We demonstrated a new approach to the production of three-dimensional-coated patterns using liquid route. Metallic perovskite oxides were coated onto three-dimensional (3D) microstructured substrates with different aspect ratios. The success of the method relies on the solution viscosity monitored by adding viscous liquid. The process of oxide thin films consists in three steps: preparing the precursor solution, coating the solution by spin-coating process onto three-dimensional-Si substrates and post-annealing. The chemical solution 3D-coating is conformal.

A detailed review of the scientific literature was undertaken to examine the most recent developments in plasma processing in the field of medicine. The first part of the review includes a detailed breakdown of the different types of coatings that can be applied onto medical devices using plasma, with a specific focus on antimicrobial surfaces. The developments during 2023 in plasma deposited biocompatible, drug delivery and adhesive coatings are described and specific applications in additive manufacturing are highlighted. The use of plasma and plasma activated liquids as standalone therapeutics continues to evolve and pertinent advances in this field are described. In addition, the combination of plasma medicine with conventional pharmaceutical interventions was reviewed and key emerging trends were highlighted, including the use of plasma to enhance drug delivery directly into tissue. The potential synergies between plasma medicine and chemotherapeutics for oncology and infection treatment is a growing area and recent advancements are noted. Finally, the use of plasma to control excess antibiotics and to intentionally degrade such materials in waste streams is described.

In this review, several cost-effective thin-film coating methods which include dip-coating, spin-coating, spray-coating, blade-coating, and roll-coating are presented. Each method has its set of advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of application. Not all of them are appropriate for large-scale production due to their certain limitations. That is why the coating method should be selected based on the type and size of substrate including the resolution of the required thin-films. The sol-gel method offers several benefits, such as simplicity in fabrication, excellent film uniformity, the capacity to cover surfaces of any size and over vast areas, and a low processing temperature. Nevertheless, these coating methods are somewhat economical and well managed in low-budget laboratories. Moreover, the produced thin-films are homogeneous and have low-surface roughness. Furthermore, some other thin-film deposition methods such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are also discussed. Since CVD is not restricted to line-of-sight deposition, a characteristic shared by sputtering, evaporation, and other PVD processes, many manufacturing methods favor it. However, these techniques require sophisticated equipment and cleanroom facility. We aim to provide the pros and cons of thin-film coating methods and let the readers decide the suitable technique for their specific application.

The kinetic analysis of octogen coating with a polyurethane base containing hydroxyl-terminated polybutadi-ene (HTPB) was investigated using infrared spectroscopy. The coating process involved a solvent method, where octogen and liquid polyurethane were mixed, the solvent was evaporated, and curing took place at an elevated temperature. The ratio of HTPB to diisocyanate was equimolar. Initially, the curing process occurred in the solvent system, followed by further curing in the bulk system. The kinetic analysis was performed using a modified diffusion-autocatalytic model, which includes non-catalytic, autocatalytic, and diffusion compo-nents. This model was compared with others during the bulk reaction and proved to be effective in correcting errors, particularly in the gel time region. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using the Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The reaction rate was initially controlled by chemical reactivity, but after the gel time, diffusion became the controlling factor. In the HTPB-TDI system, both the non-catalytic and autocatalytic parts decreased with increasing temperature, while diffusivity increased. It is worth noting that diffusivity is temperature-dependent. Different diisocyanates, namely toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), were studied, revealing that HMDI exhibited higher reactivi-ty than TDI and IPDI. The catalyst effect on reaction rate HTPB-TDI system is investigated. Catalysts adding (0.1%) to HTPB-TDI system is really decrease their activation energy by efectivity DBTL>FeAA>TPB. Catalyst not change their diffusivity.

In this study, a novel binary nanocomposite system based on TiO₂-SiO₂ was functionalized with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and characterized by XPS and XRD. Results revealed that TiO₂-SiO₂ nanoparticles were covalently functionalized. Functionalized nanoparticles at low concentrations (0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt%) were dispersed in acrylic acid acting as a polymer matrix. Nanocomposite coatings analysis demonstrate to achieve superhydrophilic properties as well as very good optical characteristics. Water contact angle characterization showed the functionalization effect by achieving a superhydrophilic behavior with a contact angle less than 5°. UV-Vis measurements demonstrated high optical transmittance above 95% for the coatings. Based on the obtained results a mechanism describing the chemical interactions of the constituents responsible for the synergy in the nanocomposite as well as the morphological play role in the behavior are presented.

Positively charged polyelectrolytes hold significant potential as materials for creating antibacterial coatings. Water-soluble macromolecules can be easily deposited onto a treated surface through various techniques, forming a film that provides antimicrobial properties to the surface through electrostatic interactions with bacterial membranes. The structural and molecular weight characteristics of the polymers play a crucial role in the physical and mechanical properties of the coatings. In this study, we investigated the properties of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) and linear polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) coatings with different molecular weights of polymer samples to determine their suitability as stable coatings with antibacterial properties against foodborne bacteria. Using thermogravimetric analysis, dynamometry, and dynamic light scattering, we examined the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the macromolecules in water solutions and in coatings. Microbiological study was conducted to analyze the biocidal activity of the polycations in solutions and on the surface of coatings. Our findings showed that the moisture saturation of the polycationic coatings did not significantly depend on the chemical nature of charged groups or the molecular weight or architecture of macromolecules. Moreover, biocidal activity was not found to depend on the molecular weights of PEI and PDADMAC. However, the lowering of the molecular weight of polymers resulted in the loss of cohesive forces in the coatings and to dramatically loss of the stability towards wash-off with water. The diffusion coefficient (D0) of macromolecules was identified as a key parameter for the wash-off mechanism. Films formed by molecules with D0 below 1×10-7 cm2/s demonstrated high resistance to wash-off procedures. We demonstrated that PEI and PDADMAC samples with high molecular weights showed high antimicrobial activity towards L. monocytogenes. Our results highlight the importance of macromolecule characteristics in the development of new biocidal coatings based on polycations.

This review provides a systematic analysis of the literature data on the electrodeposition of composite coatings using plating baths based on a new generation of room-temperature ionic liquids, known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Such systems offer several advantages over traditionally used aqueous electrolytes and organic solvent-based electrolytes. The colloidal-chemical properties of suspension and colloidal electrolytes for composite deposition are thoroughly examined. New theories describing the kinetics of co-deposition of composite layers are characterized. The kinetics and mechanism of electrochemical deposition processes of composite coatings with metallic matrices are discussed. Case studies regarding the electrodeposition of composite coatings based on electrodeposited copper, silver, zinc, tin, nickel, cobalt, and chromium from DES-assisted electroplating baths are described and systematized. The main prospective directions for further research in the discussed scientific area are highlighted.

Guava is a vital fruit worldwide, especially in Pakistan, and due to its nutritional value famous in each age group. Due to a very short shelf life, the marketing and export of this fruit faced severe constraints. Therefore, in the current study, edible coating of chitosan (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) was evaluated on postharvest shelf life when guava fruits were stored (room temperature and 4 °C temperatures) for 12 days. The chitosan treated coating fruits have shown reduced total sugars and malondialdehyde levels compared to untreated control samples. However, a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in total sugar and malondialdehyde levels exists between samples stored in m compared to refrigerated temperature (4 °C). The chitosan-coated samples have shown a greater amount of vitamin C, quercetin, rutin, and total phenolic contents than control samples. However, these nutritional parameters' levels were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) in samples stored at room than samples stored at refrigerated temperature. However, the levels of crude fiber, potassium, and sodium were found statistically nonsignificant (p ≥0.05) in control versus chitosan treated coating treatments. The findings have documented that the coatings of 1.5 and 2.0% were most effective for extension in shelf life and maintaining the nutritional attributes of guava fruit.

In the present work, three different atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) alumina coatings were fabricated using three fused and crushed alumina powders of different particle size fine, medium and coarse. The influence of the particle size on thermal properties and micro-structural features of the produced coating were investigated by thermal insulation test and detailed image analysis technique, respectively. The analyzed micro-structural features include the total porosity, pore size (fine, medium, and large) and cracks. All types of cracks were considered in calculations as voids and were evaluated according to their sizes as pores. All spray parameters except the particle size were fixed throughout the spraying process. The results revealed that the fine starting powder has produced the densest coating with the lowest total porosity and that the total porosity increases with an increasing particle size. This was expected as powders of smaller particle size will reach a higher in-flight temperature and velocity than powders of bigger particle sizes as long as the same spray parameters are applied. However, a detailed image analysis investigation on the three produced coatings showed that the fraction of fine pores and cracks versus the total porosity is substantially higher in coatings produced by using fine starting powders than those produced using medium and coarse powders. In this work, a connection between the thermal insulation and the porosity fraction, which includes fine pores and cracks, was revealed.

Several coatings configurations of combined aluminizing and diffusion layered aluminide on 316 steel were produced and characterized. These coatings, typically employed as thermal barrier coating (TBC), can also be effective as vibration reduction elements at intermediate and high temperatures. This preliminary work has been focused on the microstructural design and processing effects of the coatings. The damping of the produced specimens was measured up to 450°C and compared with that of the steel substrate. The most performing coatings contain an Al-Si layer and exhibit a steep damping increase above 200 °C, reasonably due to dislocation movements by plastic straining of soft alloy layer and to the interface sliding between layers with different elastic moduli.

Abstract: An Al-Co-Y diffusion coating was prepared on a TiAl alloy by pack cementation process at a low temperature range of 650-720 ℃. The influence of different activators and co-deposition temperatures on the coating’s microstructure and formation process, and high temperature oxida-tion performance was studied. The results showed that NaF was a more suitable activator for preparing the Al-Co-Y diffusion coating on TiAl alloy compared to NH4Cl and AlCl3. A more compact coating structure can be obtained when deposition was performed at 680 ℃ using NaF as the activator. The coating was mainly composed of a TiAl3 outer layer, a TiAl2 inner layer, and a thin Al-rich TiAl inter-diffusion layer. The growth of the coating exhibited a positive linear correlation between coating thickness increase and the square root of deposition time. The high-temperature oxidation tests showed that a dense scale mainly composed of Al2O3 and a small amount of TiO2 formed on the coating after oxidation at 950 ℃ for 100 h. The scale possessed excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance, with a parabolic rate constant of the oxidation weight gain approximately 4.9×10-3 mg2/cm4 h, which is lower than that of the TiAl substrate by about three orders of magnitude, and lower than that of the pure Al diffusion coating more than one order of magnitude.

Slot-die coatings are advantageous when used for coating large-area flexible devices; in particular, the coating width can be controlled, and simultaneous multi-layer coatings can be processed. Till date, the effects of ink widening and coating gap on the coating thickness have only been considered in a few studies. To this end, we developed two mathematical models to accurately estimate the coating width and thickness considering these two effects. We used root mean square deviation (RMSD) to experimentally verify the developed method. The coating width was seen to increase and the coating thickness was seen to decrease when the coating gap was increased. Experimental results showed that the estimation performances of the coating width and thickness models were as high as 98.46 % and 95.8 %, respectively. We believe that the developed models can be useful for determining the coating conditions according to the ink properties to coat a functional layer with user-defined widths and thicknesses in both lab- and industrial-scale roll-to-roll slot-die coating processes.

In this study, the efficiency of coating (alginate and carrageenan) and osmotic dehydration pre-treatment (NaCl and sucrose) on decreasing oil uptake of potato strips was assessed. It was examined how various pre-treatments affected the sample’s texture, morphology, color and density properties as well as their moisture content and effective moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff). Results showed that NaCl osmotic dehydration pre-treatment and sucrose solution decreased oil uptake by 30.76% and 41.75%. This is attributed to moisture removal increasing caused by improving dielectric properties. Osmotic dehydration and coating pre-treatment frequently enhanced product shrinkage, browning index, a* and ∆E. Conversely, density, lightness, breaking force, Deff and b* decreased. In control samples, SEM revealed a severely damaged internal structure in comparison to a tissue homogenous layer produced by coating. For moisture loss and oil uptake, the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) of eight empirical models were compared. Finally, the Dehghannya and Krokida model (moisture loss) and the Movahhed and Naghavi model (oil uptake) were found the best fit to the experimental data. Although coating pre-treatment and osmotic dehydration can be used as an alternate de-oiling approach for potato chips, the mechanism of oil uptake reduction differ.

