saranya Marimuthu, Patrick Lenehan, AJ Venkatakrishnan, Travis Hughes, David Zemmour, Praveen Anand, Venky Soundararajan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; receptors; COVID-19; pandemic

Online: 3 August 2021 (11:05:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0588.v2

Saudi Arabia's Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak: Consequences, Reactions, and Takeaways

IZERE Salomon

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Public health; global health security; MERS-CoV; outbreak; Saudi Arabia

Online: 9 April 2024 (10:04:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0388.v1

Significance of Conserved Regions in Coronavirus Spike Protein for Developing a Novel Vaccine against SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Titus A Olukitibi, Zhujun Ao, Bryce Warner, Rodrigo Unat, Darwyn Kobasa, Xiaojian Yao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine; Spike protein; Mutation; Conserved epitopes

Online: 23 January 2023 (02:03:42 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0258.v1

Prevalence of Co-Infections With Respiratory Viruses in Individuals Investigated for Sars-Cov-2 in Ontario, Canada

Adriana Peci, Vanessa Tran, Jennifer L Gurtherie, Ye Li, Paul Nelson, Kevin L Schwartz, Sara A Buchan, Jonathan B Gubbay

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; seasonal respiratory viruses

Online: 10 December 2020 (12:53:28 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0565.v1

Immunobiochemical Aspects in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) Infection

Venkata Bharat Kumar Pinnelli, Mangala N. Sirsikar, W. Vishnu Vandana, Shrabani Mohanty, Wilma Delphine Silvia CR, Ranjan Kumar Mohapatra, Sabitha Vadakedath, Venkataramana Kandi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Immunobiochemical aspects; pathogenesis; diagnosis; management

Online: 24 September 2020 (04:39:38 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0317.v2

Minimum Size of Respiratory Droplets Containing SARS-CoV-2 and Aerosol Transmission Possibility

Byung Uk Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); COVID19; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; bioaerosol; aerosol

Online: 30 April 2020 (05:30:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0078.v1

Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by Fathhome’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-friendly Ozone-based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2

Timsy Uppal, Amir Khazaieli, Antoine Snijders, Subhash C. Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: FATHHOME, SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Virus decontamination, PPEs

Online: 2 February 2021 (09:34:25 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0532.v1

Potential Role of Cellular Senescence on Coronavirus Infections

Prem Chapagain

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: cellular senescence; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; aging

Online: 30 April 2020 (13:58:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0026.v1

Sequence Analysis and Amino Acid Variations of Structural Proteins Deduced From Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Strains, Isolated in Different Countries

Tarlan Mamedov, Inanc Soylu, Gunay Mammadova, Gulnara Hasanova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Spike protein; Nucleocapsid protein; MSA

Online: 3 May 2020 (06:27:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0380.v1

Nomenclature: Coronavirus and the 2019 Novel Coronavirus

Zhiwen Hu, Zhongliang Yang, Qi Li, Yongfeng Huang

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: human coronaviruses (HCoVs); infodemic; PHEIC; 2019-nCoV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 February 2020 (12:33:45 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0187.v1

Detection of Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Prospective Cohort of Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)

Emilia Parodi, Andrea Carpino, Elena Franchitti, Giulia Pruccoli, Marco Denina, Federica Pagliero, Ugo Ramenghi, Deborah Traversi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; stools; COVID-19; MIS-C; children

Online: 10 May 2021 (13:00:43 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0395.v2

Beclabuvir can Inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of Newly Emerged Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Kunal Dutta, Sergey Shityakov, Olga Morozova, Ibrahim Khalifa, Jin Zhang, Wei Zhu, Amiya Panda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2); RdRp; HCV; beclabuvir; in silico; molecular docking

Online: 2 April 2020 (11:25:57 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0753.v1

Noninvasive Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Markers from Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Report of Three Cases

Motohiro Kimata, Kenichi Hashimoto, Naomi Harada, Yusuke Kawamura, Yoshifumi Kimizuka, Yuji Fujikura, Mayuko Kaneko, Nobuaki Kiriu, Yasumasa Sekine, Natsumi Iwabuchi, Tetsuro Kiyozumi, Akihiko Kawana, Susumu Matukuma, Yuji Tanaka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: ambulatory electrocardiographic markers; coronavirus disease-19; COVID-19; global cardiac ischemia; Holter electrocardiograph; myocardial remodeling; SARS-CoV-2; sudden cardiac death

