One Health Prospects in Health and Safety at Work Organizational Ecosystems

Ioannis Adamopoulos; Antonios Valamontes; Niki Syrou; Panagiotis Tsirkas

doi:10.20944/preprints202507.1171.v1

Submitted:

11 July 2025

Posted:

15 July 2025

You are already at the latest version

Abstract

Background: The One Health evolution in occupational health and safety (OSH) is influenced by technological innovation, climate adaptation, and workforce expectations. In advanced manufacturing and digitalized work environments, the demand for agile safety systems goes beyond regulatory compliance. As organizational ecosystems become autonomous, managing complex risks is crucial for worker well-being and operational resilience. Methods: The Foresight Systematic Analysis of emerging trends in OSH technologies, such as wearable safety technologies, AI-assisted inspections, digital twin modeling, and climate-informed risk assessment, was conducted using scenario mapping and systematic scoping literature methods. Stakeholder perspectives from public health authorities, industry leaders, and regulatory bodies were integrated to contextualize strategic priorities and barriers to adoption. Results: Findings indicate a shift toward integrated safety ecosystems characterized by real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and adaptive learning environments. Climate-sensitive modeling and sensor-based feedback systems are projected to become core components of future workplace safety infrastructure, particularly in environmentally vulnerable regions. The role of safety professionals expands to include interdisciplinary competencies such as data interpretation, systems integration, and digital ethics. Standardized digital safety protocols, data privacy governance, and equitable access to intelligent safety tools across industries and regions correlated with One Health. Conclusion: The future of occupational safety depends on proactive, intelligence-driven frameworks that can adapt to dynamic risk landscapes. This requires sustained innovation, cross-sector collaboration, and a safety culture based on resilience and continuous learning. Preparing the workforce for these transformations is crucial for safety, health and productivity. One health regulatory body was integrated to help contextualize strategic priorities and adoption barriers.

Keywords:

future of work

;

occupational safety trends

;

digital transformation

;

climate resilience

;

intelligent safety systems

Subject:

Public Health and Healthcare - Public, Environmental and Occupational Health

Introduction

A convergence of disruptive forces is shaping the future of occupational safety and health: rapid technological innovation, global environmental change, shifting workforce demographics, and heightened expectations around well-being [1,2]. While traditional OSH strategies were built around static risk models and compliance enforcement, future systems will need to be dynamic, predictive, and deeply integrated into organizational culture and operations European Commission [2,3].

Emerging challenges—ranging from climate-intensified hazards to digital surveillance risks—demand integrated, forward-looking safety strategies [4]. Responsive systems will incorporate predictive analytics, flexible regulatory models, and participatory frameworks to support inclusive, ethical, and resilient safety governance [1,3,5]. This research explores emerging prospects in health and safety at work, offering a roadmap for how organizations, inspectors, and regulatory bodies can adapt to an increasingly complex risk environment [6,7]. Key focus areas include intelligent safety systems, climate-adaptive risk planning, human-centered design, and international harmonization of OSH standards.

Aim

To identify and analyze the key technological, environmental, organizational, and regulatory trends reshaping occupational safety and health and to propose strategic pathways for the evolution of intelligent, human-centered, and adaptable OSH systems [8].

Scope

The discussion encompasses emerging OSH models influenced by Industry 5.0, climate adaptation, demographic shifts, and data-driven governance. Topics include automation and AI integration, hybrid inspection systems, policy foresight tools, and global standard harmonization [9]. Sector-specific projections are drawn from manufacturing, healthcare, and public inspection environments [10,11].

Objectives

To forecast how emerging technologies and social trends will reshape OSH functions and workforce dynamics [12].
To evaluate the readiness of current safety systems to adapt to climate-induced and digital risk domains [13]
To examine models for intelligent inspections, algorithmic safety monitoring, and decentralized risk response [1,14].
To assess the need for the international alignment of OSH standards under globalized work conditions [4,15].
To propose principles for inclusive, adaptive, and forward-compatible OSH systems rooted in participation and ethical AI [16,17].

Literature Review

The Shift from Compliance to Proactive Systems

Research shows a global movement from regulatory-driven safety cultures to proactive, risk-based approaches. Future systems will need to:

Monitor evolving risks in real time.
Anticipate systemic disruptions (e.g., climate events, pandemics).
Prioritize prevention through automation and feedback loops.

Technological and Organizational Trends

Key trends include:

Integration of AI, wearables, and smart sensor networks.
Expansion of remote inspections and digital audits.
Rise of hybrid work and its impact on safety governance.
Growing focus on mental health, stress management, and work-life balance.

