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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0467.v2

Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Elementary particles; Galaxy structures; Charged black hole decay; Big bang and inflation; Super-massive black holes; Coulomb forces; Proton spin crisis; Dark matters; 4-D Euclidean space.

Online: 11 October 2021 (11:46:24 CEST)

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Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k₁(EC) = k_dd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k₂(EC) = k_nn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0256.v1

Large-Scale Antenna Systems and Massive Machine Type Communications

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo, Fabbryccio A. C. M. Cardoso, Joao Paulo Miranda, Ingrid Moerman, Claudio F. Dias, Gustavo Fraidenraich

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: massive MIMO; spectral efficiency; MTC

Online: 25 August 2019 (16:48:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0247.v1

Mitigating Pilot Contamination with Scrambling Sequences

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: massive MIMO; pilot contamination; scrambling

Online: 25 June 2019 (08:43:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0494.v2

P − V Criticality of the Non-linear Charged Black Hole Solutions in Massive Gravity

Houcine Aounallah, Hayade Zarei, Prabir Rudra, Barun Majumder, Hoda Farahani

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: black holes; charged solutions; massive gravity

Online: 16 January 2023 (02:44:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0249.v1

Applying Compressive Sensing to the Massive MIMO Channel Estimation Problem

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: massive MIMO; compressive sensing; channel estimation

Online: 25 June 2019 (08:52:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0021.v1

On Massive MIMO for Low Power Wide Area Networks

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: massive MIMO, LPWAN, channel capacity, outage probability.

Online: 3 November 2019 (16:06:01 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0310.v1

Small RNA Profiling in HTLV-1-infected Patient with Acute Adult T-cell Leukemia-Lymphoma at Diagnosis and After Maintenance Therapy: A Case Study

Rodrigo Pessôa, Daniela R. V. Souza, Youko Nukui, Juliana Pereira, Augusto César Penalva de Oliveira, Jorge Casseb, Alberto José da Silva Duarte, Sabri Saeed Sanabani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: small RNA; HTLV-1; ATLL; massive parallel sequencing

Online: 17 January 2023 (11:06:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0173.v1

Performance Analysis of Large-Scale MU-MIMO With a Simple and Effective Chanel Estimator

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo, Claudio Ferreira Dias, Eduardo Rodrigues de Lima, Gustavo Fraidenraich

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: massive MIMO; multi-cell; pilot contamination; channel estimation

Online: 16 August 2019 (07:16:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0169.v1

On the Distribution of an Effective Channel Estimator for Multi-Cell Massive MIMO

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo, Claudio Ferreira Dias, Fabbryccio A. C. M. Cardoso, Gustavo Fraidenraich

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: massive MIMO; multi-cell; pilot-contamination; channel estimation

Online: 15 August 2019 (14:59:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0165.v1

Initial Results on Deep Learning-Based Pilot Contamination Mitigation in Massive MIMO Systems

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: massive MIMO; pilot contamination; deep learning; machine learning

Online: 14 August 2019 (16:01:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0916.v1

Fast Converging Gauss-Seidel Iterative Algorithm for Massive MIMO Systems

Dong Shen, Li Chen, Qiang Li, Hao Liang

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Signal Processing Keywords: Massive MIMO; Conjugate Gradient; Jacobi; Gauss-Seidel; Kronecker Channel

Online: 16 October 2023 (08:38:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0700.v1

Tensor-Train Decomposition Based Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO/FSO in UAV with RIS Networks

Xiaoping Zhou, Pengyan Feng, Jiehui Li, Jiajia Chen, Yang Wang

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Signal Processing Keywords: UAV communication; FSO; massive MIMO; tensor decomposition; hybrid beamforming

Online: 11 September 2023 (12:07:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1255.v1

Mineral and Geochemical Features of Sulfide in Jade Hydrothermal Field of Okinawa Trough

Yujie Wang, Zhigang Zeng

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geochemistry And Petrology Keywords: Massive sulfide; Mineralization stage; Jade hydrothermal field; Okinawa Trough

Online: 19 July 2023 (09:14:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0401.v1

Involvement of the Small ncRNAome in Fresh Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type I- Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Patients and Viral Carriers

Daniela R. V. Souza, Rodrigo Pessôa, Youko Nukui, Juliana Pereira, Rosa Nascimento Marcusso, Augusto César Penalva de Oliveira, Jorge Casseb, Alberto José da Silva Duarte, Patricia Bianca Clissa, Sabri Saeed Sanabani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: small RNA; HTLV-1; HAM/ TSP; massive parallel sequencing

