Recently on the November 4, 2022 at 03:00 PM, a M_ww 5.6 earthquake struck Cianjur district of West Java province, Indonesia. To our best knowledge, an earthquake will cause a massive damage to the manmade infrastructure and this responsible for a massive casualty. A building damage is affected by various determinant factors. One of important factors is the geological bedrock variations. Here this research aiming to elaborate the associations of geological bedrocks in Cianjur district with residential building damages caused by recent earthquakes. The results confirm that majority of building damages account for 54.67% of the total building was associated with quaternary volcanic bedrocks. The second massive building damages were observed for Andesitic Dacitic volcanic rocks accounted for 32.07%. To conclude, elaborations of geological bedrock-building damage will contribute to the better planning in the future that can reduce the damages in the urban settings.

How the subculture and marginalized community have become the leading sectors in the egalitarian and inclusive creative economy is a growing issue and still needs elaboration. One of the subculture phenomena that happened recently in one of Southeast Asia's countries is known as Citayam Pop-up and Makeshift Fashion Week (CFW). Then this paper aims to elaborate on how the CFW can contribute and play a significant role in the development of an egalitarian and inclusive creative economy. The current CFW was not developed instantly, yet it is through the complexities of push and pull factors that are very typical among SE Asian marginalized people that led to the onset of SE Asian subculture, particularly among the youth. Driven by finding their self-identity, wanting to belong, and combined with economic, family, and peer pressures, this group of suburban youth, at the beginning, find a corner of a city in the middle of the business district as a medium to express their identity in the form of CFW. As a result and in lieu of growing discourses, the CFW has boosted local economic growth, and the adolescents who participated in the CFW have also received endorsement from a startup business for marketing certain teen products. In the long term, the mutual relationships created can lead to job opportunities

The recent global calamity of sea level rise and flooding is a major disaster. Some settlements on Java Island, Indonesia, have been reported to be sinking. Bedono Village is one village on the Central Java Coast that is vulnerable to sea level rise. Aside from the possibility of sea level rise, the calamity in this village is linked to prior mangrove degradation and fish pond expansion. This tragedy has displaced 78.63% of the population over a decade, and the remaining population is still surviving in the remaining lands. This study aims to investigate the effects of sea-level rise-related permanent inundation on the lives of the remaining residents in Bedono Village, with a focus on their adaptation and resilience methods. The results disclosed that remaining populations have taken active initiation by adopting multiple strategies that include structural prevention measures and nature based solution through mangrove reforestations. As a result based on mangrove assessment using Geographic Information Systems, mangrove cover increased from 1 ha in 2010 to 9.5 ha in 2012. This achievement has provided an alternative income through mangrove ecotourism. Women and multi stakeholder participation have also contributed to the implementation of adaptation strategy. Despite those significant achievements, the adaptation and resilience was challenged by lack of education and awareness towards sea level rise issues and their confounding disasters. The nature-based solution and local wisdom in Bedono Village is an example that is in line with GPDRR UNDRR 2022, the Sendai Framework, and The Bali Agenda for Resilience that ensures a whole-of-society approach to sea-level rise by ensuring that no one is left behind, creating an inclusive environment, and promoting gender.

Volcano eruptions undoubtly cause environmental impacts and damages. After the eruption, there will be vast barren land that was previously fertile ground covered by vegetation and tree line. Lava from an eruption will flow to the land via a river stream, destroying everything in its path, including vegetation. While the ecosystem actually has an ability to recover. The natural process of ecosystem recovery is related to the succession of vegetation. Then this study aims to assess and model how the ecosystem can recover and how the vegetation can respond to the damage caused by Semeru, one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions on Java island. The study areas were 2 regions that had been impacted by the Semeru lava flow for the period of 2004–2021. Based on the results, the ecosystem recovery of Semeru post-eruption was achieved within 5 years. During this time, the vegetation succession rate, as measured by vegetation cover, increased nearly ten folds. The post-eruption ecosystem recovery was indicated by the ecosystem transformation from a damaged ecosystem indicated by a lava-dominated surface to one with the presence of vegetation and hardened lava. The recovered ecosystem in Semeru's posteruption was composed of solid lava covers (39%), liquid lava (34%), and vegetation covers (27%).Then, the presence of vegetation and its succession rate can be used as a proxy of ecosystem recovery after a vast volcanic eruption.