The powdered sorbents were applied in a batch system under "static" conditions and showed a much higher adsorption capacity than the granular one. These type of sorbents are more suitable for small quantities of water with a high concentration of arsenic. The possibilities of using all the tested methods for arsenic removal have been evaluated, and a scheme of the technological process has been proposed.

The surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles causes visible light absorption and scattering effects that may be used in optical coatings for eliminating blue light emission from display monitors, blocking UV light and for decorative applications. This study examines the achievement of functional properties provided by gold nanoparticles in a commercially established C60 fullerene-coated eyewear product. The gold nanoparticles used were sourced from recycling rapid lateral flow tests (LFIA), which use gold nanoparticles as test markers. After the gold`s recovery Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) with freeze-drying was used for the synthesis of new gold nanoparticles, to be used in optical coatings. The gold nanoparticles were examined with SEM, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, BET, and Vis-NIR for characterising their shapes and sizes, required for determination of the surface plasmon resonance effect. After applying the newly produced gold nanoparticles with fullerene C60 in a combined coating for eyewear lenses, the absorption and transmission of the lenses was determined for establishing changes in the coating functionality. The results show that enhancing the fullerene C60 coating with gold nanoparticles improves light absorption and reflectance for blue and UV light further, which may be evaluated as beneficial for the eyewear user, as the reduction of eye strain is improved due to the coating.

Photoluminescent (PL) layers and electroluminescent (EL) systems have been extensively explored for constructing flat panels, screen monitors, and lighting systems. Due to their optical properties, our group is interested in the relationship between optical properties and dielectric constant is converted due to thermal change. In this study, we prepared a zinc sulfide (ZnS) fluorescent film on barium-calcium zirconium titanate ceramics. BCZT0.85 (Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3) and BCZT0.9 (Ba0.9Ca0.1Zr0.1Ti0.9O3) were prepared using the solid-state reaction method for the dielectric layer. The BCZT powders were calcined at 1200 and 1250 °C and dwell times of 2 and 4h. The phase formation and microstructure characteristics were then determined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The dielectric behavior and optical properties rela-tionship was then studied to determine the composition and optimal conditions for further use as thermal detectors in electric vehicle battery packs. All BCZT powders exhibited the tetragonal phase, which was confirmed by JCPDS No. 01-079-2265. The dielectric constant increased with increasing calcining temperature or dwell time. The dielectric properties showed the BCZT0.85 ceramic sintered had the maximum dielectric constant of 15342 at calcine temperature of 1250 °C for 4h. Therefore, in this study, this condition was optimal for preparing the dielectric film. The maximum dielectric constant film is 42. The electroluminescence intensity of the samples increased in a temperature-dependent manner, with the highest EL intensity at 80 °C. Moreover, the electroluminescence intensity value was enhanced with the increase of the dielectric constant. Our results show promise for developing applications for Opto-thermal sensors.

Renewable nanocellulose materials received increased attention owing to their small dimensions, high specific surface area, high mechanical characteristics, biocompatibility, and compostability. Nanocellulose coatings are among many interesting applications of these materials to functionalize different by composition and structure surfaces, including plastics, polymer coatings, and textiles with broader applications from food packaging to smart textiles. Variations in porosity and thickness of nanocellulose coatings are used to adjust a load of functional molecules and particles into the coatings, their permeability, and filtration properties. Mechanical stability of nanocellulose coatings in a wet and dry state are critical characteristics for many applications. In this work, nanofibrillated and nanocrystalline cellulose coatings deposited on the surface of polymer films and textiles made of cellulose, polyester, and nylon are studied using atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and T-peel adhesion tests. Methods to improve coatings adhesion and stability using physical and chemical cross-linking with added polymers and polycarboxylic acids are analyzed in this study. The paper reports on the effect of the substrate structure and ability of nanocellulose particles to intercalate into the substrate on the coating adhesion.

Biocidal coatings are of great interest to the healthcare system. In this work, the biocidal activity of coatings based on a complex biocide containing polymer and inorganic active antibacterial c omponents was studied. Silver oxide was distributed in a matrix of a positively charged interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) using ultrasonic dispersion, forming nanoparticles with an average size of 5-6 nm. The formed nanoparticles in the matrix are not subject to agglomeration and changes in morphology during storage. It was found that the inclusion of silver oxide in a positively charged IPEC allows a 4-fold increase in the effectiveness of the complex biocide against E. coli K12 in comparison with the biocidal effect of PDADMAC and IPEC. Polycation, IPEC and the IPEC/Ag2O ternary complex form coatings on the glass surface due to electrostatic adsorption. Adhesive and cohesive forces in the resulting coatings were studied on micron-scale coatings using dynamometry. It was found that the stability of the coating is determined primarily by adhesive interactions. At the macro level, it is not possible to reliably identify the role of IPEC formation on adhesion. On the other hand, the use of the optical tweezers method makes it possible to analyze macromolecules in submicron scale and to evaluate the multiple increase in adhesive forces when forming a coating from IPEC compared to coatings from PDADMAC. Thus, the application of ternary IPEC/Ag2O complexes makes it possible to obtain coatings with increased antibacterial action and improved adhesive characteristics.

According to research, we have learned that Mg and TiO2 are new types material of marine protective coatings. We found that the addition of Mg can improve the performance of Zn-Al coating passivation film, and TiO2 has excellent photocatalytic self-cleaning performance. In this paper Zn-Al pseudo alloy coating was prepared by cold spray technique, and Zn-Al-Mg-TiO2 pseudo alloy composite coating was prepared by adding Mg and nano-TiO2. The effects of Mg and TiO2 to the marine protective properties of Zn-Al coatings were studied by friction and wear test, dynamic salt water corrosion test, electrochemical test, scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and super deep scene 3D microscope. The results show that the addition of Mg and nano-TiO2 not only fills the gap of the coating and improves the density of the coating, but also generates grid-like flocculent corrosion products on the surface of the coating which can gather other corrosion products to improve the density of corrosion products, reduce the friction coefficient and corrosion rate of the coating surface, effectively prevent the invasion of Cl- in solution, and improve the wear and corrosion resistance of the coating.

In the bioprinting process, controlling the motion of bioprinters involves a computer-aided design (CAD) model, converting that model into g-code, and transmitting the motion commands to the bioprinters. The g-code file contains information about the motion of the axes and can be generated using various software. However, a challenge arises when using g-code between different bioprinters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to propose a reliable method for analyzing the differences in 3D bioprinting devices by parameterizing a crucial variable for extrusion bioprinting: the E-value. Four bioprinters from three different manufacturers were used to investigate the extrusion behavior when subjected to the same E-value.

This paper presents a new method of preparing a coating on the Ti65 titanium alloy by a two-step procedure comprising hot-dipped aluminum and solid carburization. The effects of the carburization in the presence of NaCl deposit at 810oC have been systematically studied. In this article, the microstructure, morphology, phase composition of the coating, and the corrosion products were investigated by SEM, EDS, and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated that the corrosion resistance of hot dip aluminum/carburizing composite coating was not significantly enhanced by hot dip aluminum coating. This can be attributed to the formation of TiC and Ti3AlC after carburization, which promoted the formation of loose and unprotected TiO2 in the coating during molten salt corrosion. In addition, the oxidation of the carbon atom into CO2 /CO leaded to a high concentration of vacancy in the coating, creating channels for NaCl to penetrate the coating and accelerated the corrosion rate.

In roll-to-roll (R2R) processing, uniformity of the web is a crucial factor that can guarantee high coating quality. To understand web defects due to thermal deformation, we analyzed the effects of web unevenness on the coating quality of an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) layer, a brittle electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). We used finite element analysis to analyze the thermal and mechanical deformations at different drying temperatures. A YSZ layer was also coated using R2R slot-die coating to observe effects of web unevenness on the coating quality. It was seen that web unevenness was generated by thermal deformation due the conduction and convection heat from the dryer. Owing to varying web unevenness with time, the YSZ layer developed cracks. At higher drying temperatures, more coating defects having larger widths were generated. Results indicated that web unevenness at the coating section led to coating defects, which could damage the SOFC and decrease its yield in the R2R process. From this study, we suggest that coating defects, generated by the web unevenness owing to the convection and conduction heat, should be considered for the high-volume production of brittle electrolytes using the R2R process.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has emerged as an attractive state-of-the-art tool for precisely fabricating functional materials with complex geometries, championing several advancements in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and therapeutics. However, this technology has an untapped potential for biotechnological applications, such as sensor and biosensor development. By exploring these avenues, the scope of 3D printing technology can be expanded and pave the way for groundbreaking innovations in the biotechnology field. Indeed, new printing materials and printers would offer new possibilities for seamlessly incorporating biological functionalities within the growing 3D scaffolds. Herein, we review the extrusion-based 3D printing modalities emphasizing biosensor applications. We highlighted the application of natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials as 3D-printed soft hydrogels. Emphasis was placed on the approach by which the sensing molecules were introduced during the fabrication process. Finally, the future perspective was provided.

Synthesis of heterodinuclear 3d transition metal complexes in which two metal ions are introduced in equivalent coordination sites of a ligand is quite uncommon. We have previously shown that the application of the cis-trans isomerization of the oxamido group was able to furnish such a possibility. In the present paper we demonstrate that this synthetic pathway, relying on the possibility of changing the conformation (cis vs trans) of the oxamido group, can be extended to other ligands. Although we have not been able to structurally characterize these complexes, EPR and magnetic data do confirm the efficiency of this reaction pathway. We also demonstrate that the cis-trans isomerization of the oxamido group is not due to a particular property of the ion involved in the reaction. In fact, isomerization is governed by the basicity of the reaction medium. According to the reaction condition, it is possible to favor or not this phenomenon, and to increase the accessibility to a larger number of novel genuine complexes. But the oxophilic character of the lanthanide ions impedes this isomerization in 3d-4f complexes. The very weak magnetic interactions observed in these Cu-Gd complexes can be explained thanks to spin polarization.

Coating of organic molecules from the solution phase can result in directional crystal growth under certain conditions, even on a smooth isotropic surface and without the need of any kind of graphoexpitaxial preparation of the substrate. Based on reviewing the results from a variety of coating techniques and conditions, we identify the condition that the coating speed should equal the growth speed of the fastest growing crystal plane as crucial for achieving a high degree of directional crystallization.

Deformation behavior of the composite "hen's eggshell - polymer plomb" under bending is examined. Polymer coating does not change the type of behavior of the composite based on eggshell that continues to be brittle despite the mechanical characteristics of the composite could vary in wide limits for brittle structure. Joining "hen's eggshell – polymer plomb" never crack under loading and, hence, it exhibits the high cohesion strength under stresses applied in these experiments. It seems that the composite "hen's eggshell - polymer plomb" could apply as the substitution of the composite "tooth enamel - polymer plomb" under elaboration of novel restorative materials for dentistry, namely, for estimation of their mechanical properties including cohesive strength.

This study reports on the development of bio-based hydrophobic coatings for packaging papers through deposition of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) particles in combination with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and plant wax. In a first approach, PHB particles in micrometer range (PHB-MP) were prepared through a phase-separation technique providing internally nanosized structures. The particles were transferred as a coating by dip-coating filter papers in the particle suspension, followed by sizing with a carnauba wax solution. This approach allowed partial to almost full surface coverage of PHB-MP over the paper surface resulting in static water contact angles of 105° to 122° and 129° to 144° after additional wax coating. In a second approach, PHB particles with submicron sizes (PHB-SP) were synthesized by an oil-in-emulsion (o/w) solvent evaporation method, and mixed in aqueous suspensions with 0 to 7 wt% NFC. After dip-coating filter papers in PHB-SP/NFC suspensions and sizing with a carnauba wax solution, static water contact angles of 112° to 152° were obtained. The intrinsic properties of the particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy, indicating higher crystallinity for PHB-SP than PHB-MP. The chemical interactions between the more amorphous PHB-MP particles and paper fibers were identified as an esterification reaction, while the morphology of the NFC fibrillar network was playing a key role as binding agent in the retention of more crystalline PHB-SP at the paper surface, hence contributing to higher hydrophobicity.