Online: 13 March 2024 (07:31:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0800.v1

Single Infection and Dual Co-infection With Respiratory Viruses Affect Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Acute Respiratory Illness Negative for SARS-CoV-2

Blanca Guadalupe Gómez-Sotelo, Evelyn Rivera-Toledo, Fredy Omar Beltrán-Anaya, Berenice Illades-Aguiar, Eugenia Flores-Alfaro, Daniel Hernández-Sotelo, Adolfo Román-Román, Jorge Gaona-Bernal, Ramón Antaño-Arias, Óscar Del Moral-Hernández

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses; single infection; dual co-infection; viral load; cytokine; chemokine

Online: 12 December 2023 (05:20:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2082.v1

Failure of Non-invasive Respiratory Support in Patients with SARS-Cov-2 with the Different Therapies

Juan Javier García-Fernández, José Andrés Sánchez-Nicolás, Sonia Galicia-Puyol, Isabel Gil-Rosa, Juan Jose Guerras Conesa, Enrique Bernal-Morell, César Cinesi-Gómez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: Non-invasive respiratory support 1; SARS-CoV-2 2; Hospitalization 3; CPAP 4; HFNO 5; Bilevel 6

Online: 29 September 2023 (10:41:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0889.v1

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparative Review

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Homa Mazaherinia, Hosein Nazari rostami, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mohammad Barary, Erfan Hashemi, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS); COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination

Online: 13 October 2023 (10:58:23 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0702.v1

The Association between Influenza Vaccination and the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Severe Illness, and Death: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Marco Del Riccio, Chiara Lorini, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, John Paget, Saverio Caini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; influenza vaccine; systematic review; infection; severity; risk

Online: 29 September 2020 (09:14:03 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0133.v2

The Airborne and Gastrointestinal Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 Pathways

Tomás Santa-Coloma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: ACE2, airborne; coronavirus; COV-2; COVID-19; food chain; intestinal infection; Kepler conjecture; rebound epidemic; packaging; particle size; SARS; surgical masks.

Online: 13 April 2020 (10:12:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0337.v1

Reporting Two SARS-CoV-2 Strains Based on A Unique Trinucleotide-Bloc Mutation and Their Potential Pathogenic Difference

Mustak Ibn Ayub

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; strains of SARS-CoV-2

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:14:52 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus behind COVID-19 pandemic is acquiring new mutations in its genome. Although some mutations provide benefits to the virus against human immune response, a number of them may result in their reduced pathogenicity and virulence. By analyzing more than 3000 high-coverage, complete genome sequences deposited in the GISAID database, here I report a unique 28881-28883:GGG>AAC trinucleotide-bloc mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that results in two sub-strains, described here as SARS-CoV-2g (28881-28883:GGG genotype) and SARS-CoV-2a (28881-28883:AAC genotype). Computational analysis and literature review suggest that this bloc mutation would bring 203-204:RG(arginine-glycine)>KR(lysine-arginine) amino acid changes in the nucleocapsid (N) protein affecting the SR (serine-arginine)-rich motif of the protein, a critical region for the transcription of viral RNA and replication of the virus. Thus, 28881-28883:GGG>AAC bloc-mutation is expected to modulate the pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2g and SARS-CoV-2a strains can be linked with the heterogeneity of COVID-19 cases across different regions within and between countries by analyzing existing data. Sequence analysis suggests that severely affected cities, such as Milan, Lombardy, New York, Paris have the predominant presence of SARS-CoV-2g strains, whereas less affected places like Abruzzo, Lyon, Valencia have a relatively higher presence of SARS-CoV-2a, an indication that the latter strain may contribute to the reduced cases of COVID-19. A similar relationship is observed when Netherlands, Portugal are compared with Spain, France and Germany. These analyses suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 has already evolved into a less infective SARS-CoV-2a affecting COVID-19 cases in different regions. The time a country or region needs to acquire SARS-CoV-2a strains may be indicative to the time it would need to overcome the peak of the COVID-19 cases. To confirm these assumptions, prompt retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies should be conducted in different countries to understand the course of pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2a and SARS-CoV-2g. Potential drugs can be designed targeting 28881-28883 region of the N protein to modulate virus pathogenicity.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0400.v1

Susceptibility of the Elderly to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: ACE-2 Overexpression, Shedding and Antibody-dependent Enhancement (ADE)

Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Helder Nakaya

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ACE-2

Online: 27 March 2020 (02:48:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0161.v1

High Throughput Virtual Screening to Discover Inhibitors of the Main Protease of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Birgit Strodel, Olujide Olubiyi, Maryam Olagunju, Monika Keutmann, Jennifer Loschwitz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; main protease inhibition; virtual screening; drugs; natural products

Online: 9 April 2020 (14:59:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0177.v1

Effects of Methylprednisolone on Ventilator-Free Days in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19

Mohamed Badr, Bruno De Oliveira, Khaled Abdallah, Ashraf Nadeem, Yeldho Varghese, Dnyaseshwar Munde, Shameen Salam, Baraa Abduljawad, Khaled Saleh, Hussam Elkambergy, Ahmed Rida, Ahmed Bayrlee, Ali Wahla, Jamil Dibu, Rehan Haque, Fadi Hamed, Nadeem Rahman, Jihad Mallat

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; acute respiratory distress syndrome; methylprednisolone; mechanical ventilation; ventilator-free days; SARS-CoV-2 infection

Online: 11 January 2021 (10:13:42 CET)

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Objectives: There are limited data regarding the efficacy of methylprednisolone in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. We aimed to determine whether methylprednisolone increases the number of ventilator-free days (VFDs) among these patients. Design: Retrospective single-center study Setting: Intensive care unit Patients: All patients with ARDS due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation between 1 March and 29 May 2020 were included Interventions: None Measurements and Main Results: The primary outcome was ventilator-free days (VFDs) during the first 28 days, defined as being alive and free from mechanical ventilation. The primary outcome was analyzed with competing-risks regression based on Fine and Gray’s proportional subhazards model. Death before day 28 was considered to be the competing event. A total of 77 patients met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two patients (41.6%) received methylprednisolone. The median dose was 1 mg.kg-1 (IQR: 1-1.3 mg.kg-1) and median duration of 5 days (IQR:5-7 days). Patients who received methylprednisolone had a mean 18.8 VFDs (95% CI, 16.6-20.9) during the first 28 days vs. 14.2 VFDs (95% CI, 12.6-16.7) in patients who did not receive methylprednisolone (difference, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.10-8.12; P = 0.001). In the multivariable competing-risks regression analysis and after adjusting for potential confounders (ventilator settings, prone position, organ failure support, severity of the disease, tocilizumab, and inflammatory markers), methylprednisolone was independently associated with a higher number of VFDs (subhazards ratio: 0.10, 95%CI: 0.02-0.45; p=0.003). Hospital mortality did not differ between the two groups (31.2% vs. 28.9%, p=0.82). Hospital length of stay was significantly shorter in the methylprednisolone group (24 days [IQR:15-41 days] vs. 37 days [IQR:23-52 days], p=0.046). The incidence of positive blood cultures was higher in patients who received methylprednisolone (37.5% vs. 17.8%, p=0.052). However, 91% of patients who received methylprednisolone also received tocilizumab. The number of days with hyperglycemia was similar in the two groups. Conclusions: Methylprednisolone was independently associated with increased VFDs and shortened hospital length of stay. The combination of methylprednisolone and tocilizumab was associated with a higher rate of positive blood cultures. Further trials are needed to evaluate the benefits and safety of methylprednisolone in moderate or severe COVID-19 ARDS.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0473.v2

Impacts of Coronavirus on Farm and Pet Animals

Sachin Subedi, Sulove Koirala, Lilong Chai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; animals; nephritic; vaccination; biosecurity measures

Online: 25 August 2020 (08:30:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0201.v1

Coronavirus (Covid-19): The Lockdown Strategy in Nigeria

Ehijiele Ekienabor

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; lockdown; social distancing

Online: 11 May 2020 (13:26:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0463.v3

Trends of Mutation Accumulation Across Global SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: Implications for the Evolution of the Novel Coronavirus

Chayan Roy, Santi M Mandal, Suresh K Mondol, Shriparna Mukherjee, Wriddhiman Ghosh, Ranadhir Chakraborty

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; genome-wide mutations; transition; transversion; nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations; microevolution

Online: 5 October 2020 (10:56:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0032.v2

HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective

Palesa Makoti, Burtram C. Fielding

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronaviruses; HIV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV; immunosuppression; immune response; coinfection

Online: 4 August 2020 (07:36:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0157.v1