Studies highlight that safety must be embedded in digital transformation strategies and driven by ethical leadership committed to sustainability, inclusion, and resilience [18,19].

Methods

Foresight Analysis Approach

A strategic foresight analysis was used to assess OSH trends over the next 10–15 years. This involved:

Horizon scanning of OSH innovation domains.
Review of policy roadmaps (e.g., EU Strategic Framework on OSH 2021–2027).
Cross-sectoral analysis of pilot programs, technology deployments, and regulatory developments.

Stakeholder and Sectoral Comparison

Insights were drawn from:

Interviews and publications from OSH professionals and inspectors.
Sectoral case studies (manufacturing, logistics, construction, and healthcare).
Analysis of regional disparities in preparedness and technological readiness.

Table 1. Mapping OSH Foresight Domains to Implementation Readiness Levels.

Foresight Domain	Key Technologies / Trends	Implementation Readiness	Notes
Intelligent Monitoring Systems	IoT Sensors, Digital Twins	High	Widely implemented in high-risk industrial sectors
AI-Driven Safety Analytics	Predictive Maintenance, Hazard Detection Algorithms	Medium	Requires data infrastructure and model training
Climate-Responsive OSH Planning	Heat Stress Protocols, Flood Risk Mapping	Low–Medium	Emerging in select regions with environmental risk
Worker-Centric Design & Ergonomics	Adaptive Workstations, Wearables	Medium–High	Growing adoption in tech-forward industries
Ethical Safety Governance Frameworks	Data Privacy, Algorithmic Fairness, Transparency	Low	Conceptual: lacking enforcement standards
Cross-Border Regulatory Harmonization	Global OSH Terminology, Inspection Standardization	Low	Early-stage initiatives by ILO and EU bodies

The paradigm of Adamopoulos-Valamontew TRIM methods is demonstrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2, and the methodology for making predictions and analyzing occupational risk factors is accurate, valid, and reliable. It uses Python data analysis especial for climate crissis factors (CCF), and new technological tools like artificial intelligence [20].

Results

Emergence of Smart Safety Ecosystems: Integrated systems using AI, IoT, and cloud platforms are enabling real-time monitoring and risk forecasting.
Climate-Responsive Safety Planning: Workplaces are beginning to develop heat stress protocols, flood risk assessments, and air quality controls.
Expanded Role of Inspectors: The inspector of the future will act as a strategic advisor—armed with digital tools, remote sensing platforms, and interdisciplinary training.
Worker-Centered Innovation: Organizations are embedding worker feedback into the design of safety systems, including ergonomics, shift flexibility, and mental health support.
Global Alignment Initiatives: There is growing interest in harmonizing safety standards and data exchange systems across international borders to protect workers in global supply chains.

Focus Areas However, procedural effectiveness varies based on:

Sector and job function.
Inspection regularity.
Workforce training quality.
Organizational culture and compliance motivation.

Inspection-based literature reveals discrepancies between documented procedures and actual practices, especially in decentralized organizations. Furthermore, psychosocial and climate-related risks are rarely addressed in conventional safety protocols, underscoring the need for procedural innovation.

Legal accountability and the duty of care.
Ethical decision-making in risk communication.
Worker participation as a protective mechanism.

Integration of environmental and psychosocial factors into traditional safety systems, the correlations showing in Table 2, and Figure 3.

Data Sources and Use Cases

Case studies from AI-integrated industrial safety systems.
Vendor platforms and open-source models (e.g., TensorFlow-based risk detection).
Inspection frameworks augmented by AI (e.g., mobile vision apps for PPE audits).
Interviews and reports from public health inspectors exploring AI-assisted tools.

Evaluation Criteria

Accuracy and responsiveness of AI systems.
Integration with existing safety protocols.
User acceptance and feedback.
Ethical, legal, and practical considerations for long-term deployment.

The evaluation criteria and associations of the AI Functions Mapped to Traditional OSH Activities showing in Figure 4.

Improved Predictive Accuracy: ML models using multivariate time-series data achieved 15–30% higher accuracy in detecting failure precursors compared to traditional threshold models.
Vision-Based Safety Compliance: Computer vision systems using deep learning consistently detected PPE violations in real time across dynamic work zones.
Real-Time Reporting with NLP: NLP interfaces enabled faster incident logging, even in noisy or multilingual environments, improving safety documentation rates.
Worker Feedback Mixed: While frontline workers appreciated automated alerts, some expressed concern over privacy, data surveillance, and algorithmic interpretation of behavior.
Integration Success Depends on Adaptation: AI tools were most effective when integrated with existing procedural protocols and accompanied by workforce training.

