Diversity-oriented synthesis catalyzed by DAST – preparation of new antitumor ecdysteroid derivatives

: Fluorine represents a privileged building block in pharmaceutical chemistry. Diethyla-minosulfur-trifluoride (DAST) is a reagent commonly used for replacement of alcoholic hydroxyl groups with fluorine and is also known to catalyze water elimination and cyclic Beckmann-rear-rangement type reactions. In this work we aimed to use DAST for diversity-oriented semisynthetic transformation of natural products bearing multiple hydroxyl groups to prepare new bioactive compounds. Four ecdysteroids, including a new constituent of Cyanotis arachnoidea , were selected as starting materials for DAST-catalyzed transformations. The newly prepared compounds repre-sented combinations of various structural changes DAST was known to catalyze, and a unique cyclopropane ring closure that was found for the first time. Several compounds demonstrated in vitro antitumor properties. A new 17- N -acetylecdysteroid ( 13 ) exerted potent antiproliferative activity and no cytotoxicity on drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant mouse T-cell lymphoma cells. Further, compound 13 acted in significant synergism with doxorubicin without detectable direct ABCB1 inhibition. Our results demonstrate that DAST is a versatile tool for diversity-oriented synthesis to expand chemical space towards new bioactive compounds.


Introduction
Due to its small size and high electronegativity, fluorine has become a building block of major importance for medicinal chemistry [1]. Fluorine may serve as a bioisostere and functional mimetic of a wide range of functional groups, while its unique properties confer fluorine substituted compounds higher lipophilicity and a typically greater metabolic stability than their non-fluorine containing counterparts [2]. Its importance in drug design is well illustrated by the fact that the annual contribution of organofluorine compounds to the FDA-approved small-molecule drugs has reached ca. 40-50% during the last few years [3].
Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) is a mild, nucleophilic reagent that may convert non-phenolic alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, and sulfoxides into monofluorides, difluorides, acyl fluorides and α-fluoro sulfides, respectively. Other than fluorination, however, DAST is known to catalyze the formation of many further building blocks valuable for medicinal chemistry, including various heterocycles through dehydration and intramolecular cyclization [4], sulfonamides through cross-coupling of arylboronic acids [5], aromatic thiols [6], etc. Previously, we reported the DAST catalyzed transformation of 20-hydroxyecdysone 2,3;20,22-diacetonide, and obtained 14-and/or 25fluorinated, and Δ 14,15 analogs with or without a 25-fluorine moiety [7]. Several compounds showed stronger antiproliferative activity on various cancer cell lines than their parent ecdysteroid, and promising adjuvant antitumor properties when co-administered with doxorubicin. Further, all the compounds showed an increased potency as inhibitors of the ABCB1 transporter, commonly referred to as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) [7]. In contrast with the diacetonide, we found the sidechain cleaved ecdysteroid derivative poststerone to form cyclic sulfite esters that were only moderately active against some cancer cell lines [8].
From our previous extensive structure-activity relationship studies on the antitumor properties of ecdysteroids we found that their multidrug resistance decreasing activity does not rely on Pgp inhibition [9][10][11][12]. Because of this, our research on new antitumor ecdysteroid derivatives focuses on compounds that exert their activity without directly affecting drug efflux, and, as such, are free from the many potential problems (e.g., unwanted drug-drug interactions, altered pharmacokinetics of co-administered antitumor drugs, etc.) frequently attributed to efflux pump inhibitors. In the current study it was our aim to prepare such compounds by utilizing DAST as a chemical tool to the diversityoriented transformation of ecdysteroids.

Preparation of starting materials for reactions with DAST
We selected four apolar ecdysteroids including three sidechain-cleaved (3,9,12) and a sidechain intact compound (16) as substrates for diethylaminusulfur-trifluoride (DAST)mediated transformations. Each of these compounds represent a derivative of a natural ecdysteroid (compounds 1, 8 and 15, respectively) used as a precursor in the semi-synthetic processes that afforded the selected intermediates for further transformations (Figure 1).
Selection of these compounds was based on our previous findings. These may be summed up in two key points: i) the adjuvant antitumor activity of ecdysteroids requires the presence of apolar functional groups, e.g. acetonide, particularly at the A-ring, and ii) removal of the sterol side-chain results in the loss of the compounds' direct Pgp inhibitory activity [9,10].