COVID-19: Recent Findings into Emerging Coronavirus

Kamal Hezam, Hasan A. M. M. Almansoub, Fuad A.F. Saleh, Yusra A. M. Almansob, Hanadi Al-Mekhlafi, Asma AL-Yousofi, Adel Al-Gheethi, Maged Almezgagi, Fadhl Al-Shaebi, Dina Murshed

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: novel coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pneumonia; Betacoronavirus; transmission

Online: 14 June 2020 (03:06:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0330.v1

Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress

Calixto Machado, Joel Victor Gutierrez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2); COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; respiratory distress; brainstem; respiratory center

Online: 19 April 2020 (05:37:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0931.v1

Humoral Immune Responses in Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Comparative Study between Individuals Infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the Wild-Type and the Delta Periods

Maria M Sukhova, Maria Byazrova, Artem Mikhailov, Gaukhar Yusubalieva, Irina V Maslova, Tatyana Belovezhets, Nikolay Chikaev, Ivan Vorobiev, Alexander Filatov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variants of concern; virus neutralization

Online: 14 August 2023 (09:55:47 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0253.v1

Is Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) a Missing Link for Elucidating the Mechanism of Action of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Explaining the Side Effects-Complications of COVID-19 Disease?

Constantinos A Demopoulos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Platelet Activating Factor; PAF; SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19

Online: 21 June 2020 (10:27:22 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) During Pregnancy: A Case Series

Weiyong Liu, Qianli Wang, Qi Zhang, Ling Chen, Junbo Chen, Bo Zhang, Yanjun Lu, Shaoshuai Wang, Liming Xia, Lu Huang, Kai Wang, Lu Liang, Yongli Zhang, Lance Turtle, David Lissauer, Ke Lan, Ling Feng, Hongjie Yu, Yingle Liu, Ziyong Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: pregnancy; neonate; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vertical transmission

Online: 25 February 2020 (11:38:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0230.v1

Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability

Fabian Zech, Christoph Jung, Timo Jacob, Frank Kirchhoff

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Sarbecovirus; Spike; mutation; manifestation; immune evasion; zoonoses

Online: 3 January 2024 (09:58:32 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 during the early phase of the pandemic in Asia

Jale Moradi, Mohsen Moghoofei, Mohammad Doroudian, Ramin Abiri

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Phylogenetics; Asia

Online: 15 January 2021 (13:14:15 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1332.v1

Mycophenolate Interruption Restores Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Immunogenicity in Unresponsive Liver Transplant Recipients

Pierluigi Toniutto, Annarosa Cussigh, Sara Cmet, Martina Fabris, Francesco Curcio, Davide Bitetto, Ezio Fornasiere, Elisa Fumolo, Edmondo Falleti

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Sars-CoV-2 infection; mycophenolate mofetil, liver transplantation, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Online: 18 May 2023 (10:39:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0633.v2

A Hierarchical Framework for Assessing Transmission Causality of Respiratory Viruses

Tom Jefferson, Carl J. Heneghan, Elizabeth Spencer, Annette Pluddemann, Igho Onakpoya, Jon Brassey, David Evans, John Conly

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: viral transmission; causation; evidence hierarchy; SARS-CoV-2; respiratory pathogens

Online: 30 June 2022 (03:33:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0002.v1

Animal Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2 in Animals, What Do We Actually Know?

Paolo Bonilauri, Gianluca Rugna

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; animals; veterinary

Online: 4 January 2021 (08:27:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1665.v1

Generalized Rash in Severe Hospitalized COVID Patients: Correlation between Histological Examination, Drug Intake, Blood Interleukins Profileand Long-Term Follow-Up

Montserrat Fernández-Guarino, Vivian Stewart, Diego Fernández-Nieto, Carmen Moreno Garcia del Real, David Gonzalez de Olano, Carolina Blanco, Emilio Solano-Solares, Belen De la Hoz Caballer, Javier Martínez-Botas, Maria Laura Garcia-Bermejo, Ana Andrés-Martín

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dermatology Keywords: skin; COVID infection; cytokines; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 September 2023 (09:37:37 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Uncovering Signals from the Coronavirus Genome

Enrique Canessa

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Sequence analysis; Comparative genomic variants; Alternating Series; Covid-19

Online: 7 April 2021 (12:59:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0184.v1

