As the first time, 0D-1D-3D and fully 3D steady-state aero-thermo-fluid simulations of a structural oil-to-air Fan Outlet Guide Vane Cooler (FOGVC) in a jet engine are presented. Using the commercial softwares Ansys Fluent, the thermo-mechanical module of Ansys and the 1D fluid solver Flownex, 5 simulation types (3D fully conjugate heat transfer with and without a thin wall model, 3D with a thin wall model, 1D-3D coupled, 1D and 0D) corresponding to 4 levels of simplification in 3 possible domains (oil, oil-metal and oil-metal-air) have been compared to provide selection criteria when a determined level of accuracy in the simulations without prohibited computational times is desired. The methodologies are applied to two different oil internal cavities: an inverted U with rectangular cross section and a coil internal cavity with a circular cross section. The obtained results show that depending on the scope of the research (outlet oil temperature, dissipated heat rate or oil pressure drop) and the accuracy of the results, one method or the other may be used. Experimental data would be needed to validate the numerical results by all employed methodologies and geometries.

Transient analysis of gas flow in pipeline was studied. Finite Element Method based on ANSYS FLOTRAN was used to account for changes in pressure, temperature and flow rate. Compressibility factor function of temperature and pressure was considered. For non-isothermal transient results, the pressure and the flowrate gave wave propagation as a result of slow transients created by demand condition at the outlet end of custody transfer. Results obtained were in agreement with the demand restrictions at the outlet end of custody transfer indicating that the predictions are accurate and reliable. The results demonstrated that the Finite Element Method gave accurate prediction of pressure, temperature and flowrate in transient gas studies. For steady state non-isothermal model, results showed that the magnitude of the average pressure drop was higher when pressure was predicted with constant compressibility factor, but the same average pressure drop was reduced when the pressure was predicted with variable compressibility factor, z. Since compressibility factor is a function of temperature and pressure, the above findings signifies that in the case when gas temperature does not stabilize, the prediction of pressure with isothermal model and constant compressibility factor will lead to significant errors.

Given the problem of climate change caused by fossil fuels, there is a need to seek efficient alternative energies that have a lower impact on the environment and are obtained from renewable resources. Biomass gasification technology is attracting constant interest in sustainable energy research as an alternative to traditional combustion technology. Its numerous advantages include the availability of raw materials, reduction in harmful emission streams, performance, and costs. In gasification, thermochemical conversion of the raw material is carried out, obtaining a gaseous product of great interest known as synthesis gas. As this is a growing topic within the global energy framework, it is necessary to achieve the maturity of this technology by working on its weaknesses, mainly in terms of efficiency. The objective of this project was to study the hydrogen production process from the simulation of glucose gasification as a biomass model compound through a static model and a dynamic model, in order to determine the maximum concentration of the resulting components in each model studied. Since glucose is the most abundant component in biomass, it was used as a composite model, these models were built, and the basis for the adaptability of subsequent studies of optimization present one was laid. A H_2:CO ratio of 2.2 and molar fluxes were obtained for H_2,〖CO,CO〗_(2,) 〖CH〗_4 and H_2 O as would generally occur in an organic matter gasification process.

The optimization of the pile driver frame is very important to the overall performance of the pile driver. This paper takes the large body structure of a model of hydraulic static pile driver as the research object. ANSYS APDL finite element software is used to perform static analysis and sensitivity analysis on the large body structure of the pile driver. On the premise of meeting the design requirements, according to the most dangerous working conditions of the pile driver, the size optimization of the frame structure of the pile driver is carried out based on sensitivity analysis. The mathematical model is established with the plate thickness as the design variable, the strength and stiffness of the body structure as the constraints, and the minimum mass of the body structure as the objective function. The optimization results show that the optimization design model based on sensitivity analysis not only meets the strength and stiffness conditions of the large structure, but also reduces the structural quality by 22.1% and greatly saves the production cost.