To increase the diversity of interesting, potentially bioactive substrates for our fluorination reactions, we selected another sidechain cleaved ecdysteroid, poststerone (8), for transformation. Poststerone is known as a natural metabolite of 20-hydroxyecdysone, the most abundant ecdysteroid existing in nature, and thus, it can be straightforwardly obtained in larger quantities from the oxidative side-chain cleavage of the parent compound [9]. To facilitate antitumor properties, poststerone (8) was also further converted to its corresponding 2,3-acetonide derivative (9).
Oximes and oxime ethers are valuable precursors in the preparation of bioactive nitrogen-containing scaffolds [13,14]. As a follow-up to our previous work with nitrogen-containing ecdysteroids [11], we transformed poststerone 2,3-acetonide (9) to its 20-oxime derivative by reacting the substrate with hydroxylamine in an ethanol solution. As an update to our former semi-synthetic strategy [15], the regioselectivity of the oximation can be significantly improved by changing the solvent from pyridine to ethanol that can afford the desired 20-acetoxime product in >80% yield, under simplified workup conditions. Calonysterone 2-acetate (15) is a natural analogue of its parent compound calonysterone. This ecdysteroid was recently revealed in an in silico screening as a putative inhibitor of papain-like protease (PL pro ), a major druggable target in SARS-CoV-2 treatment, affording potential anti-COVID-19 properties to the compound [16]. To increase potential regioselectivity in a subsequent DAST-catalyzed transformation, we carried out the acetonide protection of the molecule's 20,22-diols. Preparation of the above-described intermediates is shown in Figure 1. Reactions were carried out according to our previously reported procedure [7]. DAST is known to react violently with water [17], thus, substrates were dissolved in anhydrous methylene-chloride, and the obtained solutions were cooled down to -84 °C to avoid any undesired exothermic side-reactions. When the transformations were complete, the products were purified via single-or multi-step preparative HPLC separations. Following this strategy, we successfully obtained a total of 9 new ecdysteroid derivatives.
The NMR signals of the products were assigned by comprehensive one-and twodimensional NMR methods using widely accepted strategies [18,19]. Most 1 H assignments were accomplished using general knowledge of chemical shift dispersion with the aid of the proton-proton coupling pattern ( 1 H NMR spectra). 1   To facilitate understanding of the structure elucidation steps, we prepared the yet unpublished complete 1 H and 13 C NMR signal assignments of the intermediate compound 3 (Figure 2), aided by its 1 H, DEPTQ, edHSQC and HMBC spectra. In the followings, structure elucidation of the sidechain shortened derivatives (compounds 4-7, 10, 11, 13 and 14) are described in comparison with these results. According to the HRMS measurement, the molecular formula of compound 5 is identical to that of compound 4 C24H32O5 (Fig. S57) and number of its double bond equivalents is also 9, both compounds are structural isomers. The 1 H and DEPTQ spectra of 5 revealed in this compound the appearance of one tri-substituted C = CH -double bond (C-9 135.7; C-11 130.8, H-11 6.17 ppm). The following spectra were used for NMR study of 5: 1 H and selTOCSY on H-7 spectra ( The reaction of 3 with DAST resulted also compound 7, and its elemental composition was established as C24H31O4F (Fig. S59), number of double bond equivalents is 9. The 1 H (Fig. S16) and DEPTQ (Fig. S16) spectra and the 1.20/135.7 ppm H3-19/C-9 HMBC response ( Fig. S19) revealed the  9,11 position of the new tri-substituted C = CH -double bond (C-9 135.7; C-11 130.6, H-11 6.18 ppm), which was resulted by the splitting of the 11-OH group. Previously, we reported the NMR data of 14-fluorinated ecdysteroid derivatives obtained by DAST catalyzed transformation [7]. It was found that changes an HO -14 group to a F -14 manifests in ~25 ppm paramagnetic shift on C-14, and at the same time in dublet multiplicity of the signal, caused by 1 JC,F ~ 165 Hz coupling. It is worth noting that the geminal, vicinal and n JC,F couplings result characteristic ~25Hz, ~10Hz and ~3Hz signal splittings, respectively. The 0.67/106.0 ppm H3-18/C-14 HMBC cross-peak (Fig. S19) and its doublet multiplicity ( 1 JC,F ~ 168 Hz) clearly justified the fluorination in C-14 position. The edHSQC (Fig. S18) spectrum served the selective identification of CH2 and CH/CH3 1 H and 13 C signals. It is important to mention that the selROESY measurements on H3-19 and H3-18 (Fig. S16) revealed not only the  or  position of the hydrogen atoms, but clearly demonstrated the trans C/D ring-junction and thus the  position of the 14-fluorine atom.