Table 3. Comparative Results of AI Systems by Function (Detection, Prediction, Reporting).

AI Function	Use Case	Accuracy	Response Time	Field Integration Level
Computer Vision (PPE Detection)	Hard hat and vest compliance	94%	Real-time	High (Smart Manufacturing)
Predictive Maintenance Algorithms	Equipment fault prediction	89%	Sub-minute	Medium (Process Industry)
NLP-Based Incident Reporting	Anomaly keyword recognition	82%	2–5 minutes	Medium (Public Sector)
Sensor Fusion / IoT Analytics	Multi-source hazard detection	91%	Sub-second	High (Smart Factories)
ML Classifiers (Behavioral Analysis)	Unsafe posture detection via cameras	87%	Seconds	Experimental (Pilot Sites)

Building a Culture of Health

Future safety strategies will move toward a "culture of health", blending physical safety, mental well-being, organizational justice, and sustainability into a unified vision of workforce care. The Figure 5 slowing the culture of health transition and curve from compliance to integrated.

Discussion

The key role to mitigate the risk factors upon the Impact of Climate Change on Occupational Health [21]. This paradigm emphasized the potential effects of climate change on occupational morbidity, death, and injury among various workers [22]. This approach emphasized the effects of climate change that many workers may experience at work, including occupational sickness, death, and injury [23]. Increased ambient temperatures, air pollution from climate change, increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation habitats from stratospheric ozone depletion, extreme weather and natural disasters [24]. Expanded vector habitats and depopulation of pests like ticks, rodents, and mosquitoes, industrial transitions and emerging industries [25], and changes in the built environment are some of the likely hazards that are anticipated to result from one or more of the effects of climate change [26]. As a result of increased ambient temperature, the loss of thermal tolerance limits from global warming is expected to increase occupational exposure to heat [27,28]. Complaints of heat illness and fatalities from heat exposure among workers are expected to increase [29]. The number of climate-related sick leaves is forecasted to increase. Heat exposure is expected to increase the hours of work lost due to disability [30], which may be particularly critical in agriculture, construction, and outdoors in cities [31]. A labor supply shortage in agriculture is expected. Prior studies of agricultural workers show that occupational heat exposure is also linked to increased risk of accidents resulting from impaired cognition and cognition process [32,33,34]. With representative groups, the participatory strategy used in this study produced a good degree of participation [34]. Ethics in medical education, ethical issues with technology use in medical education associated with medical education using mobile learning, particularly with regard to occupational health issues [35,36]. The Board members agreed strategies for disseminating responses to the PWS-Ecrimers and PWS-Cenpesq question sets [37]. They also prioritised subsequent outputs, with particular focus on proposed questions to raise proposal awareness amongst local organisations across Europe with an interest in PWS [38]. Overall, there existed a good level of agreement amongst Board members about the values represented within this participative effort [39]. Meanwhile, there was more variation concerning perceptions of benefits available to OSH influences and stakeholders [40]. The consideration of appropriate drivers of OSH research funders proved directly pertinent to asking whether OSH research satisfies PWS [41]. Nonetheless, the latter question was perhaps not as suitable for OSH influencers [42]. Discussion of the latter group’s potential support for research, albeit encouraging, appeared a more natural trigger for identifying what questions were needed to ensure that research better tagged further OSH influences and stakeholders [43,44]. Greece has been lagging behind other countries regarding the attention addressed to tragic accidents and the persistent hazard factors in the workplace the Public health services and vaccination during the COVID-19 period in Athens, Greece [45]. Furthermore, Greece has one of the lowest spending on social public policies in relation to GDP and public expenditures on public policies, particularly on health and labor protection issues compared to the EU average [1,10,46]. Criticized for the absence of preventive measures and the absence in recent years of a more active treatment for occupational accidents and diseases [47]. In particular, the incursion in Greek legislation of the Triad Treaty can be seen as an important milestone in the attempt to safeguard and improve occupational health and safety [48]. The Ministry of Labor and Social Insurance, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Body of Labour Inspectors (SEPE), and the Information Centre for Workers and Unemployed (KEPEA) are the main bodies in Greece responsible for monitoring the implementation of OSH legislation in the workplace [49,51]. SEPE focuses on the labor market, focusing on indigo and tourism sectors, and focuses on implementing OSH measures to prevent occupational accidents and diseases [52,53]. KEPEA, the Information Centre for Workers and Unemployed, records information on occupational hazards and OSH problems faced by employees [54,55]. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) was created in 1994 to gather, analyze, and disseminate information on OSH issues [56,57]. EU-OSHA promotes cooperation with Member States and institutions, providing a thematic network on Safety and Health at Work, providing good practices, and collective European campaigns on specific topics [53]. Through studies and surveys, it identifies trends and weak points, develops good practices, and promotes dialogue by allowing the exchange of information and experience among Member States [54,58].