Given the existing movable rotating plate type grading device for potatoes with a high safety factor and heavy mass, the body frame of the grading device and movable rotating plate were optimized and a lightweight design was carried out. Based on ANSYS Workbench 2022, the static analysis of the body frame before and after improvement was compared, and it was verified that the strength and deformation of the optimized body frame met the design requirements, and the weight of the optimized body frame was reduced by 32.3%. Based on the direct optimization module of ANSYS Workbench 2022, the plate length, width, and height were used as design variables for the lightweight design of the movable rotating plate. The MOGA algorithm was used to generate sixty design solutions, and the optimal combination of size parameters for the plate was 610 mm, 95mm, and1.2 mm. Compared with the whole grading device before optimization, the total mass was reduced by 22.86% after optimization. The research of this article provides a reference for the structural design and optimization analysis of potato grading devices.

This paper presents a comparative study of heat transfer performance of lattice structured heat sinks. 20 different unit cells were chosen and heat sinks were modelled in nTop with constant unit cell size. Al 6061 alloy was chosen for analysis due to its good thermal conductivity, low weight, low cost, and high strength. Steady state thermal analysis was performed using ANSYS with constant input parameters for all samples. Heat flux and temperature distribution within the heat sinks were analysed. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermal performance of lattice heat sink designs.

The successful handling of large semiconductor wafers is crucial for scaling up their production. Early-stage warpage control allows to prevent undesirable asymmetric warpage, known as wafer bifurcation or buckling. Indeed, even in a gravity-free environment, thinning an 8" or 12" semiconductor wafer can result in warpage and bifurcation. To mitigate this issue, the taiko method, which involves creating a thicker ring region around the rim of the wafer, has been widely used. Previous research has focused on the theoretical factors affecting the warpage of a backside metalized taiko wafer. This work extends the case to a front-side metalized taiko wafer and introduces the concept of the equivalent thickness of a taiko wafer. The equivalent thickness of a taiko wafer, influenced by the ring region, lies in between the thickness of the central region and that of the annular region. Because of the limited number of taiko wafers that can be produced on a production line, modelling can be beneficial. In this work we compared the results of a developed analytical model with those obtained from a finite element analysis (FEA) approach with ANSYSY® software to model the equivalent thickness of a taiko wafer. We investigated the curvature as a function of the stress of the metal layer, considering key design factors such as the substrate region thickness, the thickness of the thin metal film, the step height, and the width of the ring region. By systematically varying the thickness of the central region of the taiko wafer, we explored the curvature as a function of stress induced by thermal load in the linear regime and determined the slopes in the linear region of the curvature vs. stress curves. The aim of this study is to identify regularities and similarities with the Stoney equation and investigate the validity of the analytical approach for the case of a taiko substrate. It results that there is a good agreement between the analytical model of a taiko wafer and the numerical analysis gained by the FEA methods.

This paper presents the results of hot smoke tests, conducted in a real road tunnel. The tunnel is located within the expressway S69 in southern Poland between cities Żywiec and Zwardoń. Its common name is Laliki tunnel. It is a bi-directional non-urban tunnel. The length of the tunnel is 678 m and it is inclined by 4%. It is equipped with the longitudinal ventilation system. Two hot smoke tests have been carried out according to Australian Standard AS 4391-1999. Hot smoke tests corresponded to a HRR (Heat Release Rate) equal to respectively 750 kW and 1500 kW. The fire source was located in the middle of the road lane imitating an initial phase of a car fire (respectively 150 m and 265 m from S portal). The temperature distribution was recorded during both tests using a set of fourteen thermocouples mounted at two stand poles located at the main axis of the tunnel on windward. The stand poles were placed at distances of 5 m and 10 m. The recorded data were applied to validate of a numerical model built and solved using Ansys Fluent. The calculated temperature distribution matched the measured values.

This paper studied the natural convection heat transfer from two equal-sized cylinders of triangular cross-section confined in triangular enclosure. The inner cylinders have hot surfaces and the outer enclosure has a cold surfaces. The annular space between inner cylinders and the outer one was filled with incompressible Newtonian fluid. The work examined the behavior of fluid flow in the process of transferring heat energy. The work was achieved numerically using the commercial code ANSYS-CFX. The adopted initial conditions were selected for these ranges: Prantl number (Pr = 1 to 10³), Rayleigh number (Ra = 10³ to 10⁵). It was found that the increment of Ra number increases the rate of heat transfer. However, the effect of Pr number on heat transfer is almost negligible.