Based on three-dimensional optical proximity correction (3D OPC), recent advancements in 3D lithography have enabled the high-fidelity customization of 3D micro-optical elements. However, micron-to-millimeter scale structures represented by Fresnel lens design bring more stringent requirements for 3D OPC, which poses significant challenges to the accuracy of models and the efficiency of algorithms. Thus, a lithographic model based on optical imaging and photo-chemical reaction curve is developed in this paper, and a sub-domain division method with a statistics principle is proposed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of 3D OPC. Both the simulation and the experimental results showed the superiority of the proposed 3D OPC method in the fabrication of the Fresnel lenses. The computation memory requirements of the 3D OPC are reduced to below 1 %, and the profile error of the fabricated Fresnel lens reduced 79.98%. Applying the Fresnel lenses to an imaging system, the average peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of the image increased by 18.92 %, and the average contrast of the image enhanced by 36 %. We believe the proposed 3D OPC method can be extended to the fabrication of vision-correcting ophthalmological lenses.

Bioactive surface coatings have retained the attention of researchers and physicians due to their versatility and range of applications in orthopedics, particularly in infection prevention. Antibacterial metal nanoparticles (mNPs) are a promising therapeutic, with vast application opportunities on orthopedic implants. The current research aimed to construct a polyelectrolyte multilayer on a highly porous titanium implant using alternating thin film coatings of chitosan and alginate via the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, along with the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs), for antibacterial and osteoconductive activity. These mNPs were characterized for their physicochemical properties using quartz crystal microgravimetry with dissipation system, nanoparticle tracking analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Their cytotoxicity and osteogenic differentiation capabilities were assessed by AlamarBlue and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, respectively. The antibiofilm efficacy of the mNPs tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The LbL polyelectrolyte coating was successfully applied to the porous titanium substrate. A dose-dependent relationship between nanoparticle concentration and ALP as well as antibacterial effects was observed. TiO2NP samples were also less cytotoxic than AgNP counterparts, although similarly antimicrobial. Together, these data serve as a proof-of-concept for a novel coating approach for orthopedic implants with antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties.

While Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) are gaining increasing interest in various domains as innovative methods for novel view synthesis and image-based reconstruction, their potential application in the realm of Cultural Heritage remains unexplored. Purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of applying NeRF to sets of images of digital heritage objects and sites. The study’s findings demonstrate that NeRF could be valuable when used in combination with or as a comparison to other well-established techniques such as photogrammetry, to expand the possibilities of preserving and presenting heritage assets with enhanced visual fidelity and accuracy. Particularly, NeRF show promising results in improving the rendering of translucent and reflective surfaces, objects with homogeneous textures, and elements with intricate details. In addition, we demonstrate that, when considering the same set of input images (with known camera poses), reducing the image quality or the number of images results in significantly less information loss with NeRF compared to photogrammetry. This suggests that NeRF is preferentially suited for scenarios involving sparse information or low-quality photos or videos, which could be especially valuable in risky or challenging situations.

3D printing is playing an important role in cardiovascular disease by use of personalised models with replication of normal anatomy and pathology with high accuracy and reliability. While 3D printed heart and vascular models are shown to improve medical education, preoperative planning and simulation of cardiac procedures, and enhance communication with patients, 3D bioprinting however, represents a potential advancement of 3D printing technology by printing cellular or biological components, functional tissues and organs that can be used in a variety of applications in cardiovascular disease. Recent advances in bioprinting technology have shown the ability to support vascularisation of large scale constructs with enhanced biocompatibility and structural stability, thus creating opportunities to replace damaged tissues or organs. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of 3D bioprinting in cardiovascular disease with a focus on technologies and applications in cardiac tissues, vascular constructs and grafts, heart valves and myocardium. Limitations and future research directions are highlighted.

Tumor cells evolve in a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of different cell types and an extracellular matrix. Current 2D culture methods are very limited in their ability to mimic the cancer cell environment. In recent years, various 3D models of cancer cells have been developed, notably in the form of spheroids/organoids, using scaffold or cancer-on-chip devices. However, these models have the disadvantage of not being able to precisely control the organization of multiple cell types in complex architecture and are sometimes not very reproducible in their production, and this is especially true for spheroids. Three-dimensional bioprinting can produce complex, multi-cellular, and reproducible constructs in which the matrix composition and rigidity can be adapted locally or globally to the tumor model studied. For these reasons, 3D bioprinting seems to be the technique of choice to mimic the tumor microenvironment in vivo as closely as possible. In this review, we discuss different 3D-bioprinting technologies, including bioinks and crosslinkers that can be used for in vitro cancer models, and the techniques used to study cells grown in hydrogels; finally, we provide some applications of bioprinted cancer models.

Background: The main objective of this study is to develop a customized metatarsophalangeal implant for the treatment of various conditions affecting this specific joint. This approach involves replacing the joint with a custom implant designed specifically to fit each patient's unique anatomical structure. The need for custom implants stems from the obvious lack of size variety available, which presents a major challenge when, the search for the ideal size implant can be a hard task, also when considering the possibility of extensive modification of the bone to adapt it to the available implant. This adaptation, often synonymous with bone reduction, can cause significant post-operative pain for the patient and impact healing time. Methods: A comparative study of modeling software was carried out to select the perfect software, by defining and comparing the relevant criteria. Similarly, the different biomaterial options were examined and compared to select the one best suited to this project, mentioning the imaging modality used to determine the types of images used for our approach. Finally, the 3D printers used in this work were represented, highlighting their technical characteristics. Findings: A resin metatarsophalangeal implant prototype was created using 3D modeling and reconstruction software and tools. Interpretation: Reconstruction and 3D modeling techniques are revolutionizing implant creation, offering customized solutions for patients suffering from metatarsophalangeal joint disorders caused by a wide range of diseases. These results have significant implications for disability management and rehabilitation, encouraging further exploration and progress.

We present an investigation on the fracture of a mold, comparing it with a normal part using specific techniques, such as EDX, SEM, and AES. The EDX analysis revealed that the composition of the normal part was consistent with that of low carbon steel, mainly comprising Fe and C. In contrast, the fractured part exhibited cracks due to nonconforming nonmetallic inclusions and reticular carbides, with fractures resulting from microporosity agglomeration and cleavage fracture. The SEM and AES analyses further presented the causes of mold fracture, highlighting the mechanism by which dimples on the specimen edge contributed to the fracture. The EDX analysis confirmed that the mold experienced thermal brittleness during use. To enhance mold durability and extend its lifespan, a double-pulse electrodeposition method was employed to create a NiCo alloy coating as a replacement for the Cr layer on the metal surface. The coating exhibited a smooth and scratch-free surface. The prepared NiCo special coating significantly increased the mold yield strength by approximately 313.8%, facilitated a 13% increase in plastic deformation, and reduced fracture strain by 25%, effectively preventing mold fracture and 3improving its service life.

The cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is an exotic tropical fruit of great national and international importance due to its nutritional, and organoleptic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate different postharvest treatments: Coating, Vacuum Impregnation, and Immersion, on the conservation of some quality characteristics of cape gooseberry fruit. Moreover, different conditions of the selected treatment were studied. The weight loss was assessed with gravimetric analysis for fresh and treated fruits. Firmness was determined by instrumental texture. The sensory analysis was conducted using a multidimensional profile approach. Of the treatments evaluated, the lowest weight loss was recorded with the use of coating and immersion. However, the immersion process resulted in the product with the highest overall quality according to the sensory analysis and presented the most appropriate texture according to the firmness values. Finally, in the evaluation of immersion, a significant influence of the CaCl2 immersion time (p<0.05) on the firmness values of the product was found, resulting in longer times leading to less firm products. Considering 10% as a commercial standard limit for weight loss, the fruit treated under immersion and coating processes can be stored for at least 12 days. The immersion process is highlighted because it improved the sensory characteristics with respect to the control (without treatment). Thus, it process gives added value to the fruit and is presented as a promising alternative for the postharvest treatment of cape gooseberries.

Strontium (Sr) is a trace element in human body that able to promote bone formation and inhibit bone absorption. The conversion coating of strontium phosphate (Sr-P) on the surface of titanium (Ti) can improve its biological properties, and has a wide application prospect in the fields of dentistry and orthopedics. In this present study, Sr-P coatings with SrHPO4 and Sr3(PO4)2 crystals on Ti are prepared by phosphate chemical conversion (PCC) treatment. And the effect of pH on the properties of Sr-P coatings is researched. The results prove that phase composition, morphology and corrosion resistance of coated Ti are different with the pH values in PCC solution. The morphologies of conversion deposition on Ti change from plat-like to cluster-like, and then homogeneous microcrystals, as pH value changed from 2.50 to 3.25. Only discrete SrHPO4 crystals are generating on substrate at lower pH value, while relative stable Sr3(PO4)2 and SrHPO4 crystals are growing and subsequently forming an integrated coating on Ti as pH is higher than 2.50. The corrosion resistance of coated Ti improves comparing with that of bare Ti because of forming Sr-P coatings with Sr3(PO4)2 phase. In addition, it is indicated that the Sr-P coatings can improve the adhesion and differentiation of BMSCs.

In this study, Ni50Ti50 powder was coated on the surface of graphite substrate (C) by plasma spraying process using a radio frequency inductively coupled plasma reactor. The coating was carried out by using 12- and 9-kW power under Ar atmosphere. The cross-section of coating layers and the surface were examined with SEM, EDX, XRD analysis and microhardness test. The thickness and quality of the coating increased with input power. Many pores were detected in the cross-sectional surface areas. Higher input power caused a better coating layer in NiTi alloy. The hardness of the coating layer decreases with higher input power.

Organic Coatings have potential applications in the prevention of metal corrosion in an aqueous solution. The protective effect of SEBS coated copper corrosion in NaCl 3% solution was investigated by using electrochemical methods. The main objective of this work is to find the optimal conditions of the protocol immersion to evaluate the effects of SEBS ratio and two-immersion time on the anticorrosive behaviour of copper in 3 wt % NaCl solution in order to determine the best conditions to produce a protective SEBS film on the copper surface. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used as an optimization method. The study’s findings show the combination of three environmental factors that minimize corrosion rate. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) is working perfectly for the statistical significance of the model (ANOVA test). This analysis calculates the contribution value of each parameter in changing the value of the corrosion rate (CR) in not only individual but also synergistic cases. The optimized parameters were found to be a 2.17% of SEBS ratio, 20 min of immersion 1, and 21 min of immersion 2. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests confirmed the results.

Advanced Nano structural hard coatings are thin materials films that range in thickness from a few nanometers to a few micrometers and are applied to different surfaces to increase their hardness and wear resistance. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods are frequently used to deposit these coatings. These coating’s distinctive characteristics result from their microstructure, which is made up of material columns or grains with a diameter of only a few nanometers. Increased hardness, higher wear resistance, and improved tribological properties result from these short dimensions. In applications with significant wear and/or high contact pressures, such as cutting tools, bearings, and engine parts, the usage of sophisticated Nano structural hard coatings is crucial. Advanced Nano structural hard coatings include, 1. Amorphous carbon coatings with high hardness, low friction, and exceptional wear resistance are known as diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. DLC coatings are frequently used in a variety of industries, including the automotive, aerospace, and biomedical ones. 2. Coatings made of titanium nitride (TiN): These metallic coatings have high hardness and wear resistance. Cutting tool, machining, and aerospace industries frequently use TiN coatings. 3. Chromium nitride (CrN) coatings: These coatings have great corrosion resistance, good wear resistance, and high hardness. Cutting tools, gears, and bearings are just a few of the objects that use CrN coatings. 4. Tungsten carbide (WC) coatings: These coatings, which have a high degree of hardness and wear resistance, are frequently employed in cutting tools and other applications that require wear resistance. Advanced Nano structural hard coatings provide many advantages over conventional coatings, including better hardness, increased wear resistance, and improved tribological qualities. The automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries are just a few that could use these coatings. In this paper the author will explain about the design synthesis and applications of advanced Nano structural hard coating in aerospace and automotive applications.

