Background: The associations between long-term exposure to particulate matters (PM) in residential ambiance and obesity are comparatively less elucidated among young adults. Methods: Using 2017 Community Health Survey data with aged 19−29 participants in 25 communities, Seoul, the relationship between obesity and long−term PM10 levels of living district was examined. We defined obesity as overweight (25≤BMI<30) or obese (30≤BMI) using Body Mass Index (BMI) from self-reported anthropometric information. Analysis was conducted sampling weighted logistic regression models by fitting municipal PM10 levels according to individual residence periods with 10 years and more residing in a current municipality. Socio-demographic factors were adjusted over all models and age−specific effect was explored among aged 19–24 and 25–29. Results: Total study population are 3,655 [men 1,680 (46.0%) and aged 19–24 1,933 (52.9%)] individuals. Among the communities with greater level of PM10; 2001–2005, associations with obesity were increased for overall with residence period; 10 years ≤ [Odds ratio, OR 1.071, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.969–1.185], 15 years ≤ [OR 1.118, 95% CI 1.004–1.245], and 20 years ≤ [OR 1.156, 95% CI 1.032–1.294]. However, decreased associations were detected for PM10; 2006–2010, and age–specific effects were modified according to the residence period. Conclusions: Although currently PM10 levels are decreasing, higher levels of PM10 exposure at the residential area during the earlier life-time may contribute in increasing obesity among young adults.

The stress concentrations have become common phenomenon of steel elements when arresting a fracture by implementing the crack stop hole (CSH) technique. Embedding the CSH with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) enhance the fatigue life by delaying the fractures while achieving a stiffness recovery due to superior mechanical characteristics of CFRP material. Hence, low cyclic fatigue (LCF) behaviour of 162 strengthened and non-strengthened CSH specimens were examined in this context. These specimens were subjected to a range of 0 to10,000 fatigue load cycles with the frequency of 5 Hz. At the end of fatigue exposure, the average tensile strength was measured in each case. The average strength reductions in the range between 13% to 25% was noted in steel elements with CSH subjected to fatigue exposure. The application of a CFRP patch on CSH had effectively recovered the strength losses while enhancing the strength in the range between 32% to 45% with respect to the non-strengthened non specimens. The developed numerical model based on cyclic J-integral technique agrees with test results and is capable of predicting characteristics for this novel hybrid technique.