Most of the structures in flowing water are a challenge to their stability and sustainable with different flow conditions. Recent, renewable energy research and development covers ocean and river energy platform in which flow of water drag considered in various conversion devices towards the offshore and onshore establishment. Various energy platforms have been suggested for offshore development. However, the stability of these platforms in water is a serious concern. To study the water interaction over circular and square cross-section cascade system under the water has been carried out. Water flow around the pillars or column of the energy platform are analyzed through simulation software. Very low velocity 0.5 m/s has been considered to analyze the system. Total fifteen numbers of cascade pillars having circular and square cross-section area were considered. K-ε turbulence model is adopted to calculate the flow interaction to the column. A velocity, pressure, and energy fields are found around the column.

Building situated in the flow path of wind is subjected to differential velocity and pressure distribution around the building envelope. Wind effects are influenced and vary for each individual shape of the tall building. Tall building structures are considered as cantilever structures with fixed ends at the ground. Wind exponential velocity acting along the height of the building makes velocity and pressure distribution more complex as the height of the building structure increases. This study discussed the effect of wind on an irregular cross-section shape. The study was conducted numerically with a building model placed in a virtual wind tunnel using the ANSYS (CFX) software tool. Wind effects are investigated on building model situated in a terrain category - II defined in IS: 875 (Part 3): 2015 wind scale model of 1:100 and turbulence intensity is 5 % and power law index α is considered as 0.143. Validation and verification of the study were made by comparing pressure coefficients on faces of a rectangular model of similar floor area and height as taken for a C-plan diamond-shaped model under similar boundary conditions, wind environment, and solver setting of numerical setup. The values of surface pressures generated on the recessed faces of the model and wind flow patterns within the recessed cavity were studied at wind incident angles 0°, 300, 60°, 1050, 1350 & 1800. The critical suction on all the recessed faces was observed to be at a 105° angle of wind attack.

Olive picking is one of the most common social agricultural activities in many regions of Andalusia where the predominant crop is the traditional olive grove. The machinery used includes shakers, blowers and an essential low-cost type: hand-rake sweepers. The latter are generally used by the women of the squads to sweep the olives that fall from the trees. This article is focused on the design and optimisation of a hand-rake sweeper, in terms of durability and cost, for the picking of olives and other fruits, such as almonds, which are currently the main alternative to non-perennial crops in Andalusia. A parametric design of a hand-rake sweeper was created for this application using the design software CATIA, and its most vulnerable points were analysed in terms of effectiveness with varying design parameters, conducting usage simulations with ANSYS for a light material such as polypropylene. The maximum von Mises stress of the whole structure was 155.81 MPa. Using ANSYS, the dimension parameters of the hand-rake sweeper structure were optimised. The modified design was analysed again, showing a reduction of maximum tensions of 10.06%, as well as a decrease in its maximum elongations (0.0181 mm).

Optimizing the magnetic coupling of two coils of a dynamic wireless charging power supply for electric vehicles (EVs) is a challenging and crucial task. This article examines three situations of the magnetic coupling between two identical rectangular spiral coils with the same number of turns as a function of both the horizontal (X axis) and vertical (Z axis) alignment. In the first one, the analysis of the magnetic coupling between two copper air coils is presented. However, the obtained coupling coefficient was very low with a high leakage flux which affected the performance of the charging system. In the second case, a straightforward shielding method that involves inserting a magnetic material of the ferrite type is proposed to circumvent the aforementioned problems. Unfortunately, the obtained results show that simple shielding is still only a partial and insufficient solution. In the third situation, an aluminum sheet was consequently placed on the top of the ferrite to provide an adequate shielding structure. Additionally, a 3D analysis of the proper and mutual induction parameters separating the two coils as well as a magnetic field or induction distribution is also performed using the ANSYS Maxwell software. The results highlight the significance of the enhanced structure.

