Background and Objectives: Despite advancements in modern medicine, the survival rate of patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains low. The proportion of OHCA patients that could be saved under ideal circumstances is unknown. A significant portion of patients experience cardiac arrest due to irreversible conditions. The survival of patients with reversible causes de-pends on the prompt initiation of basic life support (BLS) and early defibrillation. In order to in-crease the chances of survival, the motorcycle paramedic project was implemented in Ljubljana in 2003. The motorcycle paramedic is equipped with an AED. In the case of OHCA with a shockable rhythm, he performs defibrillation before the arrival of the emergency medical team (EMT). The purpose of the research is to determine whether the motorcycle paramedic, by reducing the re-sponse time to patients experiencing OHCA, increases the survival rate of these patients. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of OHCA within the area covered by Ljubljana Emergency Medical Service (EMS) was conducted for the period from January 2003 to December 2022. Results: Between January 2003 and December 2022 EMT performed resuscitation on 3352 patients. The motorcycle paramedic was simultaneously activated and arrived at the scene before the EMT in 316 cases. In 16 patients, Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) was achieved before the arrival of the EMT. The group in which the motorcycle paramedic arrived at the scene before the EMT showed a higher ROSC compared to the other group (44.3 % vs 36.9%) and a larger proportion of patients were discharged from the hospital (18.7% vs 13.0%). The proportion of patients with favorable neurological outcomes was also statistically significantly higher (15.9% vs 10.6%, p=0.004). Con-clusion: The study has demonstrated that the implementation of the motorcycle paramedic into the EMS in Ljubljana has increased the survival rate of OHCA patients.

Outdoor air pollution is a leading cause of death and premature death globally. Motorcycle-taxi drivers were most at risk associated with occupational exposure to ambient air pollution in urban areas. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the influencing factors and prediction of lung function impairment in 308 motorcycle-taxi drivers living in Bangkok and adjacent provinces between February and June 2022. The study design included: data collection using questionnaires applied from the Thai version of ATS-DLD-78A: American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Diseases and Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand; a collection of respirable dust, and ambient air pollution parameters measured by per-sonal air sampling pump and real-time air quality index (AQI) station, and lung function determined by the spirometer. The results showed that 14 factors were significantly associated with lung function impairment (p<0.05). Apparently, seven influencing factors showing the most association were included: gender, the height of the subjects, history of allergies, exposure to respirable dust, mask types, helmet types, and family history of lung disease. The lung function impairment of motorcycle-taxi drivers was significantly predicted in 28.1% by regression analysis of these seven variables (R2=0.281). Therefore, this is the first report on influencing factors and prediction of lung function impairment among motorcycle-taxi drivers. These findings would be very useful for preventing and controlling measure ambient air pollution, setting policies and strategies to mitigate the risks for motorcycle-taxi drivers and the other ex-posed population.

Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) through SMART UNS Company has conducted research and development of e-motorcycle conversion using Li-ion battery pack as a substitute for ICE energy source from the conventional motorcycle. Currently, the battery-pack that used for e-motorcycle conversion is in the development phase towards commercialization. The challenge of estimating production costs is the complicated production process and storing hidden expenses that can be a problem. This hidden cost is often a missing or varied factor that costs less or more expensive. This study presents an integrated parametric cost estimation model with activity-based cost assignments to estimate production costs through cost calculations for each activity. Activity-based costs break the production process into a specific cost element for each step. Each activity's cost is put into a parametric cost estimation model to calculate the cost of each activity into the total cost of production. Cost estimation results will be analyzed using a regression method to determine which variables most affect the production cost of Li-ion battery packs for the conversion of e-motorcycles in the SMART UNS company.

Introduction: Ambient air pollution is major global health problem and commercial drivers are particularly exposed to it. No systematic assessment of the health risks associated with occupational exposure to ambient air pollution in this population has been carried out. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using a protocol-driven strategy. Papers published from inception to 20th April 2018 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, African journals online, Cochrane library, ISRCTN and WHO ICTRP databases were screened for inclusion by two independent reviewers. Original articles with at least an available abstract in English or French were included. Results: The initial search retrieved 1454 published articles of which 20 articles were included. 3 Studies reported a significant difference in white blood cells (106/L) among commercial motorcyclists compared to rural inhabitants (5.041±1.209 vs 5.900±1.213,p=0.001), an increased risk of lung cancer (RR=1.6, 95%CI 1.5-1.8) in bus drivers and an increased standardized mortality ratio (SMR) in bus drivers from Hodgkin’s lymphoma (SMR 2.17, 95%CI 1.19-3.87) compared to white collar workers. Other studies also found that drivers had more oxidative DNA damage and chromosome breaks. 4 papers failed to demonstrate that the drivers were more exposed to air pollution than the controls. 3 other studies also reported no significant difference in lung function parameters and respiratory symptoms. The genetic polymorphisms of detoxifying enzymes were not also homogeneously distributed compared to the controls. Conclusion: There is some evidence that occupational exposure to ambient air pollution among commercial drivers is associated with adverse health outcomes but the existing literature is limited with few studies of small sample size, methodological weaknesses and contradictory findings. Further research is recommended.

The relationships among the potential causes of a car and motorcycle collision involving turn maneuvers as well as the perception of rear and front turn signal (on/off) configuration is examined in this paper. The investigation has been based on data pooled from the answers of a survey proposed to 136 people, with special regards to the correct detection of indicators aspect. Experimental videos have been realized during the tests campaign, both in urban and suburban areas, using a 360-camera attached to a motorcyclist’s helmet, reproducing vehicular conflicts able to potentially generate crash risks. The detection of the blinker was combined with other factors (e.g. age, gender, location of the test site, presence of the car behind tester vehicles and if the bikers are also habitual car or bike drivers) in a stepwise logistic regression that modelled the odds of detecting the turn signal turned on as a function of all of these factors. The results suggest the existence of a connection between the detection of the turn signal aspect and some of the variables considered (e.g. age, being a cyclist or a car driver and the presence of a protecting car).