Biocidal compositions based on interpolyelectrolyte complexes and a low molecular weight antibiotic can become a promising material for creating biocidal coatings, as they combine wash-off resistance and dual biocidal action due to the biocide and the polycation. Molecular mass characteristics of polymers play essential role in physics and mechanical properties of the coatings. In this work, the properties of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) coatings of various molecular weights are investigated and assumptions are made about the optimal molecular weight needed to create antibacterial compositions. To study the resistance to washing off and moisture saturation of the coatings, the gravimetric method was used, the adhesive properties of the coatings were studied by dynamometry. It has been established that an increase in molecular weight affects the wash-off resistance of coatings, but does not affect moisture absorption and adhesion mechanics of coatings. All samples of PDADMAC were demonstrated to exhibit the same antibacterial activity. Thus, when developing systems for creating antibacterial coatings, it must be taken into account that in order to create stable coatings. The requirement to use PDADMAC with a high degree of polymerization is necessary for control the desorption of coating during wash off-but not mandatory for the control of mechanical and antibacterial properties of the coating.

Millions of people use public transportation daily worldwide and frequently touch surfaces, thereby producing a reservoir of microorganisms on surfaces increasing the risk of transmission. Constant occupation makes sufficient cleaning difficult to achieve. Thus, an autonomous, perma-nent antimicrobial coating (AMC) could keep down the microbial burden on such surfaces. A photodynamic AMC was applied to frequently touched surfaces in buses. The microbial burden (colony forming units, cfu) was determined weekly and compared to equivalent surfaces in buses without AMC (references). The microbial burden ranged from 0 – 209 cfu/cm² on references and from 0 – 54 cfu/cm² on AMC. The means were 13.4 ± 29.6 cfu/cm² on references and 4.5 ± 8.4 cfu/cm² on AMC (p<0.001). The difference of microbial burden on AMC and references was al-most constant throughout the study. Considering a hygiene benchmark of 5 cfu/cm², the data yield an absolute risk reduction of 22.6 % and a relative risk reduction of 50.7 %. In conclusion, photo-dynamic AMC kept down the microbial burden, reducing the risk of transmission of microor-ganisms. AMC permanently and autonomously contributes to hygienic conditions on surfaces in public transportation. Photodynamic AMC therefore are suitable for reducing the microbial load and closing hygiene gaps in public transportation.

Background: Mucoadhesive polymers represent a major part of site-specific and localized retention strategies in oral drug delivery. Present research was designed to synthesize and characterize a novel mucoadhesive carbohydrate polymer (thiolated gum ghatti; TGG) which was further employed to fabricate mucoadhesive tablets of domperidone using an industrially viable compression coating technique. Methods: Thiolation of gum ghatti was achieved by the ester formation (esterification) between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group of gum ghatti and thioglycolic acid. Results: TGG was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM and DSC techniques. In rheological studies, the observed viscosities of pure gum-mucin were 45.45 and 71.75 mPas and that of thiolated gum were 78.7 and 112.58 mPas respectively in water and simulated gastric fluid. Signifi-cant increase in viscosity for thiolated gum may be attributed to increased macromolecular interactions responsible for enhanced mucoadhesive potential of thiolated gum. In-silico studies corroborate the role of mucin gum interaction and energetic stabilization for en-hanced mucoadhesion properties of thiolated gum. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion strength of gum ghatti and thiolated gum ghatti coated tablets was found to be ranging between 4.67± 0.79 to 8.99± 0.75 g and 11.76± 1.34 to 18.83± 2.07 g respectively. Conclusion: Thiolated gum ghatti may be regarded as a promising polymer for developing different mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.

In order to develop waterborne silicate anticorrosive coatings to replace solvent-based anticorrosive coatings used widely in ship’s industry, epoxy modified silicate emulsions were synthesized with different content of epoxy resin, then aqueous silicate zinc-rich coatings were prepared with synthesized silicate emulsion, triethylamine and zinc powder. The influence of the content of epoxy on the properties and chemical structure of modified emulsion, mechanical properties of silicate coatings, and the corrosion behavior of silicate zinc-rich coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution were investigated. The coating samples on steel were measured by immersion test, Tafel polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test with different immersion time. The results showed that epoxy modified silicate emulsions were successfully synthesized. With the increase of epoxy content, the viscosity and the solid content of modified emulsion increases, the impact resistance of the silicate coating raises, the pencil hardness decreases, but the adhesion is not affected. Epoxy modification can reduce to s certain extent the corrosion driving force of zinc rich coating and increase the impedance of the zinc-rich coating decreases with the increase of immersion time in 3.5% NaCl solution. With the increase of the epoxy content, the resistance value of the zinc-rich coating increases, indicating the ability of the coating to resist corrosive media is enhanced.

The concept of friction damper is widespread technique and used to reduce the structural vibrations in many industrial applications. These friction dampers are generally coated with low wear rate materials to reduce the fretting wear. This paper investigates the use of physical vapor deposition (PVD) nitride based AlTiN coating material applied over the stainless steel friction damper to enhance the damping capacity and to reduce the fretting wear. A friction test rig has been developed to measure the dynamic hysteresis characteristics of friction damper at high temperature (700 °C). The damping capacity and fretting wear analysis is carried out at room temperature, 300 °C and 600 °C. The force versus displacment characterisitcs curve is used to predict the damping capacity and fretting wear analysis is carried out at microscopic level for the comparision. It is observed that at room temperature AlTiN coated friction damper has not much influence to improve the damping capacity and to reduce the fretting-wear. However, at high temperature it has better damping capacity and less wear in comparision to uncoated friction damper. Wear behaviour in coated and uncoated damper is different at room temperature and at elevated temperature.

Background/Aim: There is continuing interest in engineering esthetic labial archwires. The aim of this study was to coat nickel-titanium (NiTi) and beta-titanium (β-Ti), also known as titanium molybdenum (TMA), archwires by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and to analyze the characteristics of the PEO-surfaces. Materials and Methods: PEO-coatings were generated on 0.014-inch NiTi and 0.19x0.25-inch β-Ti archwires. The surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and stereomicroscopy. Cytocombability testing was performed with ceramized and untreated samples according to EN ISO 10993-5 in XTT-, BrdU- and LDH-assays. The direct cell impact was analyzed using LIVE-/DEAD-staining. In addition, the archwires were inserted in an orthodontic model and photographs were taken before and after insertion. Results: The PEO coatings were 15 to 20 µm thick and esthetically pleasing. The cytocompatibility analysis revealed good cytocompatibility results for both ceramized NiTi and β-Ti archwires. In the direct cell tests, the ceramized samples showed improved compatibility as compared to those of uncoated samples. However, bending of the archwires resulted in loss of the PEO-surfaces. Nevertheless, it was possible to insert the β-Ti PEO-coated archwire in an orthodontic model without loss of the PEO-ceramic. Conclusion: PEO is a promising technique for the generation of esthetic orthodontic archwires. Since the PEO-coating does not resist bending, its clinical use seems to be limited so far to orthodontic techniques using straight or pre-bended archwires.

The present study aims at deposition of zinc phosphate coatings with the incorporation of nano Titanium dioxide particles by chemical phosphating method. Zinc phosphate coatings were developed on low carbon steel by using nano TiO2 in the standard phosphating bath. The Coated low carbon steel samples were assessed for corrosion studies using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation techniques in 3.5% NaCl solution. Chemical composition of the coatings was analysed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Significant variations in the coating weight, porosity and corrosion resistance were observed with the addition of nano TiO2 in the phosphating bath. Corrosion rate of nano TiO2 incorporated chemical phosphate coated samples was found to be 3.5 mpy which was 4 times less than the bare uncoated low carbon steel (~14 mpy). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revels in the reduction of porosity in nano TiO2 phosphate coated samples. It was found that nano TiO2 particles in the phosphating solution yielded phosphate coatings of higher coating weight, greater surface coverage and enhanced corrosion resistance than the normal zinc phosphate coatings (developed using normal phosphating bath).

The severe volumetric expansion of silicon nanoparticles (~400 %) limits their practical application as an anode material for next-generation lithium–ion battery (LIB). Here, we describe the fabrication and characterization of conformal polydopamine carbon shell encapsulating rattle-type silica@silicon nanoparticles (PDA−PEI@PVP−SiO2@Si) with tunable void structure prepared following a dual SiO2 template using (3–aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as a self-catalytic, structure-directing agent to tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) pretreated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) via modified Stöber process. Polyethylene imine (PEI) crosslinking facilitated the construction of interconnected three-dimensional bubble wrap-like carbon matrix structure through hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and subsequent surface-protected etching. The composite anode material delivered 539 mAh·g−1 capacity after 100 cycles at 0.1 A·g−1, and 453 mAh·g−1 rate performance at 5 A·g−1. The satisfactory electrochemical performance of the PDA−PEI@PVP−SiO2@Si was attributed to the following: the rattle-type structure providing void space for Si volume expansion, PVP K30-pretreated APTES/TEOS SiO2 seeds via catalyst-free, hydrothermal-assisted Stöber protecting Si/C spheres upon etching, carbon coating strategy increasing Si conductivity while stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and PEI carbon crosslinks providing continuous conductive pathways across the electrode structure. The present work realizes a promising strategy to synthesize the tunable yolk–shell C@void@Si composite anode materials for high power/energy-density LIB applications.

The present study aimed to characterize the microstructure of a temporary 3D printing resin (Resilab Temp), evaluating the optical properties and mechanical behavior according to different post-processing curing times. For the analysis of the surface microstructure and establishment of the best printing pattern, samples in bar format following ISO 4049 (25 x 10 x 3 mm) were designed in CAD software (Rhinoceros 6.0), printed on the W3D printer (Wilcos), and light-cured in Anycubic Photon at different times (without curing, 16 minutes, 32 minutes, and 1 hour). For the structural characterization, analyses were carried out in FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical behavior of the resin was based on flexural strength tests and Knoop microhardness. Color and translucency analysis were performed with a spectrophotometer (VITA Easy Shade Advanced 4.0), which was evaluated following CIELab, using gray, black, and white backgrounds. All analyses were performed immediately after making the samples and repeated after thermal aging with 2 thousand cycles (5-55 °C). The results obtained were statistically analyzed with a significance level of 5%. FT-IR analysis showed about a 46% degree of conversion on the surface and 37% in the center of the resin sample. The flexural strength was higher for the groups polymerized for 32 min and 1h, while the Knoop microhardness did not show a statistical difference between the groups. Color and translucency analysis also did not show statistical differences between groups. According to all the analyses carried out in this study, for the evaluated material, the post-polymerization time of 1 hour can be suggested to improve the mechanical performance of 3D-printed devices.

In recent years, Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, has garnered the attention of the scientific community due to its capacity to transform ordinary and traditional items into customized materials at an affordable cost, through various AM processes. Antimicrobial/antibiofilm 3D printed materials are one of the most trending research topics, owing to the growing concerns over the emergence of complex microbial structures called "biofilms" on various surfaces. The review provides an overview of the evolution of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and their various derivatives, along with a brief description of their materials and applications. It also introduces how biofilms can represent an advantageous lifestyle for microbial populations. The primary objective of this research was to conduct a systematic review on the development of planctonic or biofilm forms of microorganisms on 3D printed materials. The article summarizes commonly studied microorganisms on these materials and presents their 3D printing process, materials, as well as the fields covered by each of the analyzed papers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first all-inclusive systematic review that amalgamated research conducted in diverse fields to assess the development of biofilms on surfaces produced through three-dimensional printing. Most notably, this review presents a comprehensive account of sustainable approaches for producing antimicrobial materials through 3D printing. Additionally, we assess their advancements in various fields such as medicine, environment, agri-food, and other relevant sectors. The findings of our literature review can be used to recommend appropriate microorganisms, 3D printing materials, and technologies for academic and industrial research purposes focusing on the development of microbial biofilms on 3D printed surfaces. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of environmentally-friendly modified AM technologies to combat biofilms in clinical and non-clinical areas. Our goal with this review is to help readers gain a better understanding of fundamental concepts, inspire new researchers, and provide valuable insights for future empirical studies focused on eradicating biofilms from 3D printed materials.