Recently on the December 4, 2021 at 03:00 PM, 3676 m high Mount Semeru located in the East parts of Java Island has erupted. To our best knowledge, an immediate and rapid systematic analysis of the volcanic ash plume courses, PM_2.5 emissions, and environmental impacts based on Mount Semeru eruption has not been implemented so far. Then, this research aims to provide and fill the research gap on the rapid assessment of recent Mount Semeru eruption. From the result, it is clearly visible that for 12 hours the volcanic ash plume course was eastward. The volcanic ash plume can travel a distance of 0–10 km to the North and South directions, and more than 10 km to the East direction. The size of the volcanic ash plume was large at 02:00 AM on December 5, 2021. The smallest size of a volcanic ash plume was recorded at 09:00 PM on December 4, 2021. Most parts of the ash plume (55.98%) or equals 39.01 km² contain fallen volcanic material amounts ranged from 1 kg/m² to 10 kg/m². The fallen volcanic material amount peaked between 08:00 PM and 11:00 PM. Based on the estimation, the PM_2.5 content in the atmosphere increased after the eruption. The mean of PM_2.5 before the eruption was 48.5 ± 19.3(95%CI: 29.2 to 67.8 ug/m³). While after eruption the mean of PM_2.5 was 79.4 ± 32.2(95%CI: 47.2 to112 ug/m³). It indicated that the Mount Semeru eruption has increased the PM_2.5 equals 63.65%.

Shark unprovoked attacks consist of fatal and non-fatal cases. Numerous cases have been reported involving shark species from Carcharhinus melanopterus with length of 145.5 cm to half-ton Carcharodon carcharias. Currently there are more (P < 0.05) unprovoked non-fatal cases with the average is 28.46 cases/shark species (95%CI: 3.86-53.1) than unprovoked fatal cases, which the average is 5.12 cases /shark species (95%CI: -0.075-10.3). Hence this paper seeks to select the best shark size model that correlates with the unprovoked fatal and non-fatal cases. The studied sharks consist of 24 shark species with the average length is 268.18 cm (95%CI: 230-306 cm) and the average weight is 225.42 kg (95%CI: 128-323 kg). Based on the model and as described by low values of AIC and the highest values of R² and adjusted R² , shark weight followed by combinations of shark weight and length produced unprovoked fatal and non-fatal cases best models. The model for explaining unprovoked fatal cases is the shark weight with high numbers of cases observed in large size shark (weight⁓fatal cases, AIC = 165.359, R² = 0.72, Adj. R = 0.71). While for non-fatal cases, the best model is also the shark weight (weight⁓non fatal cases, AIC = 246.93, R² = 0.63, Adj. R = 0.59).

Otodus megalodon is known as the biggest shark ever alive and recent records show this species was only existed in America, Africa and Europe continents in the last Miocene period 20 million years ago (Ma). Recently, megalodon teeth have been discovered in South coast of West Java. Here this study aims to present and model the presence of O. megalodon. The length of the excavated tooth was ranging from 13 to 19 cm. The lithological analysis shows that the tooth was found in Miocene rock layers. Paleogeographic model shows that during Miocene southern parts of Java island were submerged including the recent locations where the megalodon tooth have been found. Half parts of the modeled West Java were an ocean with depth ranging from 0 to 200 m. High habitat use preferences by juvenile megalodon were estimated in the shelf (depth 0-40 m) with the size of 1365 km² . Whereas habitat use preference by adult megalodon was low at this depth. Both juvenile and adult habitat use frequencies were low at a depth of between 80 m and 160 m. Habitat use preferences were increasing at a depth of > 200 m. After Miocene, the paleoclimate records show a decline in temperature and lead to the decline of whale population in ocean. The declining of megalodon’s prey explains the declining of this giant shark especially in post Miocene and early Pliocene periods.