From Reactive to Resilient

The OSH systems of the future must anticipate disruption rather than respond to it. Resilience requires flexible safety infrastructure, rapid feedback cycles, and empowered frontline workers.

The Role of Digital Twins and Predictive Modelling

Digital twin models of factories, supply chains, and job roles allow simulation of risk conditions, emergency scenarios, and policy interventions—enabling safer planning and training.

Cross-Border and Sectoral Harmonization

Global labor mobility and cross-sector innovation demand convergence of safety standards, certification mechanisms, and digital traceability of workplace conditions.

Limitations and Future Studies

Limitations

Many trends remain speculative or based on pilot studies
Regional disparities in resources and technology may delay adoption.
Gaps exist in long-term data on digital fatigue, algorithmic risks, and privacy.

Future Research Directions

Longitudinal studies on AI and automation’s impact on risk perception and worker behavior
Models for ethical governance in smart safety ecosystems
Global OSH certification for hybrid and remote work environments
Metrics for resilience, well-being, and psychosocial stability in safety KPIs
Integration of climate intelligence into workforce planning

Conclusion

The prospects for health and safety at work extend far beyond hazard reduction—they encompass the future of how we live, work, and adapt. As the line between physical, digital, and psychosocial risk continues to blur, future OSH systems must become more intelligent, inclusive, and anticipatory. By combining strategic foresight, cross-disciplinary tools, and a renewed focus on the human experience of work, organizations can build environments that are not just safe but also thriving. The time to invest in future-proof safety systems is now, just one step up.

Author Contributions

I.A. project administration conceived and supervised the study; I.A. designed the research and wrote the manuscript; I.A. performed the research, and wrote the revise of the manuscript, and analyzed the data; I.A., A.V., P.T., and N.S. helped with data analysis. All authors took part in the editing of the manuscript and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was carried out without any financial support or any other funding.

Acknowledgments

Additionally, we would like to express our appreciation to the, Editor-in-Chief, Editors, and reviewers for their valuable feedback and insightful suggestions for improving this article.

Data availability

The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

The authors give full consent to publish this research.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Figure 1. Forest Plot of predictions Occupational Risk Factors Workplace TRIM method.

Figure 2. Boxplot of CCF by Workplace predictions Occupational Risk Factors Workplace TRIM method.

Figure 3. Conceptual Model of the Future Workplace Safety Ecosystem.

Figure 4. The AI Functions Mapped to Traditional OSH Activities.

Figure 5. Transition Curve from Compliance to Integrated Health Culture.

Table 2. Mapping OSH Principles to Practice Across Case Studies.

OSH Principle	Expected Practice	Observed Practice in Case Studies	Sectoral Notes
Prevention	Eliminate hazards at the source, plan proactively	Focus on reactive responses after incidents	More mature in large manufacturing; weaker in SMEs
Precautionary Action	Act before full scientific certainty if risk is suspected	Often ignored unless formal proof or regulatory action is present	Underdeveloped in construction and logistics
Worker Participation	Involve workers in safety planning, risk assessment, and audits	Limited or symbolic participation; decisions top-down	Common gap in SMEs and public sector entities
Internal Responsibility System (IRS)	Shared accountability across all roles	Responsibility localized to safety officer or compliance unit	Well-integrated in certified firms (e.g., ISO 45001)
Continuous Improvement	Regular review of procedures, incident trends, and training outcomes	Safety documentation is rarely updated unless an incident forces change	Frequently missing in low-regulation sectors
Training and Competence	Role-specific training aligned with hazards and OSH principles	Generic or outdated training content, often disconnected from actual risks	Manufacturing stronger; public health bodies report gaps
Documentation and Transparency	Maintain safety logs, inspection results, risk assessments	Inconsistent documentation; often not referenced for improvements	Particularly weak in informal and rural-sector employers

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