The reduction in rheological parameters and dissolution rate of precursors in geopolymer coatings during early hydration significantly contributes to sagging. This study aims to improve the sag resistance of these coatings by incorporating diatomite filler. Rheological testing was conducted to assess the impact of diatomite and its concentration on yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy of the geopolymer coatings. The results indicated that diatomite's large specific surface area and high reactivity have a significant influence on the rheological parameters and early dissolution rate of precursors. With a diatomite concentration of 1.1%, the coating exhibited a yield stress of 2.749 Pa and a plastic viscosity of 0.921 Pa·s, maintaining stability, homogeneity, and no sagging at a thickness of 600 μm. Furthermore, the highly active SiO2 in diatomite participates in the secondary hydration reaction of the geopolymer materials, leading to the formation of substantial C-(A)-S-H gel. This gel enhances internal interconnectivity within the coating, thereby improving its rheological and mechanical properties.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the circadian rhythms of tongue features according to the effects of physiological phases over a 24-hour period. (2) Methods: Fifteen healthy participants aged 20 to 69 years were recruited. The participants did not have current chronic diseases or past diseases and had to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants stayed at the Gil Hospital for a duration of 2 nights and 3 days. On the first day, at 18:00, they consumed their allocated portions of food and water and then completed a questionnaire. At approximately 21:00, their tongue images were acquired using a computerized tongue image acquisition system, following which they slept for 8 hours, commencing at 23:00. Measurements were taken from 07:00 through 21:00 on the second day, and the final acquisition was taken at 07:00 on the following morning, resulting in a total of eight images. The circadian rhythm was authenticated and quantified utilizing the single cosinor analysis, a technique for periodic regression analysis for fitting a 24-hour cosine curve. (3) Results: Cosinor analysis revealed that all tongue features were significantly related to circadian rhythm. (4) Conclusions: The results of this study may be important for considering the time of day at which the tongue is observed and tongue status is evaluated.

A new sustainable polypropylene terephthalate (PPT) coating was synthesized from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and applied on hydraulic concrete substrate to improve its durability. First step, PET bottles wastes were grinded and depolymerized by glycolysis using propylene glycol (PG), in a Vessel-type reactor (20–180 °C) to synthesize bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-terephthalate (BHPT), which was applied as coating to one-three layers on hydraulic concrete substrate, by brushing technique and polymerized (150 °C for 15 h) to obtain PPT. PET, BHPT and PPT were characterized by FT-IR, PET and PPT by TGA, and the PPT coatings by SEM (thickness), by ASTM-D3359-17 (adhesion) and by water contact angle (wettability). The durability of hydraulic concrete coated with PPT was studied by resist chloride ion penetration (ASTM-C1202-17), carbonation depth at 28 days (RILEM-CPC-18), and absorption water ratio (ASTM-C1585-20). The results demonstrated that the BHPT and PPT were synthetized (FT-IR), PPT had a similar thermal behaviour to PET (TGA); the PPT coatings had good adhesion to the substrate, with thicknesses of micrometric units; hydrophilic (similar to PET coatings), and the durability of hydraulic concrete coated with PPT (2-3 layers) improved (migration of chloride ions decreased, carbonation depth was negligible, and the absorption water ratio decreased).

Laser heat treatment is applied after coating. Evaluation of the results was performed by studying the microstructures by metallographic, SEM/EDX microscopy and the mechanical properties were obtained by microscopic hardness and abrasion resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of laser heat treatment on the wear resistance of metal coatings. The results show the influence of the microstructure and chemical composition of the electrodes used on the micro-hardness and wear resistance of the metal coatings.

A detailed structural investigation of a promising bio-based polymer, polyglycerol citrate poly-ester, obtained by bulk polycondensation of glycerol (Gly) against citric acid (Cit) under mild reaction was performed. This polymer was suggested to be well suited for coating seeds or similar agricultural applications. The reaction in conditions with and without catalyst use (sulfuric acid, H2SO4) was investigated, showing evidence that it is possible to modify the polymer solubility according to the ratio and catalyst utilization. 13C and 1H NMR indicated that synthesis catalyzed with Cit excess leads to higher esterification degrees of citrates groups. In contrast, the Gly moi-eties are more prominent in catalyzed polymers regardless of the excess monomers. Overall, a successful conversion of Gly and Cit into polyesters was attained, even without catalysis, enabling a simple route for large-scale production of this green material to be used as coating material. Tests on soybean seed coating with a PGCit solution of 75% indicated that the seed quality and ger-mination rate was not affected by PGCit coating, concluding that this polymer is promising for this application.

In order to further reduce the emissivity of the hydrophobic low infrared emissivity composite coating and improve the mechanical properties of the coating, the dispersant, adhesion enhancer, and defoamer were used to improve the dispersion state of the fillers, the interface structure, and the surface state of the hydrogen silicone oil modified polyurethane/Al composite coating. The effects of dispersant, adhesion enhancer, and defoamer on the micro-structure, emissivity, glossiness, hydrophobic property, and mechanical properties of the coating were systematically studied. The results show that the polycarboxylate anionic dispersant can obviously improve the dispersion state of flake Al powder and nano-SiO2 in the coating, so that the infrared emissivity of the coating can be reduced, and the coating can have higher hydrophobic and mechanical properties. The bonding strength between the resin matrix and the metal substrate of the coating can be significantly improved by the adhesion enhancer through the bridging action, so that the adhesion strength and impact strength of the coating can be significantly improved. The defoamer can significantly reduce the pores in the coating, so that the surface state of the coating can be significantly improved, and the mechanical properties of the coating can be significantly improved. The coating has the best emissivity (0.527), glossiness (4.3), adhesion strength (grade 1), impact strength (40 kg.cm), and hydrophobic property (water contact angle (WCA) is 140o) when the amount of dispersant, adhesion enhancer, and defoamer is 5 wt%, 4 wt%, and 1 wt%, respectively.

In the present study, a nanostructured FeAl coating was prepared by cold spraying of ball milled powder. Annealing treatment was applied to the coating to investigate its effect on the microstructure, phase structure and microhardness of the cold-sprayed nanostructured FeAl coating. The results showed that the FeAl phase was kept unchangeable when the coating annealed at the temperature above 500oC. Annealing temperature significantly influenced the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed FeAl coating. With raising annealing temperature, the lamellar structure in the as-sprayed coating disappeared and a dense coating microstructure with fully bonding of deposited particles at their interfaces was achieved after annealing at 950oC. Nanograin growth of the FeAl phase occurred at an annealing temperature higher than 800oC. The microhardness of cold-sprayed FeAl coating remained about 400 Hv0.1 at the annealing temperature below 800oC and decreased to 300 Hv0.1 at 1100oC.

In this paper, applicability of the modified water-based yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) suspensions, including different dispersants, to produce plasma sprayed coatings with “columnar microstructure” is investigated. The effects of processing parameters like suspension liquid phase ethanol content, change of substrate roughness, and spray distance on the resulting coatings morphologies are investigated. The results showed that increasing ethanol concentration, substrate surface roughness, and the spray distance promote formation of coatings with columnar structure. Moreover, application of modified water-based suspensions including α-Terpineol dispersant has led to deposition of columnar coatings with comparable morphologies of coatings deposited from ethanol-based suspensions.

Peri-implantitis occurs at a significant rate, which is the leading cause of implant failure. The main reason for this unwanted complication is bacterial invasion and biofilm formation. To reduce the incidence of peri-implantitis, we constructed a carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) based nanomicelles antibacterial coating on microarc-oxidized titanium (MAO-Ti) surface. After cross-linking, the drug-loaded nanomicelles were spherical with a particle size of 130nm and uniformly dispersed. Zeta potential was negative, and the absolute value was greater than 10 mV, effectively avoiding micelles aggregation. It was observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) that the stability of nanomicelles was significantly improved after cross-linking. The hemolysis rate of micelles was less than 5%, and the overall survival rate of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was more than 90%. After being coated on MAO-Ti surface, the cumulative drug release rate of drug-loaded nanomicelles reached 86.6% after 360 hours. Fluorescence staining of immobilized bacteria showed more dead bacteria on the coating surface, and the number of live bacteria was significantly reduced. It was concluded that dextran-based nanomicelles, which showed long-term drug release properties and excellent biocompatibility, are potential drug carriers for fabricating antibacterial coating on titanium surfaces.

Metallic thin-film materials and nanoparticles (mainly Silver (Ag)-based) are recently being used in many nano-technological applications including sensors, reflective heat-mirror coatings, and antibacterial coatings as well. The physical vapor deposition technique attracts significant attention for Ag-based nanocomposites with tailoring the structural and optical properties of metallic thin films thus allowing further improvements and application possibilities in various existing fields namely electronics, catalysis, magnetics, optics in alongside the environment and health and new emergent fields in, particularly thin-film coatings. This study highlights the preparation, characterization, properties, and possible future application directions of several types of Silver (Ag)-based nanocomposite thin films prepared by using physical vapor deposition techniques.

A phosphate/molybdate and cerium-modified phosphate/molybdate conversion coatings were deposited on a carbon steel surface and their protective and self-healing abilities were evaluated. Surface morphology and inner structure of the coatings were examined using FE-SEM-FIB and TEM techniques, chemical composition and element distribution depth profiles in conversion layers were determined using EDX measurements, whereas XPS was applied for the analysis of Mo and Ce oxidation states. Voltammetric measurements and EIS were performed to assess the corrosion behavior of the samples. The higher protective and stronger self-healing abilities were found for phosphate/molybdate/cerium conversion coating deposited in a sulphate-containing solution. This was attributed to higher values of both: total cerium and Ce(IV) content in the conversion layer as well as to lower number of structural defects in the coating. It was demonstrated that the micro-structural characteristics of protective coatings are also important in determining self-healing abilities.

This research was conducted to manufacture thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) for vehicles’ underbody coating and to apply them on an industrial scale. TEMs heat resistance was studied depending on the ratios of a cross-linking agent and an initiator. This research focused on the content of a cross-linking agent and how it affected the results. The TEMs’ outer shell was thickened to solve the problem of the foam expansion ratio’s reduction that occurred due to the shrinkage after the maximum expansion (Tmax) was reached. After foaming, the cross-sectional thickness and surface of the sample with thickened outer shell were observed. The TEMs with the thickened shell showed the least shrinkage, which indicated excellent shrinkage stability, even after prolonged exposure to heat.

Electrochemical impedance (EI) measurements were performed to evaluate the nylon 66/-tetra-(para-aminophenyl) porphyrin (H₂T(p-NH₂)PP)/graphene oxide (GO) film coating on stainless steel and compared to the nylon/H₂T(p-NH₂)PP and nylon/GO film samples using 1M H₂SO₄ as electrolyte. The nylon/H₂T(p-NH₂)PP and nylon/GO composite films showed high electrochemical impedance in the order of 109 ohm-cm² and a system controlled by mass transfer, product of a diffusion process at low frequencies with a resistance up to 5 orders of magnitude, indicating the diffusion of protons through the coating and a decrease in the metal dissolution. Otherwise, the nylon/H₂T(p-NH₂)PP/GO film compound evaluated show good ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability in the acid environment, acting porphyrin as a catalyst to the passage of protons through the film, reducing its electrochemical impedance up to 7 orders of magnitude with respect to the compounds nylon/H₂T(p-NH₂)PP and nylon/GO. Likewise, good capacitance values are also shown by modifying the concentrations of porphyrin and GO reinforcing materials. These properties are important for technological applications, such as anticorrosion coating for bipolar plates or membrane in a fuel cell type PEM, super-capacitors, etc.