Currently it was theoritized that cave paintings have meaning more than human and animal interactions. Based on an example from Lascaux cave, a figure of a bull is believed representing Taurus constellation together with the Pleiades. In here this study aims to assess the connections of paleolithic art works in the forms of cave paintings and zoomorphic figures resemble to bovid with possible ancient astronomy and constellation depictions in South East Asia. The study caves were Jeriji Saleh in Kalimantan and Leang Leang and Sumpang Bita caves in Sulawesi where ancient cave paintings and zoomorphic figures date to 40000 years old have been found. The results show that cave paintings in Jeriji Saleh, Leang Leang and Sumpang Bita caves were comparable to the current findings. Those paintings were having bovid like figures with Leang Leang has figure identified as extant Bubalus depressicornis. In Sumpang Bita, this species was depicted in pregnant condition similar to pregnant horse figure in Lascaux cave. Depiction of pregnant figures in cave paintings indicates the use of ancient calendar to determine season based on the animal mating season. Bovid figure in Jeriji Saleh was illustrated in the same posture like auroch bovid in Lascaux cave and this indicates that cave paintings in Jeriji Saleh have been used to visualize Taurus constellation. The postures of bovid paintings in Leang Leang were different and it is interpreted to visualize Capricorn constellation. Another significant similarity between Lascaux and Leang Leang caves can be seen in paintings depicting a shaft scene with the presences of 3 similar figures include dying man, speared bovid and small zoomorphic figures. This concludes that the caves with their wall painting were not merely functioned as media for ancient art works, whereas it has functioned as paleolithic planetarium and this knowledge was globally widespread.

Majapahit is one of vast kingdoms and civilizations in Southeast Asia in 14^th century. The kingdom and its capital city are centered in present Trowulan suburban, east Java and bordered by mountain range in the south and river in the east and north. Regarding the geological condition then Majapahit kingdom has a challenge especially to provide the water managements for its agricultural practices. In here, this study aims to assess the hydrology systems developed by Majapahit civilizations and how this system is effective in maintaining vegetation health. Based on the results, the gravity-fed hydrology systems consist of networks involving river, dam, underground and surface water canal and reservoir pond. The water from upstream was managed using dams and channeled into streams and collected inside the ponds. This network spans approximately 10 km from the first dam to the last 6.49 Ha reservoir built in the middle of city. The water channeled from dam to reservoir pond was using natural streams and 2.4 km underground canal. This 40 cm depth man made canal was a water source for agricultural soils since it was used to irrigate the nearby paddy field. During past El Nino in 2019 that has caused prolong drought, the Majapahit irrigation system has provided water for the adjacent paddy field. Based on the vegetation health analysis measured using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), paddy field watered by man made canal shows higher NDVI values or at least has same values compared to the field watered by contemporary canals. Then, the 14^th century irrigation system developed by Majapahit civilization is a valuable heritage that needs to be preserved considering its important functions even in this contemporary era.

Mount Semeru is one of the most active volcanoes in the Java Island. This article presents the results of observations and detections of volcanic ash cloud after Mt Semeru eruptions on 1 December 2020 at 01:23 AM. Volcanic ash cloud detection was conducted by analyzing thermal infrared (TIR) satellite images acquired by the NOAA-20 and SNPP with MODIS and VIIRS instruments. The TIR instruments have detected the presence of volcanic ash cloud. The results show increasing ash cloud brightness temperature (BT) from 240 to 270 Kelvin (K) several hours after eruptions. Increasing BT indicated the development of volcanic Cumulonimbus (Cb) at lower altitude. Northeast movements of 270 K BT clouds were observed at 06:12 AM. Presences of volcanic Cb and SO₂ were confirmed using IR bands of 12.0-10.8 µm, 11.0-8.5µm and 11.0 µm. This Cb cloud was observed moving northeast directions. The data acquired from the TIR imagery resulted from this study is thought be used in future to support and complement ground-based observations and detections of active volcanoes mainly in Java Island.