Feasibility of Known RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs

Ujjwal Neogi, Kyle J. Hill, Anoop T. Ambikan, Xiao Heng, Thomas P. Quinn, Siddappa N. Byrareddy, Anders Sönnerborg, Stefan G. Sarafianos, Kamal Singh

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; RNA polymerase; nsp12

Online: 12 April 2020 (05:36:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1078.v1

Immunogenicity of Tetravalent Protein Vaccine, SCTV01E-2 against SARS-CoV-2 EG.5 Subvaraint: a Phase 2 Trial

Jihai Tang, Qinghua Xu, Chaoyin Zhu, Kun Xuan, Tao Li, Qingru Li, Xingya Pang, Zhenqiu Zha, Jinwei Li, Liyang Qiao, Haiyang Xu, Gang Wu, Yan Tian, Jun Han, Cuige Gao, Gui Qian, Xuxin Tian, Liangzhi Xie

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: Safety; Immunogenicity; SARS-CoV-2; Multivalent vaccine; Booster

Online: 15 December 2023 (01:43:16 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0339.v1

SARS-CoV-2 infection and Cardiology: Beware of Myocarditis

Marco Antonio Machado Schlindwein, Letícia Caroline Breis, Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, Rafael M. Ronsoni, Clizenaldo Torres, Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; myocarditis

Online: 19 April 2020 (08:22:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0151.v1

Dynamics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in the Albanian Population: Impact of Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity during the COVID-19 Pandemic Year from August 2021 to August 2022

Genc Sulcebe, Alban Ylli, Fabian Cenko, Margarita Kurti-Prifti, Erkena Shyti, Jonida Dashi-Pasholli, Erina Lazri, Irena Seferi-Qendro, Melissa J. Perry

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence; Vaccination Status; SARS-CoV-2; anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; Albanian population

Online: 2 August 2023 (10:10:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0098.v1

Preclinical Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (Maps) Sars Cov-2 Vaccine

Cieslewicz Brian, Daniel Makrinos, Heidi Burke, Dara Bree, Renuka Haridas, Ian Tonkiss, Yannic Bartsch, Galit Alter, Richard Malley, Gilles Besin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS CoV-2 Vaccine; MAPS

Online: 7 June 2022 (09:00:26 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Genomic Evidence of a SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Case with E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil

Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka, Marília Miranda Franco, Tiago Gräf, Ana Verena Almeida Mendes, Renato Santana de Aguiar, Marta Giovanetti, Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; reinfection; E484K

Online: 27 January 2021 (15:08:12 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0962.v1

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status and Societal Restrictions in Controlling COVID-19 Across the World

Jasmijn Stroo, Michaëla Lepolder, Jean-Luc Murk, Ger T. Rijkers

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID pass; SARS-CoV-2 antigen test; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; societal restrictions

Online: 14 July 2023 (05:20:20 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

COVID-19 Perfect Storm (Part I): Cytokine Release Syndrome in Aged People

Sirio Fiorino, Claudio Gallo, Maddalena Zippi, Sergio Sabbatani, Roberto Manfredi, Renzo Moretti, Elisa Fogacci, Caterina Maggioli, Francesca Travasoni Loffredo, Enrico Giampieri, Ivan Corazza, Christoph Dickmans, Claudio Denitto, Michele Cammarosano, Michele Battilana, Paolo Emilio Orlandi, Francesco Del Forno, Francesco Miceli, Michela Visani, Giorgia Acquaviva, Paolo Leandri, Elio Jovine, Roberto Jovine, Dario de Biase

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS; CoV-2; COVID-19; immune system; cytokine

Online: 18 May 2020 (12:46:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0613.v3

Review of Infective Dose, Routes of Transmission, and Outcome of COVID-19 Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus: Comparison with Other Respiratory Viruses

Sedighe Karimzadeh, Raj Bhopal, Huy Nguyen Tien

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: infective dose; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory viruses; viral load; viral dynamics

Online: 7 December 2020 (11:36:05 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Fast Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Directly from Respiratory Samples Using a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Test

Olympia E. Anastasiou, Caroline Holtkamp, Miriam Schäfer, Frieda Schön, Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger, Andi Krumbholz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; RT-PCR; nucleic acids; direct testing; loop-mediated isothermal amplification; LAMP

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:21:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0757.v1

Mathematical Modelling in Prediction of Novel CoronaVirus (COVID-19) Transmission Dynamics