One method of creating a brass coating is through electrodeposition, which is most often completed in cyanide galvanic baths. Because of the toxicity of cyanides, many are working on the development of cyanide-free baths, which are promising but not satisfactory to replace the classic methods. The purpose of the study was to explore a new generation of non-aqueous cyanide-free baths based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids. The study involved the formation of copper, zinc, and brass coatings. The influence of the bath composition, cathodic current density, and temperature was determined. The obtained coatings were characterized by their morphology, chemical composition, roughness, and corrosion resistance. It was found that the structure of the obtained coatings is strongly dependent on the process parameters. The three main structures observed were fine-grained, porous, and olive-like. To the best knowledge of the authors, it is the first time the olive-like structure was observed in the case of an electrodeposited coating. The Cu-Zn coatings consisted of 19–96 at.% copper and exhibited relatively strong corrosion resistance. High improvement of corrosion properties was found in the case of copper and brass coatings with an olive-like structure.

This research discusses the development of a software-centered EdTech (Education Technology) class model through the implementation of a course titled "3D Time Machine" at a 4-year university in Republic of Korea over two semesters. The course focused on teaching 3D modeling software, Blender, within the history department. The primary objective of offering this course was to equip students from the digital generation with the capability to manipulate digital technology effectively. Through studying historical materials and accumulating domain knowledge, students could construct their narratives from their unique perspectives. This aimed to foster their proficiency in digital technology operation, preparing them for an education environment increasingly centered around virtual worlds. As the use of virtual worlds gains prominence in educational settings, there is a growing need to incorporate curricula that prepare students to thrive as well-prepared citizens in future societies. Assessing the digital competencies of contemporary university students and designing instructional models with particular attention to their needs is becoming increasingly important. This research draws insights from interviews, conducted in both face-to-face and written formats, with students who participated in the "3D Time Machine" course. The interviews revealed valuable insights that can be actively incorporated into the development of software-centered EdTech instructional models. They reported that they expanded their perceptions as they learned how to make their ideas tangible. The course helped students overcome their fear of digital technology. In conclusion, the course effectively employs 3D modeling technology, a software-centered EdTech, as a core element in helping students develop their narratives rapidly and diversely, thereby playing a crucial role in their ability to articulate their unique perspectives.

Pure monocular 3D reconstruction is an ill-posed problem that has attracted the research community's interest due to the affordability and availability of RGB sensors. SLAM, VO, and SFM are disciplines formulated to solve the 3D reconstruction problem and estimate the camera’s ego-motion, so many methods have been proposed. However, most of these methods were not evaluated in large datasets, under various motion patterns, had not been tested under the same metrics, and most of them had not been evaluated following a taxonomy, making their comparison and selection difficult. In this research, we performed a comparison of ten publicly available SLAM and VO methods following a taxonomy, including one method for each category of the primary taxonomy, three machine learning-based methods, and two updates of the best methods, to identify the advantages and limitations of each category of the taxonomy and test if the addition of machine learning or the updates made on those methods improved them significantly. Thus, we evaluated each algorithm under the TUM-Mono benchmark and performed an inferential statistical analysis to identify significative differences through its metrics. Results determined that sparse-direct methods significantly outperformed the rest of the taxonomy, and fusing them with machine learning techniques significantly improves the performance of geometric-based methods from different perspectives.

Most common classifications for acetabular bone defects are based on radiographic two-dimension imaging, with low reliability and reproducibility. With the rise of modern processing techniques based on 3D modelling, methodologies for volumetric quantification of acetabular bone loss are available. Our study aims to describe a new methodology for quantitative assess-ment of acetabular defects, based on 3D modelling, focused on the surface analysis of the integrity of the main anatomical structures of the acetabulum represented by four corresponding sectors (posterior, superior, anterior, and medial). The defect entity is measured as the Area Increase Ra-tio (AIR) detected in all the sectors analyzed on three planes of view (frontal, sagittal and axial) compared to healthy hemipelvises. The analysis was performed on 3D-models from the CT-scan of six exemplary specimens with a unilateral pathological hemipelvis. AIR between the native and the pathological hemipelvis was calculated for each sector, for a total of 48 analysis (range, +0.93% - +171.35%). AIR of >50% were found in 22/48(45.8%) sectors and affected mostly the posterior, medial and superior sectors (20/22, 90.9%). Qualitative analysis showed consistency of the data with the morphological features of the defects. Further studies with larger samples are needed to validate the methodology and potentially develop a new classification scheme.

In the last 20 years, TADs have become one of the topics in orthodontic science, as it becomes one of the effective anchorages in moving teeth in a 3D movement to treat malocclusion and dental-alveolar orthopedic. Problems with the collusion of the roots of the teeth and trauma have hindered the use of these TADs; one of the solutions to keep TADs safe is a step-by-step innovation of procedure to make this anchorage concept using TAD safe. Making surgical guides for single-standing TADs is essential, and in practice, it is virtually possible with the advance of today's CAD/CAM and 3D printers. The content subject in the paper contains two parts: the consideration of why a surgical guide is necessary for the implantation of TADs and the making of the Surgical guide itself.

In this study, we designed a functional neuro-cardiac model to help us examine the role of neuronal regulation and confirm the importance of neural innervation techniques for cardiac tissue regeneration. A three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted neuro-cardiac scaffold composed of a mixture of gelatin-alginate and alginate-genipin-fibrin hydrogels was developed with a 2:1 ratio of AC16 cardiomyocytes (CMs) and retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells (NCs) respectively. A unique semi-3D bioprinting approach was adopted where the CMs were mixed in the cardiac bioink and printed using an anisotropic accordion design to mimic the physiological tissue architecture in vivo. The voids in this 3D structure were methodically filled in using a NCs-gel mixture and cross-linked. Confocal fluorescent imaging using Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) antibodies for labeling NCs, and the MyoD1 antibody for CMs revealed functional coupling between the two cell types in the final cross-linked structure. This data confirmed the development of a physiologically functional neuro-cardiac model that can be used to study neuro-cardiac modulation under physiological and pathological conditions.

In recent years, with the development of social media, people are more and more inclined to upload text, pictures and videos on the platform to express their personal emotions, thus the number of short videos is increasing and becoming the first choice for people to socialize. Unlike the traditional way, people can convey their personal emotions and opinions through media other than words, such as video images, etc. for external information. Therefore, the expression and analysis of emotions is not only through text, but also through the analysis of emotional needs in images and videos, and the research scholars have customized products for individual users. Compared with pure text content, video information can more intuitively express users' happiness, anger and sorrow, thus short video-related applications have gained more and more popularity among Internet users in recent years. However, not all short videos on social networking sites can accurately express users' emotions, and related text information can more accurately assist sentiment analysis and thus improve accuracy. However, short video sentiment analysis based on video frame images is inaccurate in some scenarios, such as when expressing tears of joy, the sentiment expressed by the user's facial expression and voice are different, which will cause errors in the analysis of sentiment. As a result, researchers began to consider multimodal sentiment analysis to reduce the impact of the above scenarios on short video sentiment analysis. This paper focuses on proposing a sentiment analysis method for short videos. We first propose a residual attention model to make full use of the information in audio to classify the emotions contained in them. Then the text information in the dataset is classified by feature extraction. The key to extract features from text information is not only to retain the semantic information of the text, but also to explore the potential emotional information in the text, so as to ensure the integrity of the text information features. The experiments show that the sentiment analysis model proposed in this paper is more superior than the baselines.

An approach employing ultrafast laser hybrid subtractive-additive microfabrication combining ablation, 3D nanolithography and welding is proposed for the realization of Lab-On-Chip (LOC) device. Single amplified Yb:KGW fs-pulsed laser source is shown to be suitable for fabricating microgrooves in glass slabs, polymerization of fine-meshes filter out of hybrid organic-inorganic photopolymer SZ2080 inside them, and, lastly, sealing the whole chip with cover glass into a single monolithic piece. The created microfluidic device proved its particle sorting function by separating 1 μm and 10 μm polystyrene spheres in a mixture. All together, this shows that fs-laser microfabrication technology is a flexible and versatile tool for the manufacturing of mesoscale multi-material LOC devices.

Digital twins are gaining in popularity for simulating complex natural and urban environments. In this context, accurate segmentation of objects within 3D urban environments is of crucial importance. The aim of this project is to develop a methodology for extracting buildings from textured 3D meshes. To this end, PicassoNet-II, a semantic segmentation architecture is employed. The methodology also incorporates Markov field-based contextual analysis to assess post-segmentation features. In addition, building instantiation is performed using cluster analysis algorithms. Training this model to fit various datasets requires a large amount of annotated data, both from Quebec City, Canada, and from simulated data. Experimental results show that the use of simulated data improves segmentation accuracy, and the DBScan algorithm proves effective in extracting isolated buildings. This project paves the way for improved applications in 3D urban modeling, offering opportunities in fields ranging from urban planning to resource management. The positive results with simulated data reinforce the impact of this research on improving digital models of our ever-changing urban environments.

3D Zernike moments based on 3D Zernike polynomials have been successfully applied to the field of voxelized 3D shape retrieval and have attracted more attention in biomedical image processing. As the order of 3D Zernike moments increases, both computational efficiency and numerical accuracy decrease. Due to this phenomenon, a more efficient and stable method for computing high-order 3D Zernike moments was proposed in this study. The proposed recursive formula for computing 3D Zernike radial polynomials combines the recursive calculation of spherical harmonics to develop a voxel-based algorithm for the calculation of 3D Zernike moments. The algorithm was applied to the 3D shape Michelangelo's David with a size of 150×150×150 voxels. As compared to the method without additional acceleration, the proposed method uses a group action of order sixteen orthogonal group and saving unnecessary iterations, the factor of speed-up is 56.783±3.999 when the order of Zernike moments is between 10 and 450. The proposed method also obtained an accurate reconstructed shape with the error rate (normalized mean square error) of 0.00 (4.17×10^-3) when the reconstruction was computed for all moments up to order 450.

Due to the high temperature limitation associated with silicon, SiC, Si₃N₄, TiC, TiN, TiB₂, cBN, CNx, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and novel multicomponent nanocomposites polymer derived ceramics (PDC) based thin films like Si-C-N, Ti-Si-B-C-N and Si-O-CN that are compatible with silicon and have a wider range of operation in ambient conditions are being investigated. Apart from small scale electro-mechanical devices like N/MEMS, sensors, areas like metallurgical protection, water purification, energy storage, bio medical implants and aerospace have been benefited. The cross-sectional study involving the role of oxygen and nitrogen dissolution at different interfacial configurations has been presented.

CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy coatings were prepared on compacted graphite iron（CGI） through plasma cladding to strength the CGI substrate. The effects of heat treatment temperatures and times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the CoCrFeNiMn coatings were investigated. After heat treatment, a single FCC phase was remained in the coating as compared to the deposited one, with smaller dendrites, larger dendritic spacing and more Cr-rich compounds precipitated between dendrites. The coatings’ microhardness was increased after heat treatment. After heat treated at 660°C for 90 minutes, the coating had the highest microhardness of 563±6.9 HV0.2, the lowest frictional coefficient of 0.71 and the smallest wear mass loss of 1.12 mg, and it had the best wear resistance.