Online: 21 December 2022 (11:46:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1323.v1

Neuropsychological Consequences of Massive Trauma: Implications and Clinical Interventions

Maria Theodoratou, Georgios A. Kougioumtzis, Vasiliki Yotsidi, Maria Sofologi, Dimitra Katsarou, Dr. Kalliopi Megari

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Massive trauma; Neuropsychology; Neuroplasticity; Clinical Intervention; Cognitive Rehabilitation; therapeutic interventions

Online: 22 November 2023 (07:17:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0195.v1

The Origin of the Most Energetic Galactic Cosmic Rays: Supernova Explosions into Massive Star Plasma Winds

Peter Biermann, Philipp Kronberg, Michael Allen, Athina Meli, Eun-Suk Seo

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Cosmic Rays; Massive Star Supernovae; Cosmic Ray Knee and Ankle.

Online: 8 November 2018 (09:53:33 CET)

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We propose that the high energy Cosmic Ray particles around the spectral turn-down commonly called the {\it knee} and up to the upturn, commonly called the {\it ankle}, mostly come from Blue Super Giant star explosions. At the upturn, i.e. the {\it ankle}, Cosmic Rays probably switch to another source class, most likely extragalactic sources. To show this we recently compiled a set of Radio Supernova data to list the magnetic field, shock speed and radius scale (Biermann et al. 2018) \cite{Biermann18}. Using particle acceleration theory at shocks, those numbers can be transformed into characteristic {\it knee} and {\it ankle} energies. Without adjusting any free parameters both of these observed energies are directly indicated by the supernova data. We now proceed to the next step in the argument, and use the Supernova Remnant data of the starburst galaxy M82. Assuming that they are Blue Supergiant star explosions, the shock will race to their outer edge with a magnetic field that follows ${B (r) \, r \, \sim \, const.}$. We argue that the shock runs through the entire magnetic plasma wind region at full speed all the way out to the wind-shell, which is of order parsec scale. The speed is observed to be $\sim \, 0.1 \, c$ at about ${10^{16} \, {\rm cm}}$ radius in the plasma wind. This demonstrates how Blue Supergiant star explosions can provide the Cosmic Ray particles across the {\it knee} and up to the {\it ankle} energy range. The data from the CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment) mission will test this cosmic ray concept which is reasonably well grounded in two independent radio supernova data sets. The next step in developing our understanding is to obtain accurate Cosmic Ray data near to the {\it knee}, and use unstable isotopes of Cosmic Ray nuclei at high energy to probe the "piston" driving the explosion. We plan to combine these data with the physics of the budding black hole which is probably forming in each of these stars to learn more.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1926.v1

A Deep Learning Framework for Adaptive Beamforming in Massive MIMO Millimeter Wave 5G Multicellular Networks

Spyros Lavdas, Panagiotis K. Gkonis, Efthalia Tsaknaki, Lambros Sarakis, Panagiotis Trakadas, Konstantinos Papadopoulos

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: 5G; mmWave; Massive MIMO; Machine Learning; Adaptive Beamforming; System Level Simulations.

Online: 28 July 2023 (03:22:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0144.v1

On Scalability of FDD-based Cell-Free Massive MIMO Framework

Beenish Hassan, Sobia Baig, Saad Aslam

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: cell-free; massive MIMO; scalable FDD; angular reciprocity; dynamic cooperation clustering

Online: 2 June 2023 (07:11:23 CEST)

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Cell-free massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) has the potential of providing joint services including joint initial access, efficient clustering of access points (APs) and pilot allocation to user equipments (UEs) over large coverage area with reduced interference. In cell-free massive MIMO, large coverage area corresponds to provision and maintenance of scalable quality of service requirements for infinitely large number of UEs. The research in cell free massive MIMO is mostly focused on time division duplex mode due to availability of channel reciprocity which aids in avoiding feedback overhead. However, frequency division duplex (FDD) protocol still dominates the current wireless standards and the provision of angle reciprocity aids in reducing this overhead. The challenge of providing a scalable cell-free massive MIMO system in FDD setting is also prevalent, since computational complexity regarding signal processing tasks such as channel estimation, precoding/combining and power allocation, becomes prohibitively high with increase in number of UEs. In this work, we consider an FDD based scalable cell-free network with angular reciprocity and dynamic cooperation clustering approach. We have proposed scalability for our FDD cell-free and perform comparative analysis with reference to channel estimation, power allocation and precoding/combining techniques. We present expressions for scalable spectral efficiency, angle based precoding/combining schemes and provide comparison of overhead between conventional and scalable angle based estimation as well as combining schemes. Simulations confirm that the proposed scalable cell-free network based on FDD scheme outperforms the conventional matched filtering scheme based on non-scalable precoding/combiming schemes. The angle based LP-MMSE in FDD cell-free network provides 14.3% improvement in spectral efficiency and 11.11% improvement in energy efficiency compared to non-scalable MF scheme.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0343.v1