Md. Sharif Uddin, Md. Taufiq Nasseef, Mufti Mahmud, Ali AlArjani

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: Coronavirus; ODE; SIR; SEIR; transmission dynamic; prediction; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 30 September 2020 (15:08:34 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Airborne SARS-CoV-2 and the Use of Masks for Protection against Its Spread in Wuhan, China

Jia Hu, Chengfeng Lei, Zhen Chen, Weihua Liu, Xujuan Hu, Rongjuan Pei, Zhengyuan Su, Fei Deng, Yu Huang, Xiulian Sun, Junji Cao, Wuxiang Guan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Airborne; Mask

Online: 29 May 2020 (03:41:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0220.v2

Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients with Lung Cancer

Sufang Tian, Weidong Hu, Li Niu, Huan Liu, Haibo Xu, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19 pneumonia; pathology; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 2 March 2020 (01:34:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2036.v1

Evaluation of Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and Adenovirus Cases via Rapid Tests in Community during the Winter 2023 Season. A Cross Sectional Study

Dimitrios Papagiannis, Garyfallia Perlepe, Theodora Tendolouri, Polyxeni Karakitsiou, Georgia Damagka, Anna Kalaitzi, Sofia Alevra, Foteini Malli, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: RSV; SARS-CoV-2; Influenza A/B; adenovirus; rapid test; Vaccinations

Online: 31 July 2023 (04:17:26 CEST)

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Respiratory infections constitute a major reason for infants and children seeking medical advice and visiting health facilities, thus remaining a significant public threat with high morbidity and mortality. The predominant viruses causing viral respiratory infections are influenza A and B viruses (Flu-A, Flu-B), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Adenovirus and Coronaviruses. We aimed to record the incidence of RSV, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B and Adenovirus cases with rapid antigen tests and validate the results with RT-PCR assay of upper respiratory specimens with a wide range of viral loads and (co)-infection patterns in children. Clinical samples were collected from early symptomatic children (presenting with fever and/or cough and/or headache within 5–7 days). The surveillance program was conducted in five private pediatrician dispensaries and one Pediatric care unit, from 10 January 2023 to 30 March 2023 in central Greece. The total sample of specimens collected was 784 young children and infants, of which 383 (48.8%) ware female and 401 were male (51.2%). The mean age of participants was 7.3 + 5.5 years. The sensitivity of FLU A & B test was 91.15% (95% CI: 84.33% -95.67%), and the specificity was 98.96% (95% CI: 97.86% - 99.58%). The sensitivity and specificity of the adenovirus and RSV test was {92.45% (95% CI: 81.79% - 97.91%), 99.32% (95% CI: 98.41% -99.78%)} and {92.59% (95% CI: 75.71% -99.09%), 99.47% (95% CI: 98.65% - 99.86%)} respectively. Lastly, the sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 test was 100.00% (95% CI: 79.41%-100.00%) and the specificity was 99.74% (95% CI: 99.06% - 99.97%). We recorded proportion of incidence for the Influenza-A and B, (14.3%), - (3.44%) correspondingly, followed by the adenovirus with a proportion (6.9%) and the RSV with (3.7%) incidence proportion and finally, the SARS-CoV-2 (2.3%). The combination of a new multiple rapid test with multiple antigens, will be probably a useful tool with financial impact for health systems targeting the early detection and right treatment of respiratory infections in the emergency departments in primary health care facilities.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v2

Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19

Kuldeep Dhama, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Yashpal Singh Malik, Karam Pal Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: emerging coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; vaccines; therapy; one health

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0509.v1

Antonio Tombolini, Roberto Scendoni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Forensic autopsy; Histopathology

Online: 31 May 2020 (20:50:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1836.v1

Application of an Rbd-Based Simple Immunoassay for Assessing Humoral Immunity against Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Virus Variants

Orsolya Mózner, Judit Moldvay, Kata Sára Szabó, Dorottya Vaskó, Júlia Domján, Dorottya Ács, Zoltán Ligeti, Csaba Fehér, Edit Hirsch, László Puskás, Cordula Stahl, Manfred Frey, Balázs Sarkadi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 immunity; ELISA; Spike-RBD; SARS-CoV-2 variants; Omicron; virus neutralizing

Online: 30 October 2023 (07:06:58 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0358.v3

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Assosiated Pneumonia in China: Current Status and Future Prospects

Temoor Ahmed, Muhammad Noman, Ahmad Almatroudi, Muhammad Shahid, Mohsin Khurshid, Farheen Tariq, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, Rongrong Yu, Bin Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Infectious diseases; Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Pneumonia; China