Scaling up the production of power devices involves, in the semiconductor industry, the use of large semiconductor 8” and 12” wafers of Si or SiC. Their use implicates a successful an effective monitoring and control of wafer warpage, as the geometrical size of the substrate increases, as well as a command control on the degeneration of non-linear warpage into critical phenomena known as bifurcation or buckling.To mitigate the warpage, the use of taiko wafers, which consists of wafers having a thicker region on the rim region of the wafer, has been generally adopted in the production lines. In a previous work [1] we investigated the warpage of taiko wafers by introducing the concept of equivalent thickness, in the linear approximation, for the case of a front side metalized taiko wafer. However, as the thickness of the central semiconductor substrate region decreases the possibility that also the taiko wafer bifurcates emerges. For this reason, in this work we have investigated the occurrence of bifurcation or buckling in a taiko wafer. In particular, we implemented a finite element analysis method by using ANSYS Mechanical Enterprise 2023/R2 to investigate the phenomenon of bifurcation in a taiko wafer. The investigated system consisted of a 200 mm Si (001) front side metalized (FSM) taiko wafer, having a substrate thickness ranging from 100 µm to 400 µm, with a step height fixed to 450 µm. The FSM layer consisted of an Al layer of 4.5 µm thin. The system was subjected to a thermal load such that, getting cooled from a nominal temperature T to 25°C, the metal layer can develop a residual stress. To investigate the bifurcation, an asymmetry was induced in the system by applying a slight force on a point of the circumferential region perpendicularly to the substrate. The temperature investigated ranged from 30 °C to 170 °C. From this investigation, it results that also the bifurcation is mitigated by the taiko structure. Indeed, the bifurcation emerges at higher values of the stresses with respect to the case of flat wafers having the same size and thickness of the substrate. Moreover, the concept of equivalent thickness needs to be reformulated by taking into account of the bifurcation phenomenon. Indeed, from the warpage at the bifurcation point of the taiko wafer, we can determine an overall equivalent thickness of the taiko wafer.

Elbow dislocation and instability present significant clinical challenges, necessitating a thorough understanding of the underlying bio-mechanical mechanisms. In this study, a quasi-static three-dimensional finite element model of the human elbow joint is developed to investigate stress distribution and stages of dislocation in the human elbow under various loading conditions. The model simulates the elbow joint in different degrees of flexion (30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) and forearm positions (pronation and supination), providing detailed insights into the progression of dislocation. Significant findings include the identification of high stress concentrations on the humerus at 90° flexion and on the radial and coronoid processes at 30°, 45°, and 60° flexion. Three reproducible stages of dislocation were observed, particularly in flexed positions with forearm pronation or supination. These stages align with experimental observations and highlight the initial occurrence of bony failures, such as radial head and ulnar coronoid fractures, preceding soft tissue tears. Clinically, the study underscores that early-stage low-impact posterior elbow dislocations retain enough stability to be managed with closed reduction and early mobilization. However, as dislocations progress, significant damage to the medial and lateral collateral ligaments is expected, necessitating more invasive treatments. This research provides valuable bio-mechanical insights into elbow dislocation, aiding in the development of improved treatment strategies and enhancing patient outcomes through precise and timely clinical interventions. The validated FEM serves as a powerful tool for pre-surgical planning offering a comprehensive understanding of elbow joint mechanics.

Digital twins are the foundation of autonomous off-road vehicles. Dynamic reduction methods are one of several ways to develop digital twins for off-road vehicles. The article commences with a comprehensive overview of the most widely used dynamic reduction methods and then introduces performance metrics for assessing their efficacies in the context of digital twins. The paper additionally includes a detailed mathematical derivation of the state-space representation for reduced-order finite element models. The state-space representation of the reduced finite element models facilitates their export to problem-solving environments for dynamic analysis. The state-space models are eventually solved utilizing the built-in libraries of numerical solvers in textual and graphical programming platforms. In addition, the article identifies the set of solvers that best suit the simulation of virtual models for off-road vehicles. This article also includes an evaluation of the simulation results of digital models with modes ranging from 0 to 30 Hz. In addition, the article demonstrates the lower bound of the frequency range necessary and sufficient to be retained in off-road vehicle virtual models. Finally, the paper presents the simulation outcomes for digital models of commercial off-road vehicles with custom-built control, electrical, and control systems.