Trajectory of Massive Particles around a Static Black Hole in f(R) Gravity

Surajit Mandal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Massive particle; Static black hole; f(R) gravity; Pseudo-Newtonian Potential

Online: 22 July 2022 (14:14:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0758.v1

A Solution of the Cosmological Constant and DE and Arrow of Time, Using Model of a Nonsingular Universe from Rosen from Volume (56) Ettore Majorana International Science Series, Physics, 1991

Andrew W. Beckwith

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: Dark Energy; massive Gravity; nonsingular universe; bits; entropy; arrow of time

Online: 31 March 2021 (10:15:48 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Massive Photons Propagation in Gravitational Field

Arbab Arbab

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: black holes thermodynamics; entropic force; electromagnetic-gravity analogy; General Relativity; massive electrodynamics

Online: 12 October 2019 (04:16:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0172.v1

Tunneling of Massive Vector Particles under the Influence of Quantum Gravity

Wajiha Javed, Riasat Ali, Rimsha Babar, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: massive boson particles; wave equation; quantum gravity; Hawking radiation; black hole thermodynamics

Online: 14 July 2019 (17:12:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0051.v1

Search for QPOs in the Light Curve of the Blazar OJ287: Preliminary Results from 2015/16 Observing Campaign

S. Zola, M. Valtonen, G. Bhatta, A. Goyal, B. Debski, A. Baran, J. Krzesinski, M. Siwak, S. Ciprini, A. Gopakumar, H. Jermak, K. Nilsson, D. Reichart, K. Matsumoto, K. Sadakane, K. Gazeas, M. Kidger, V. Piirola, F. Alicavus, K.S. Baliyan, A. Berdyugin, D. Boyd, M. Campas Torrent, F. Campos, J. Carrillo Gomez, D.B. Caton, V. Chavushyan, J. Dalessio, D. Dimitrov, M. Drozdz, A. Erdem, A. Escartin Perez, V. Fallah Ramazani, A.V. Filippenko, F. Garcia, F. Gomez Pinilla, M. Gopinathan, J.B. Haislip, J. Harmanen, G. Hurst, K.M. Ivarsen, M. Jelinek, A. Joshi, M. Kagitani, N. Kaur, N. Karaman, W.C. Keel, A.P. LaCluyze, B.C. Lee, E. Lindfors, J. Lozano De Haro, J.P. Moore, R. Naves Nogues, A.W. Neely, R.H. Nelson, W. Ogloza, S. Okano, J.C. Pandey, M. Perri, P. Pihajoki, G. Poyner, J. Provencal, T. Pursimo, A. Raj, R. Reinthal, S. Sadegi, T. Sakanoi, J.-L. Salto Gonzales, T. Schweyer, F.C. Soldan Alfaro, E. Sonbas, I. Steele, J.T. Stocke, J. Strobl, L.O. Takalo, T. Tomov, L. Tremosa Espasa, J.R. Valdes, J. Valero Perez, F. Verrecchia, J.R. Webb, M. Yoneda, M. Zejmo, W. Zheng, J. Telting, J. Saario, T. Reynolds, A. Kvammen, E. Gafton, R. Karjalainen, P. Blay

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: galaxies: active; BL Lacertae objects: individual (OJ 287); super massive black holes

Online: 18 July 2016 (10:46:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0105.v1

System-Level Assessment of Massive MIMO With RIS in C-RAN and IoT Networks in Sub-6 GHz, MM-Wave and THz Bands

João Pedro Pavia, Vasco Velez, Nuno Souto, M. Marques da Silva, Américo Correia

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: RIS; massive MIMO; system-level simulation; C-RAN; precoding; 5G and beyond 5G

Online: 4 December 2023 (02:52:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0342.v1

Carbon Nanocomposite Material Used in Physical Modelling on Overburden Subsidence Process

Jianlin Xie, Shan Ning, Qingdong Qu, Weibing Zhu, Bozhi Zhao, Jialin Xu

Subject: Engineering, Mining And Mineral Processing Keywords: Massive sandstone; Ultra-thick key stratum; Strata movement; mining engineering; Carbon nanocomposite material