Online: 28 February 2020 (13:21:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0311.v1

Pathological Study of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Post-Mortem Core Biopsies

Sufang Tian, Yong Xiong, Huan Liu, Li Niu, Jianchun Guo, Meiyan Liao, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pathology; post-mortem biopsy

Online: 20 March 2020 (09:24:10 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0353.v1

In Search of Feasible Interventions for the Prevention and Cure of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019

Sunil Kumar Verma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; Curcumin

Online: 24 March 2020 (03:16:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0177.v1

Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Laura Thümmler, Nadine Beckmann, Caroline Sehl, Matthias Soddemann, Peer Braß, Maren Bormann, Leonie Brochhagen, Carina Elsner, Nicolas Hoertel, Céline Cougoule, Sandra Ciesek, Marek Widera, Ulf Dittmer, Monika Lindemann, Peter A. Horn, Oliver Witzke, Stephanie Kadow, Markus Kamler, Erich Gulbins, Katrin Anne Becker, Adalbert Krawczyk

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; antidepressants, COVID-19

Online: 4 March 2024 (19:12:30 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0543.v1

In-vitro Virucidal Activity of Commercial Enzyme Preparations against SARS-CoV-2 Virus

Anuradha V. Chitnis, Abhijit Rathi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; enzymes; virucidal; biocide

Online: 21 December 2020 (19:10:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0327.v1

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern Ghana; Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing

Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Philip El-Duah, Michael Owusu, Julia Schneider, Richmond Yeboah, Ayisi-Boateng Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Gorman, Eric Adu, Alexander Kwarteng, Michael Frimpong, Sherihane Aryeetey, Jesse Addo Asamoah, Yaw Ampem Amoako, John Humphrey Amuasi, Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Kwasi Obiri-Danso, Victor Max Corman, Christian Drosten, Richard Phillips

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Ghana; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; Phylogenetics

Online: 15 September 2020 (04:24:17 CEST)

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In regions lacking genomic data, analysis of sequences from the early stages of an outbreak can provide important insights into the diversity of pathogens present. Following the detection of the first imported case of COVID-19 in the Northern sector of Ghana on 13^th March 2020, we have now molecularly characterized and phylogenetically analysed sequences including three (3) complete genomes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) isolated from nine (9) patients observed in Ghana. Eight (8) of these patients reported with a recent history of foreign travel and one (1) with no history of foreign travel. We performed high throughput sequencing for 9 samples following the determination of high concentration of viral RNA. In addition, we estimated the potential impact that long distance transportation of samples to testing centres may have on sequencing outcomes. Here, two samples that were closest in terms of viral RNA concentration but transported from sites which are over 400km apart were assessed. All sequences were compared to previous sequences from Ghana and representative sequences from regions where our patients had previously travelled. Complete genomes were obtained for three (3) sequences and with another near complete genome with a coverage of 95.6%. Sequences with coverage in excess of 80% were found to belong to three lineages namely A, B.1 and B.2. Our sequences clustered in two different clades with the majority falling within a clade composed of sequences from sub-Saharan Africa. Less RNA fragmentation was seen in sample KATH23 which was collected 9km compared with sample TTH6 which was collected and transported over a distance of 400km to the testing site. The clustering of several sequences from sub-Saharan Africa suggests regional circulation of the viruses in the subregion. Importantly, there may be the need to decentralize testing sites and build more capacity across Africa to boost the sequencing output of the subregion.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0587.v1

SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 and SARS-CoV ORF8ab: Genomic Divergence and Functional Convergence

Sameer Mohammad, Abderrezak Bouchama, Bothina Mohammad Alharbi, Mamoon Rashid, Tanveer Saleem Khatlani, Nusaibah S Gaber, Shuja Shafi Malik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; Accessory Protein; ORF8; ORF8ab

Online: 24 July 2020 (13:51:12 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Sars-CoV-2 Envelope and Membrane Proteins: Structural Differences Linked to Virus Characteristics?

Martina Bianchi, Domenico Benvenuto, Marta Giovanetti, Silvia Angeletti, Massimo Ciccozzi, Stefano Pascarella

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Sars-CoV-2; homology modelling; envelope membrane glycoprotein; Bat; Pangolin; Sars-CoV

Online: 9 May 2020 (08:43:08 CEST)

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