An eruption of volcano is related to the past volcanic and tectonic seismicity. Recently, on November 29, 2020, a 1423 m Mount Ile Lewotolok in Lembata Island has erupted. In here, this paper aimed to assess the volcanic and tectonic seismicity as determinant factor and precursor of recent Mt Ile Lewotolok eruption. The assessment shows that Mt Ile Lewotolok volcanic activities were characterized by both tectonic and deep volcanic seismicity. Since 2010, mean tectonic quake magnitudes of M 4.133 (95%CI:M 3.205-5.062) have occurred at mean depth of 13.500 km (95%CI:8.201-18.799 km) within a distance of 3-4 km from the summit. Tectonic quake has occurred frequently in southwest of Ile Lewotolok and this has contributed to the past eruptions in 2012 and 2017. Recent eruption has been influenced by deep volcanic seismicity rather than local tectonic. Based on November 2020 record, mean of deep volcanic seismicity frequency was 2.190 events/day (95%CI:1.136-3.243 events/day km) that has outnumbered (t_test=2.665, P=0.013) the events of local tectonic quakes (mean 0.621 events/day; 95%CI:0.142-1.099events/day). Prior to the eruption there was significant increase of deep volcanic seismicity (P=0.023) while local tectonic quake was not showing an increasing trend (P=0.764). This result confirms that the deep volcanic seismicity frequency is a precursor that may trigger the eruption and deep volcanic seismicity data can be used as indicator of volcanic activities.

Paddy field is an old agriculture practice that very common especially in Asia. The earliest paddy field found dated back to 4330 BC. Most paddy fields in the world are having rectangular shapes. Whereas, in Flores island, indigenous people have developed a spider web or circular paddy field instead of regular rectangular shape and this driven by culture and local wisdom. In here, the objectives of this study are to assess the characteristic, ecology and fertility of circular paddy field compared to common rectangular shape. Fertility values were assessed using Landsat 8 remote sensing with RGB combination of NIR, SWIR 1 and blue. The study site was paddy field within Flores island. The result shows that spider web paddy field appeared in many sizes, number, altitude, ecosystem and terrain. Remote sensing result confirms that the fertility of circular paddy field is similar to the rectangular shape. Likewise, circular field has higher NDVI than rectangular field. Considering semiarid environment, limited labor and resources in Flores island, circular paddy field shape can allow the use of pivot irrigation that more efficient.

Ancient reliefs in temple can provide information of past ecosystem along with biodiversity including Makara relief representing crocodile figure. In here, this study aims to identify and model the population of freshwater Crocodylus siamensis as portrayed in reliefs in 6 temples. The result shows that the crocodile reliefs in temples were having similar pattern to the freshwater Crocodylus siamensis fossils in term of locality. The temples and the fossils were located in the inland and near the rivers. While the temple locality patterns were in contrast to the locations where extant saltwater Crocodylus porosus has occurred. These contradictions strengthen the possibility that the crocodile portrayed in reliefs was made based on the C. siamensis occurrences. Based on the analysis, it is estimated that the C. siamensis once has occupied river and wetland in Java and its presence has been recorded in the reliefs. This occurrence at least happened from 1280 to 700 BC. From assessments of habitats near the temples using ᴪ AIC, most surrounding habitats have high detection probability and occupancy for C. siamensis from ᴪ 0.500 (95%CI:0.058-0.941). to ᴪ 1.000 (95%CI:0.000-1.000).

Meganthropus palaeojavanicus was known very tall with body height of 8 feet and this made M. palaeojavanicus as the tallest hominid ever existed. This species was living in closed tropical woodland and hilly landscape as the fossil remains were found in a remote forest in Sangiran, central Java. Owing large body size, it may influence the foraging ecology of M. palaeojavanicus to cope with the terrain. In here, this study aimed to model the M. palaeojavanicus foraging ecology along terrain gradients. The model indicates that within 5 km home range radius, the most suitable foraging areas were in north east since these areas have more flat landscapes with slopes of <7.5%. While less suitable areas in north west and south west areas were characterized by hilly landscapes with rugged terrain and steep slopes with slopes of >62.8%.