Online: 6 October 2023 (11:26:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0341.v1

The Dual Continuity Equations

Arbab Arbab, Norah N. Alsaawi

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Applied Mathematics Keywords: continuity equation; Maxwell equations: massive electrodynamics; London's superconductivity; proca-Maxwell equations; duality transformations

Online: 19 August 2018 (05:03:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0072.v1

A Performance Study of Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks with Ricean/Rayleigh Fading

James Kweku Nkrumah Nyarko, Christian Ango Mbom

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Massive MIMO; Ricean Fading; Beamforming; Stochastic Process; Heterogeneous Network; Interference Coordination; Spectral Efficiency

Online: 3 May 2018 (12:15:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0318.v1

Large Intelligent Surfaces Communicating Through Massive MIMO Rayleigh Fading Channels

Ricardo Coelho Ferreira, Michelle S. P. Facina, Felipe A. P. de Figueiredo, Gustavo Fraidenraich, Eduardo Rodrigues de Lima

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Large intelligent surfaces; massive MIMO systems; maximum ratio transmission; Von Mises distribution; Rayleigh fading

Online: 15 October 2020 (11:29:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0614.v1

Iterative List Patterned Reed-Muller Projection Detection-based Packetized Unsourced Massive Random Access

Wenjiao Xie, Runhe Tian, Huisheng Zhang

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: machine-to-machine communications; complex Reed-Muller codes; unsourced massive random access; error correction code.

Online: 10 July 2023 (11:07:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1757.v1

Two-Timescale Design for RIS-Aided Multicell MIMO Systems with Transceiver Hardware Impairments

Shilong Zhang, Weiran Guo, Jianxin Dai, Feng Zhu

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: Two-timescale, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO), transceiver hardware impairments (THWIs)

Online: 22 December 2023 (15:01:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1072.v1

Is PNP Theory Valid for a Black Hole Solution in Modified Gravity?

Surajit Das, Surajit Mandal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Massive particle; Static black hole; AdS Schwarzschild Yang-Mills black hole; Pseudo-Newtonian Potential; EGB gravity

Online: 17 July 2023 (10:08:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0148.v1

Effect of the Dilaton Field on Deflection Angle of Massive Photons by Black Holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion Theory

Wajiha Javed, Rimsha Babar, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: deflection of light; gravitational lensing; massive photon; black hole; Gauss-Bonnet theorem; scalar deformation; dark matter

Online: 13 May 2019 (09:55:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1453.v1

Design and Implementation of Analog-Digital Hybrid Beam-Formers for Low-Complexity Ultrasound Systems: A Feasibility Study

Heechul Yoon, Junseung Kim, Tai-kyong Song

Subject: Engineering, Bioengineering Keywords: analog beamforming; hybrid beamforming systems; point-of-care ultrasound; wearable ultrasound; massive-channel systems; ultrasound system design

Online: 23 October 2023 (13:28:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0829.v1

6G Networks and AI Revolution - Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges

Robin Chataut, Mary Nankya, Robert Akl

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Networks And Communications Keywords: 6G; 5G; terahertz communication; ultra massive MIMO; artificial intelligence; machine learning; quantum communication; millimeter waves; blockchain; Internet of Things

Online: 12 December 2023 (11:14:16 CET)

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In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless communication, each successive generation of networks has achieved significant technological leaps, profoundly transforming the way we connect and interact. From the analog simplicity of 1G to the digital prowess of 5G, the journey of mobile networks has been marked by constant innovation and escalating demands for faster, more reliable, and more efficient communication systems. As 5G becomes a global reality, laying the foundation for an interconnected world, the quest for even more advanced networks leads us to the threshold of the sixth-generation (6G) era. This paper presents a hierarchical exploration of 6G networks, poised at the forefront of the next revolution in mobile wireless technology. This study delves into the technological advancements that underpin the need for 6G, examining its key features, benefits, and the key enabling technologies. We dissect the intricacies of cutting-edge innovations like terahertz communication, ultra-massive MIMO, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, quantum communication, and re-configurable intelligent surfaces. Through a meticulous analysis, we evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, and state-of-the-art research in these areas, offering a wider view of the current progress and potential applications of 6G networks. Central to our discussion is the transformative role of AI in shaping the future of 6G networks. By integrating AI and machine learning, 6G networks are expected to offer unprecedented capabilities, from enhanced mobile broadband to groundbreaking applications in areas like smart cities and autonomous systems. This integration heralds a new era of intelligent, self-optimizing networks that promise to redefine the parameters of connectivity and digital interaction. This paper also addresses critical challenges in the deployment of 6G, from technological hurdles to regulatory concerns, providing a holistic assessment of potential barriers. By highlighting the interplay between 6G and AI technologies, this study not only maps out the current landscape but also lights the path forward in this rapidly evolving domain. This paper aims to be a cornerstone resource, providing essential insights, addressing unresolved research questions, and stimulating further investigation into the multifaceted realm of 6G networks. By highlighting the synergy between 6G and AI(Artificial Intelligence) technologies, we aim to illuminate the path forward in this rapidly evolving field.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0203.v2