Tungsten carbide (WC) was well known as a wear-resistant material. Iron-based pow-der was suitable for remanufacturing of cast iron engine parts. To improve the wear resistance of the remanufactured iron-based cast iron engine parts, WC-Co was intro-duced into iron-based powders to prepare composite coatings for cast iron engine components. In this work, FeAlC-x(WC-Co) composite coatings were prepared by plasma transfer arc on compacted graphite cast iron. The influences of WC-Co con-tents in the Fe-AlC-x(WC-Co) composite coatings on the microstructure and properties of the composite coatings were investigated. The composite coatings contained γ-Fe, α-Fe, WC and Fe3W3C mainly. The microhardness of FeAlC-x(WC-Co) composite coatings had the highest hardness of 814 HV0.2, the-lowest coefficient of 0.5 and the lest wear mass loss of 1.3mg when the weight content of WC-Co in the composite coating was 20wt%. As compared with the FeAlC coating, FeAlC-x(WC-Co) composite coating achieved the effect of reducing friction and wear resistance simultaneously, which resulted from the self-lubricating effect of graphite and high wear-resistance of carbides in the claddings.

Electroluminescence (EL) is an innovative technology in the lighting area. The EL device's main structure consists of a phosphor layer sandwiched by two electrodes. In this work, several alternating current EL devices have been developed by applying a set of sequential layers with combinations of in-house prepared inks and commercially available ink as a phosphor layer. A flexible polyester textile substrate was functionalized with inks by spray coating technique, after knife-coated an interfacial layer directly on the surface. A thorough study was carried out on the phosphor layer composition to optimize the EL device performance, more precisely the illuminance intensity and the illuminance homogeneity. The developed phosphor layer was composed of zinc sulphide doped with copper (between 30.0 to 38.1 wt%) and diluted by using a diluent at different ratios (28.0 to 35.5 wt%). The best peak illuminance intensity of 61 lux was obtained when the phosphor ink presented 35.4% ZnS:Cu and was diluted with 33.0% diluent. The aim of this study to determine the best formulation of the phosphor layer, which can be highly promising for further developments of EL devices, taking in account different applications in market.

The (Ti, Nb)(C, B)/IN625 composite coating with both homogeneous and defect-free microstructure were successfully prepared by in situ on the surface of 42CrMo steel using the coupling of the ultra-high-speed laser cladding (EHLA in German) technology with the direct reaction synthesis (DRS) technology, and were comparatively analyzed with the IN625 coating prepared by the EHLA. The microstructure of the fused cladding layer was investigated by selected scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and double spherical aberration transmission electron microscopy (DSA-TEM). The residual stress distribution on both sides of the fused cladding interface was characterised by nanoindentation stress test based on the modified O&P method and the G&S energy method. The results show that the interface of (Ti, Nb)(C, B)/IN625 composite coatings is affected by about 670 kJ Joule heat released from the in-situ reaction, and the interfacial width reaches 24 μm, so that it is 6 times higher than that of IN625 coating prepared by EHLA, which effectively reduces the stress gradient in the interfacial region and alleviates the stress mismatch on both sides of the interface. However, the surface hardness of (Ti, Nb)(C, B)/IN625 composite coating is lower than that of the IN625 coating, with a value of about 240 HV0.2, and the average wear weight loss was only 10% of that of the IN625 coating, which is on the one hand attributed to the in-situ authigenic TiCB, TiC, NbMo3B4, and NbMo2B2 phases supporting the (Ti, Nb)(C, B)/IN625 composite coating substrate to achieve the abrasion reduction and wear resistance. On the other hand, it is attributed to the formation of nano-equiaxial ultrafine grains in the depth range of 250 nm below the wear surface area by the coupling of the three fields of plastic rheology-heat-force, which dynamically strengthens the wear surface.

Tablets are the most used solid dosage form in medical treatments. The realistic modeling 1 of such specific object shapes in computer simulations has been demonstrated already by the author 2 for bi-convex round tablets but needs to be extended for a wider range of tablet shapes. Moreover, 3 the number of tablets must be large enough to simulate industrial drum coaters, which are typically 4 used for film coating processes. Whilst this long lasting process where tablets flow continuously, 5 tablets are loaded by frequent changes of individual contacts. Using a tailored simulation tool named 6 pharmAssist , written for GPUs (modern massively parallel processors in graphics cards and HPC 7 accelerators), we implemented the widely used oblong tablet shape. We are able to simulate flows 8 involving industrial scale number of such tablets. Data mining allows for statistical analyzis of 9 pair-wise contacts of different geometric features. Our simulation results serves as an observation 10 space, which cannot be addressed by experimental analyzis and will help to avoid degradation of 11 tablets like chipping or other defect phenomena. This paper reflects current development work in 12 order to extend the DEM with a new shape class, which comprises the modelling of compacted or 13 extruded objects, which have a smooth exterior, a flat band and sharp contour edges

In recent years, there has been growing interest in thermal spray techniques using suspension or solution-based coatings. These techniques offer precise control over particle size and microstructure, improving feedstock flowability and allowing for high-quality coatings customization. Spray parameters, such as stand-off distance (SOD) and feedstock flow rate, can alter the performance and characteristics of these coatings. Geothermal power plant heat exchangers often face issues like corrosion, scaling, and fouling. These issues could be mitigated, at least in part, by the use of spray coatings. In this study, TiO2 coatings were applied to a carbon steel substrate using suspension plasma spray (SPS) to enhance the performance of geothermal heat exchanger materials. The impact of SOD (50, 75, and 100mm) and feedstock flow rate (10, 20, and 30 ml/min) on these coatings was examined through various techniques, including SEM, profilometry, XRD, and adhesion testing. The results demonstrated that coatings deposited using 10ml/min feedstock flow rate were well-adhered to the substrate due to efficient melting of coating material but as the SOD and feedstock flow rate increase due to poor thermal and kinetic energy exchange between the torch and feedstock particles, adhesion between coating and substrate decreases. smaller SODs led to more compact coatings, while higher feedstock flow rates increased coating porosity. Smaller SODs and lower flow rates resulted in well-adhered coatings, offering valuable insights for advancing geothermal heat exchanger coatings.

The process of Thermal spray is effective for creating a metal matrix composite (MMC) by embedding zirconium diboride reinforcement into a molybdenum matrix. This allows for the combination of beneficial properties in a new composite, as both materials have a high The materials Mo and ZrB2 possess different characteristics. For example, Mo has a melting point of 2622 ◦C while ZrB2 has a higher melting point of 3246 ◦C. Additionally, Mo has a high thermal conductivity of 139 W/m◦C compared to ZrB2's thermal conductivity of 24 W/m◦C. However, both materials have good thermal shock resistance, and Mo has a low coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.35 µm/m◦C while ZrB2 has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.8 × 10−6 K−1., as well as the ability to maintain strength at elevated temperatures and stability in extreme environments. The study focused on creating Mo/Zrb2 composites using a thermal spray coating technique, varying the parameters of spraying distance, number of passes, and gas pressure, and testing the resulting castings to evaluate their hardness and Young's Modulus. The primary objective of the research was to use the Taguchi technique for identifying the optimal parameters for generating the highest Young's Modulus and hardness for the castings. The Taguchi method integrates experimental and analytical principles to identify the most significant parameter affecting the response, which can significantly enhance overall performance. The study found that the optimal parameters were a spraying distance of 20 cm, gas pressure of 6 bar, and the number of passes of 18. The Taguchi method accurately predicted the parameters that produced the highest properties for the composite coatings, which demonstrated good surface formation without hot cracks and fewer pores, with well-formed metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate.

Microcrystalline and near nanocrystalline AlCrFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings were applied on Inconel 718 superalloy using air plasma spraying (APS) process. High-temperature oxidation behavior of the microcrystalline and near nanocrystalline AlCrFeCoNi HEA coated superalloy were examined at 110°C under the air atmosphere for 50 cycles under cyclic heating and cooling (1 h for each cycle). The oxidation kinetics of both nanocrystalline and microcrystalline coated superalloy was accordingly analyzed by weight change measurement. It was noticed that the uncoated and coated followed the parabolic rate law of the oxidation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and elemental mapping techniques were used to analyze the oxidized coated and uncoated samples. In the HEA coated superalloy, Fe, Ni, Co, and Al were oxidized in the inter-splat region, whereas the splats which consist mainly of Ni and Cr remained unoxidized. Because of the formation of compact and adhesive thin NiO, CoO oxides, and spinels together with the Al2O3 oxide scale on the surface of the coating during oxidation, the developed nanocrystalline HEA coating shows better oxidation resistance than the microcrystalline HEA coating.

In the present study, the corrosion resistance of amorphous coating and composite coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 10 wt.% NaOH solution were studied. The composite coatings exhibit superior corrosion resistance. When the content of AT13 （Al₂O₃–13 wt.% TiO₂）was 15 wt.%, the composite coating has the lowest corrosion current density (1.75×10^-6 A cm^-2), which is 5.14×10^-5 A cm^-2 for Fe-based metallic glassy coating, and the highest corrosion potential (-411 mV), which is -580 mV for Fe-based metallic glassy coating. The breakdown potential of the passivation film in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was much higher than that of 316L.The long-time immersion corrosion tests carried out on different coatings showed that the corrosion protection effect of coating was enhanced with the increase of the amount of AT13 added.

This research project focuses on the optimization of the hybrid energy system together with the assistance of thin-film coatings aiming to achieve self-sustainable food and crop storage facilities which will run effectively with its own generated energy. An infrastructure will be designed and constructed that will comprise a hybrid power generation system accompanied by thin-film coated semitransparent and non-transparent construction materials for energy saving. Thin-film low emissivity (Low-E) type coatings will assist the transparent or semitransparent construction materials to reflect most of the infrared (IR-mostly heat) and UV spectra of sunlight without interrupting the visible spectrum and will lead to saving energy consumption by reducing the heat and lighting during day time

The process of preparing anti-glare thin films by spray-coating silica sol-gel to soda-lime glass was exclusively and statistically studied in this paper. The effects of sol-gel deliver pressure, air transport pressure, and spray gun displacement speed on the gloss, haze, arithmetic mean surface roughness, and total transmittance light were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the factors of sol-gel deliver pressure, air transport pressure, and displacement speed exhibit significant effect on the haze, gloss, and Ra. In contrast, the variation of total transmittance light with these three factors are insignificant. Because the anti-glare property is predominantly determined by low gloss and high haze, therefore, we aim to minimize gloss and maximize haze to achieve high anti-glare. Central composite design and response rurface methodology are employed to analyze the main and interaction effects of the three factors through quadratic polynomial equations, which are confirmed by the analysis of variance and R². The response surface methodology predict the lowest gloss and highest haze are 9.2 GU and 57.0%, corresponding to the sol-gel deliver pressure, air-transport pressure, and displacement speed of 250 kPa, 560 kPa, and 140 mm/s, and 340 kPa, 620 kPa, and 20 mm/s, respectively. Comparing the predicted optimal data with the real experimental results validates the applicability of the mathematical model. This study provides an important basis for the subsequent production of anti-glare glass with different specifications to satisfy the market demand.

Synthesis of poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) and poly(o-phenylenediamine)-ZnO (PoPD-ZnO) nanocomposites on carbon steel by in-situ polymerization with HCl acid as doping acid Material coating. The composition and structure of PoPD-ZnO nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion protection ability of polymer coatings in 3.5% NaCl was studied by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It can be seen from the electrochemical corrosion experimental data that PoPD-WPU coating (PWC) and PoPD-ZnO-WPU coating (PZWC) can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel substrate, and the corrosion rate is reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared with carbon steel. The conclusion demontrates that PoPD can effectively extend the service life of carbon steel substrates. In addition, it is advantageous to form a compact and low-defect coating when added nano-particle ZnO, which is advantageous for the POPD film to develop its good barrier property and corrosion resistance.

Carbonous nanomaterials are promising additives for composite coatings for heat-dissipation materials because of their excellent thermal conductivity. Here, copper/carbonous nanomaterial composite coatings were prepared using nanodiamond (ND) as the carbonous nanomaterial. The copper/ND composite coatings were electrically deposited onto copper substrates from a continuously stirred copper sulfate coating bath containing NDs. NDs were dispersed by ultrasonic treatment, and the initial bath pH was adjusted by adding sodium hydroxide solution or sulfuric acid solution before electrodeposition. The effects of various coating conditions—the initial ND concentration, initial bath pH, stirring speed, electrical current density, and the amount of electricity—on the ND content of the coatings were investigated. Furthermore, the surface of the NDs was modified by hydrothermal treatment to improve ND incorporation. A higher initial ND concentration and a higher stirring speed increased the ND content of the coatings, whereas a higher initial bath pH and a greater amount of electricity decreased it. The electrical current density showed a minimum ND content at approximately 5 A/dm². Hydrothermal treatment, which introduced carboxyl groups onto the ND surface, improved the ND content of the coatings. A copper/ND composite coating with a maximum of 3.85 mass% ND was obtained.