One of factors causing decline of paleo fauna is related to the hunting activities and the use of tools by early hominin. This study aims to observe the relationships of tools and abundances of mammals in early hominin occupancy in Pawon cave for the period of 6000-9000 year ago (ka). The results show low abundances of medium to large mammals. While obsidian tools numbers were observed high. From 8 to 9 ka there were abrupt reductions and followed with the disappearance of medium-large sized mammals included Tragulidae and Bovidae in 6 ka. Simultaneously, uses of obsidian tools in 8-9 ka were common. The reconstructed paleo climate may contribute to the decline of paleo mammal abundances. The temperatures were increasing from 27 0C in 9 ka to 28 0C in 6 ka. Periods of 6-7 ka were indicated by declines of Bovidae and obsidian tools as well. Nonetheless in these periods, there were increase in numbers of pottery and Suidae remains indicated the transition from hunting-gatherer to sedentary prehistoric life

Relationship between caveman prehistoric life in terms of heat induced food processing and its geological ecosystems have received many attentions. Previous studies have investigated the sources of heat included using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and biomarker approaches. Here this study proposes the use of remote sensing to identify the relationship of 9500 year old (9.5 ka) prehistoric mongoloid occupancy with hydrothermal manifestations at Pawon cave of West Java. The hydrothermal manifestations around Pawon cave were identified using Landsat 8 band combinations, land surface temperature, and sedimentary lithology. The results showed the hydrothermal manifestations surrounding Pawon cave were within a distance of 0.5-2 km. The results also showed bones representing 12 animal taxon groups with high abundance of rodents. To conclude this study sheds the light of proximity and preferences of mongoloid prehistoric occupancy towards hydrothermal landscape due to its advantage as heat sources for food processing purposes.

In the late Pleistocene, a prehistoric hippo species was distributed from Africa to the Asia including Pakistan, India, and Java island. This study aims to model habitat suitability of Asian hippo known as a Hippopotamus sivalensis spp. in east Java. The measured parameters included the fossil locality, vegetation cover, elevation, and distance to the river in a forest river basin sizing 6652 Ha. Those parameters using GIS were weighted, overlaid, and interpolated to determine the most suitable habitats. The model projected that the suitable habitats of H. sivalensis spp. were in the central of the basin near the river. The largest suitable habitats were located in the eastern parts of basin which were dominated by forests

Astragalus bone is one of the most important fossil records as it can reconstruct the prehistoric life. Respectively, this study aims to model the body mass, habitat preference, and population density of prehistoric bovid Duboisia santeng (Dubois 1891) in eastern Java island in the early Pleistocene. The astragali from 9 specimens were used to estimate the body mass and population density. Likewise regression models are used to analyze the relationship between astragalus lateral length, width, and body mass compared to the astragalus of extant Bovid species. The result revealed the body mass average was 60.3 kg (95%CI: 58.9-61.7) and this indicates the D. santeng belongs to large herbivores. While the population density was estimated at about 5.39 individuals per km2 (95% CI: 3.18-7.6).

The migration routes have facilitated the distribution of mammals from south east Asian mainland to the Sundaland including Java island in the early Pleistocene. One of species that has migrated through that route is antelope-like bovid Duboisia santeng. In the present study, the potential distribution areas and the suitable habitats of D. santeng have been projected and modeled. The modeled habitat was a forest river basin sizing 302.91 Ha in the central of Java island. The model has classified and reconstructed the habitat suitability ranged from low to high back to Pleistocene. The surrounding areas of forest were mostly classified as medium and low related to the limited tree covers. Most suitable habitats were identified in the middle of forest river basin where the tree covers were presented