Dark Matters, Gravational Force, Neutron Life-Time Anomaly and Hadronization

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: fermionic dark matters; neutron life-time anomaly; massive graviton; hadronization; dark energy; galaxy structure; three-dimensional quantized space model

Online: 25 June 2018 (09:14:16 CEST)

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The properties of the dark matter, dark energy, graviton and photon are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Three new particles (bastons) with the electric charges (EC) are proposed as the dark matters. It is proposed that the EC, LC and CC charges are aligned along the time axes but not along the space axes. The photon is confined on its corresponding three-dimensional quantized space. However, the graviton can be evaporated into other three-dimensional quantized spaces. The rest mass of the electron neutrino (n_e) of 3.494·10⁻³ eV/c² is obtained from the experimental vacuum energy density in terms of quantum field theory (QFT). The rest mass and force range of the massive g(0,0,0) graviton with the Planck size are m_g = 3.1872·10⁻³¹ eV/c² and x_r = 3.0955·10²³ m = 10.0 Mpc, respectively, based on the experimental rest mass and rms charge radius of the proton. The possible diameter (10 Mpc) of the largest galaxy cluster is remarkably consistent with the gravitational force range (10 Mpc). Then, the diameter of the largest dark matter distribution related to the largest galaxy cluster is 9.2865·10²³ m = 30 Mpc equal to the force range of the massive g(0) graviton with the rest mass of 1.0624·10⁻³¹ eV/c². Because of the huge number (N) of the evaporated gravitons, the very small Coulomb’s constant of about 10⁻⁴⁸k and large gravitation constant of 10⁶G_N are expected for the charged dark matters. Therefore, F_c(mm) > F_g(dd) > F_g(mm) > F_g(dm) > F_c(dd) > F_c(dm) = 0 for the proton-like particle. The proposed weak gravitational force between the dark matters and normal matters explains the observed dark matter distributions of the bullet cluster, Abell 1689 cluster and Abell 520 cluster. The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters are explained. Also, the accelerated space expansion is caused by the new space quanta created by the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space and repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters corresponding to the dark energy. The decreasing coupling constant of the strong force, neutron lifetime anomaly and the pressure distribution inside the proton are explained by the unobservable proton and hadronization. And the rest mass of 1.4 TeV/c² is assigned to the Le particle with the EC charge of −2e. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c²) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. Also, the gravitation constant has been changing with the time because of the graviton evaporation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0318.v1

Quantum Spacetime Geometrization: Qed at High Curvature and Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe

Piero Chiarelli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Quantum spacetime geometrization, field back-reaction on gravity, QED at high energy, super massive Black hole formation at he big-bang

Online: 6 October 2023 (11:04:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0468.v1

Fluid inclusion studies of barite disseminated in hydrothermal sediments of the Mohns Ridge

Marina D. Kravchishina, Vsevolod Yu. Prokofief, Olga M. Dara, Boris V. Baranov, Alexey A. Klyuvitkin, Karina S. Iakimova, Vladislav Yu. Kalgin, Alla Yu. Lein

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geochemistry And Petrology Keywords: barite; fluid inclusion; hydrothermal vent field; hydrothermal fluid; mineralization; volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; ultraslow-spreading ridge; Mohns Ridge; Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.

Online: 7 July 2023 (10:09:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0409.v1

Floquet Spectral Almost Periodic Modulation of Massive Finite and Infinite Strongly Coupled Arrays: Dense Massive MIMO, Intelligent Surfaces, 5G and 6G Applications

Hamdi Bilel, Aguili Taoufik

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Floquet analysis; MoM method; Almost periodic antenna arrays; Fourier analysis; strong mutual coupling; Dense massive MIMO; MM and THz waves; 5G and 6G applications

Online: 22 November 2021 (15:11:58 CET)

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