An ultra-low anti-reflection optical coating on both surfaces of a plastic cover slip was studied for use in confocal image measurement. The optical reflectance at a wavelength of 632.8 nm was less than 0.1% when the coated sample was placed in a liquid having a refractive index of 1.34 close to the aqueous solution of the biomaterial. The high- and low-index coating films, Substance-2 (PrTiO3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), were measured by an ellipsometer to determine their optical refraction indices and extinction coefficients. Theoretically, when the two layer thicknesses are designed using the optical admittance diagram of the cover slip to approach the equivalent index of 1.34, a reflectance of 1.6×10-5% in the liquid could be obtained. Experimentally, the reflectance of the sample deposited on the two faces of the cover slip was 4.223±0.145% as measured in the air; and 0.050±0.002% as measured by a He-Ne laser in the liquid.

The aim of this paper is to develop a composite coating on St 304 steel employing TIG process. Ti wire cored with graphite powder is used as the means of coating material. The process parameters are varied in order to develop coating with optimum characteristics (i.e., hardness and wear resistance). The microstructure of the coating is analyzed with SEM and XRD. It is found that both of the hardness and wear resistance increase as the current increases while both of these properties decrease as the travelling speed increases. It is found that the coated samples with composite layers have more hardness than the substrate and it could range up to 1100 HV being almost 4.5 times higher than the hardness of St 304. Likewise, the wear resistance of coating is observed to be 4.5 times higher than that of substrate. The high performance of coating, as revealed by microstructural analysis, is due to formation of TiC and Cr₂₃C₆ .The optimum conditions to produce the coating are proposed to be 120 A current and 3.17 mm/s travel speed.

This paper aims to present the method of producing visual media for communicating the Asinara Island National Park plan. These products are landscape visualizations able to foster landscape preservation both from the point of view of the management of the landscape and of the citizen's involvement in the communication of the historical and environmental values of the landscape. Starting from landscape information gathering, the research has experimented with an operative method for processing different graphic representations from the same geographic database, calibrating the outputs to different audiences, their needs, objectives, and literacy skills. Three different types of products are presented: the first is a digital, dynamic and multisectoral decision-making GIS tool for park management. The second is a 3D model, aimed to the virtual fruition. The third is a map of the zoning park plan drawn to be easily readable to the non-expert public. This case study emerges as a replicable method to process the landscape information to make different visualization tools from a single geographic model, to meet the different requirements that arise from a complex landscape planning process.

New in vitro approaches for the assessment of their toxicity are crucial for creating better risk assessments given the growing use of nanoparticles (NPs) in the production of consumer goods. Humans will be exposed to nanoparticles through the inhalation route from contaminated aerosol. A promising method for evaluating the genotoxicity of NPs in vitro uses human airway epithelial cells. This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in morphology change of human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (HBTEC) cells responded to NPs in 2D and 3D spheroid models and to evaluate genotoxicity in 2D and 3D cultures after 24 hr exposure to TiO2-, Ag- and ZnO-NPs using the comet assay. Our 2D and 3D HBTEC cultures with TiO2-NPs did not show any statistically significant genotoxicity compared to controls for concentration points tested in vitro. HBTEC cells grown as 2D indicated that exposure to ZnO-NPs at low concentrations (10-50 ug/mL) for 24 hr did not cause any genotoxic effect but, at high concentrations, genotoxicity was observed. In contrast, treatment of 2D HBTEC with AgO-NPs led to an elevated in percentage of tail DNA damage from 50 ug/mL to 100 ug/mL, which was concentra-tion-dependent. Using 3D spheroid assays revealed a lower %tail length in ZnO- and AgO-NPs, thus exhibiting in vitro genotoxicity of NPs in this cell model. Spheroids (3D) rather than mono-layer cultures (2D) are believed to more precisely represent in vivo-like cell behavior when evaluating genotoxicity. Together, our findings demonstrate the genotoxic effects of NPs and point to the critical role that cell culture models play in the evaluation of toxicological risk.

In the production of green parts from powder, there is unavoidable slight deviation in the die filling, even when high-quality powders are used. The quantity of powder in the die varies and thus affects the weight of the compact. This filling variation results in variation of the pressing force, and thus influences the part geometry. The development of the DORST Netshape® System was conceived as an autonomous manufacturing system in order to compensate for these effects. Based on the Dorst Industry 4.0 innovations for part weight measuring immediately after pressing in combination with a laser dimension measuring system, this technology package attempts to reach enhanced precision and consistency in production. The paper presents results from various trials that show the capability of this new system, designed to improve the quality of pressed parts.

This paper presents the results of the investigation of composite sinters W-TiB2 which were used as an electrode in the process of electro-spark deposition (ESD) and the examination of the deposited layers. The scope of the study includes detailed characteristics of powder mixtures, composite sinters made using the spark plasma sintering method (SPS) and layers deposited in the electro-spark process. The ESD process, using the W+30 vol.% TiB2 electrode, was carried out using an automated device. The substrates were made of copper and aluminium. The topography analysis of the surfaces of the composite layer and the evaluation of their wear resistance properties are also presented. The analysis of the results of research showed the possibility to obtain, using the SPS method, composite materials of good quality, which can be used as electrodes in the ESD process. The obtained layers had increased wear resistance in relation to the substrate material.

We present progress in fast, high-resolution imaging, material classification, and fault detection using hyperspectral X-ray measurements. Classical X-ray CT approaches rely on data from many projection angles, resulting in long acquisition and reconstruction times. Additionally, conventional CT cannot distinguish between materials with similar densities. However, in additive manufacturing, the majority of materials used are known a priori. This knowledge allows to vastly reduce the data collected and increase the accuracy of fault detection. In this context, we propose an imaging method for non-destructive testing of materials based on the combination of spectral X-ray CT and discrete tomography. We explore the use of spectral X-ray attenuation models and measurements to recover the characteristic functions of materials in heterogeneous media with piece-wise uniform composition. We show by means of numerical simulation that using spectral measurements from a small number of angles, our approach can alleviate the typical deterioration of spatial resolution and the appearance of streaking artifacts.

Fatigue remains a challenge especially for high end metal AM parts and materials. From a design perspective, the fatigue limit of an AM solution can be improved upon by optimizing the manufacturing process for a certain material and part. In addition, improved accuracy of design methodologies aids in capturing the features critical for fatigue and quantifies their significance to desired part lifetime as well as providing a basis for their avoidance. In current work we present an overall concept merging thermomechanical process and powder bed solidification modeling to micromechanical analysis of fatigue of the resulting material microstructure. Material features critical to fatigue, particularly surface roughness, internal defects such as porosity and cracks and on the other hand inclusions, can be assessed directly on the basis of AM part microstructure with respect to the resulting fatigue limit. Case analyses consist of maraging steel and nickel alloys. The overall scheme provides a basis for optimization of metal AM solutions against fatigue and multiscale modeling founded basis for fatigue design.

Quality assurance has been one of the major challenges in laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes. This study proposes a novel process modeling methodology for layer-wise in-situ quality monitoring based on image series analysis. An image-based autoregressive (AR) model has been proposed based on the image registration function between consecutively observed thermal images. Image registration is used to extract melt pool location and orientation change between consecutive images, which contains sensing stability information. Subsequently, a Gaussian process model is used to characterize the spatial correlation within the error matrix. Finally, the extracted features from the aforementioned processes are jointly used for layer-wise quality monitoring. A case study of a thin wall fabrication by a Directed Laser Deposition (DLD) process is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) simplifies the fabrication of complex geometries. Its scope has rapidly expanded from the fabrication of pre-production visualization models to the manufacturing of end use parts driving the need for better part quality assurance in the additively manufactured parts. Machine learning (ML) is one of the promising techniques that can be used to achieve this goal. Current research in this field includes the use of supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms for quality control and prediction of mechanical properties of AM parts. This paper explores the applications of supervised learning algorithms - Support Vector Machines and Random Forests. Support vector machines provide high accuracy in classifying the data and is used to decide whether the final parts have the desired properties. Random Forests consist of an ensemble of decision trees capable of both classification and regression. This paper reviews the implementation of both algorithms and analyzes the research carried out on their applications in AM.

OBJECTIVE: Although 3D-printed anatomic models are not new to medicine, the high costs and lengthy production times entailed have limited their application. Our goal was developing a new and less costly 3D modeling method to depict organ-tumor relations at faster printing speeds. METHODS: We have devised a method of 3D modeling using DICOM images. Coordinates are extracted at a specified interval, connecting them to create mesh-work replicas. Adjacent constructs are depicted by density variations, showing anatomic targets (ie, tumors) in contrasting color. RESULTS: An array of organ solid-tumor models were printed via Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printer at significantly less cost ($0.05/cm3) and time expenditure (1.73 min/cm3; both, p<.001). Printed models helped promote visual appreciation of organ-tumor anatomy and adjacent tissues. Our mesh-work 3D thyroidal prototype reproduced glangular size/contour and tumor location, readily approximating the surgical specimen. CONCLUSIONS: This newly devised mesh-type 3D printing method may facilitate anatomic modeling for personalized care and improve patient awareness during informed surgical consent.

3D printing facilitates the straightforward construction of microchannels with complex three-dimensional architectures. Here, we demonstrate 3D-printed modular mixing components that operate on the basis of splitting and recombining fluid streams to decrease interstream diffusion length. These are compared to helical mixers that operate on the principle of chaotic advection.

It is time-consuming for acquiring complete data by fully phase encoding in two orthogonal directions along with one frequency encoding direction. Undersampling in the 3D k-space is promising in accelerating such 3D MRI process. Though 3D undersampling can be conducted according to predefined probability density, the density based method is not optimal. Because of the large amount of 3D data and computational cost, it is challenging to perform data-driven and learning-based 3D undersampling and subsequent 3D reconstruction. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a deep neural network called EEUR-Net, realized by optimizing specific undersampling patterns for the fully-sampled 3D k-space data. Innovatively, our undersampling algorithm employs an end-to-end deep learning approach to optimize phase encoding patterns and uses a 3D U-Net for image reconstruction of undersampled data. Through end-to-end training, we obtain an optimized 3D undersampling pattern, which significantly enhances the quality of the reconstructed image under the same acceleration factor. A series of experiments on a knee MRI dataset demonstrated that, in comparison to standard random uniform, radial, Poisson and equispaced Cartesian undersampling schemes, our end-to-end learned undersampling pattern considerably improves the reconstruction quality of undersampled MRI images.

Three-dimensional reconstruction plays an important role in assisting doctors and surgeons in diagnosing bone defects’ healing progress. Common three-dimensional reconstruction methods include surface and volume rendering. As the focus is on the shape of the bone, volume rendering is omitted. Many improvements have been made on surface rendering methods like Marching Cubes and Marching Tetrahedra, but not many on working towards real-time or near real-time surface rendering for large medical images, and studying the effects of different parameter settings for the improvements. Hence, in this study, an attempt towards near real-time surface rendering for large medical images is made. Different parameter values are experimented on to study their effect on reconstruction accuracy, reconstruction and rendering time, and the number of vertices and faces. The proposed improvement involving three-dimensional data smoothing with convolution kernel Gaussian size 0.5 and mesh simplification reduction factor of 0.1, is the best parameter value combination for achieving a good balance between high reconstruction accuracy, low total execution time, and a low number of vertices and faces. It has successfully increased the reconstruction accuracy by 0.0235%, decreased the total execution time by 69.81%, and decreased the number of vertices and faces by 86.57% and 86.61% respectively.