Burrs form due to plastic deformation of materials during machining processes, such as milling and drilling. Deburring can be very difficult when the burrs are not easily accessible for removal. In this study, abrasive flow machining (AFM) was adopted for deburring the edges of milling specimens. Based on the experimental observations on AL6061 specimens, the deburring performance was characterized in terms of flow speed, the local curvature of the streamline near the burr edge, and shear stress. A new objective function that can predict the extent of deburring is proposed based on these characteristics and validated through experiments. Based on this new objective function, a prediction of deburring performance on the burr edge of the intersecting holes with offset was performed. The results between the predicted and experimental observation results were in reasonable agreement.

This study identifies new Alkali Activated Composite Mud Mortar to alternate Cement Mortar used for laying masonry works. This study handles both experimental and numerical analysis of strength and durability for mortar, especially bond strength along mortar and brick joints have studied detail and compared with ANSYS. The bond strength has estimated through the triplet brick prism of shear behavior. The strength and deformation characteristics of masonry constituents obtained from these tests depend on the actual composite conduct of masonry. There is always a good reception for environmentally friendly, low energy, new construction materials, and used in preparing mortar/brick unit combinations all around the world. Also, this study fulfills those requirements. Especially, masonry laid with the mud mortar meets all. Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag, and Quarry Dust have utilized the new composites' preparation with 8Molority, 10Molority developed excellent strength. The composite specimens are having compression and bond strength, ranging from 4.84-5.14 and 0.12-0.18N/mm2. The mixed ratio of materials has taken (0.5 parts of Fly Ash, 0.5 parts of Steel Slag, 1.75 parts of Soil, and 0.25 parts of Quarry Dust). The samples tested resistance against acidic, sulfate, and alkalinity indicated PH values less than 7 and 9 simultaneously. Compression strength varied from 10-20% and gained more and fit composite used for mortar in masonry works.

Despite significant advances in metallurgy and the potential to create high and very high-strength steel, all international specifications for steel design provided little information about the limits of slenderness for high-strength steel sections (HSSs) and didn’t give anything about the design of very high-strength steel sections (VHSSs). The American structural steel design specification covers circular hollow sections (CHS) of steel grades up to S690, while it isn't in ANSI/AISC 360-16 and ASTM A514/A514M. Euro code EN 1993-1-1 can be applicable only to steel grades up to S460. EN 1993-1-3 and EN 1993-1-12 contain supplementary rules for cold-formed members and HSS (S460- S700), respectively. Though ductility requirements for (HSS) are specifically established in EN 1993-1-12, it is largely a continuation of the normal-strength-steel design procedures standardized in EN 1993-1-1, where (HSSs) are largely treated as normal-strength steels in these rules, and the same design approaches are used. The behavior of high and very high-strength steel circular hollow sections under axial compression load is studied in this research. A total of 16 nonlinear finite-element (FE) models were generated to replicate stub column tests that were experimentally tested by others in previous research. Hence, a parametric study is conducted using forty FE models developed to investigate the local buckling behavior under various slenderness ratios comprehensively. The developed models cover slenderness ratios ranging from 20 to 1226 and steel grades S460 and S1100 with yield stress equal 460 MPa and 1152 MPa, respectively. The FE results were combined with 105 previously collected experimental results to assess the applicability of existing codified design methodologies in the Euro code and the North American codes of cold-formed CHS. Based on the results of this study, new cross-sectional slenderness limits and new design equations for more efficient simple designs were presented for high and very-high strength steel circular hollow sections and Compared with the results of experimental tests and FE models.

Recently, due to the miniaturization of electronic products, printed circuit boards (PCBs) have also become smaller. This trend has led to the need for high-precision electrical test equipment to check PCBs for disconnections and short circuits. The purpose of this study is to improve the position repeatability of the platform unit up to ±2.5 μm in a linear stage type test equipment. For this purpose, the causes of position errors of the platform unit are analyzed. The platform unit holding the PCB is driven by a single-axis linear ball screw drive system offset from its geometric center due to design constraints. The yaw rotation of the platform is found to have a dominant effect on position repeatability. To address this problem, the methods of adding balancing weights to the platform unit and adjusting the stiffness of LM Guides are proposed. This reduces the yaw rotation by moving the centers of mass and stiffness closer to the linear ball screw actuator. In the verification tests, the position repeatability was decreased to less than ±1.0 μm.