Recently we have reported the NMR characteristics of posterone and a series of posterone 2,3-dioxalanes including also compound 9 [9]. The DAST-catalyzed transformation of posterone 2,3-acetonide afforded compound 10. Its HRMS data indicated an elemental composition of C24H32O4 (Fig. S60), the molecule consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms less than its parental 9, and the number of its double bond equivalents rose to 9. These suggested that water elimination took place. This was confirmed by the 1 H (Fig. S20) Compound 11 was obtained also from DAST-catalyzed transformation of 9. The elemental composition is C24H33O4F (Fig. S60), obtained by HRMS, and the number of double bond equivalents is 8. These results suggested that the HO-group was exchanged to -F atom. This was completely confirmed by the NMR data ( Fig. 26 -31) For compound 14 HRMS data indicated an elemental composition of C24H34O4NF (Supporting material Fig. S56), the molecule consists of one fluorine and one hydrogen atom more than in the former compound 13, and the number of its double bond equivalents decreased to 8. Comparing the 1 H (Fig. S38), DEPTQ (Fig. S41) and edHSQC (  Fig. S40) revealed the characteristic hydrogen/hydrogen steric proximities, and perfectly supported trans C/D ring-junction and in this way the 14 -F substitution. Despite of strong 1 H signal overlaps the separate identification of spin-systems of A, C and D rings was successfully implemented by selTOCSY on H-3, H-9 and H-17 (Fig. 39). The edHSQC spectrum (Fig. 43) with insertion of the one-dimensional selTOCSY on H-17 spectrum (Fig.  39) proved to be very effective in assignment of close and broad signals.
The natural product calonysterone 2-acetate 15 served as the starting material for further synthesis, for reference, its 1 H and 13 C NMR data are inserted to Table 2.
The reaction of calonysterone 2-acetate 20,22-acetonide (16) with DAST resulted in 17. HRMS revealed an elemental composition of C32H44O7 (Fig. S64) for this compound, suggesting that water elimination took place. The number of double bond equivalents increased to 11, therefore, this compound contains five double bonds and six rings. The presence of seven methyl signals in the 1 H (Fig. S45) and DEPTQ (Fig. S47) spectra suggested that the sterol side chain at C-17 and the 2-acetate group remained intact. Appearance of the characteristic signals of the  14,15 moiety (C-14 145.3; C-15 133.2, H-15 6.81 ppm) revealed the unchanged steroid D-ring. Based on the HSQC (Fig. S48) experiment, the signals of the H-C-3 group (2.01; 35.7 ppm) showed an extra high diamagnetic shift. This means that elimination of the 3-OH group took place. The selTOCSY experiment on H-2 ( Fig. S46) also identified the H2-4 signals (1.42 and 1.58 ppm). The extreme high deshielding on the corresponding C-4 (11.0 ppm) (Fig. S48) clearly indicated the formation of a cyclopropane ring between C-3 and C-5, and thus the existence of a five-membered A-ring. At the same time the quaternary C-5 atom changed to an sp 3 carbon and its 40.2 ppm chemical shift is identified by the H3-19/C-5 cross-peak in the HMBC spectrum (Fig. S48). The H3-19/C-9 (1.19/136.22 ppm) HMBC correlation revealed a  9,11 double bond in the B ring. SelNOESY experiments on H3-18 and H3-19 (Fig. S46) unambiguously differentiated / positions of hydrogen atoms and differentiated between the methylene hydrogens in the cyclopropane ring. The significant changes in the NMR chemical shifts in the B and C rings can be well explained with the rearrangement of double bonds of the 6-hydroxy- 5,6 -7-one- 8,9 chromophore of calonysterone. This is in agreement with our previous report on the NMR characteristics of calonysterone and isocalonysterone [20]. The reactions carried out with DAST, and structures of the compounds obtained are presented in Figure 2. In general, the DAST-mediated transformation of ecdysteroids afforded structurally diverse products including ecdysteroid anhydro derivatives (e.g., compound 10) formed by water elimination, fluorine substituted analogues (e.g., compound 11), compounds with both newly formed olefins and fluoride groups (e.g., compound 7), two new acetamides (13 and 14) and a unique new ecdysteroid with a cyclopropane ring (17).
The ability of DAST to promote the skeletal rearrangement of oximes to substituted amides (known as Beckmann-rearrangement) was previously reported [21]. Additionally, DAST was recently found to be a useful reagent to induce the Beckmann-fragmentation of α-oximinoketones resulting in the preparation of aryloyl and aliphatic acyl fluorides [22]. In accordance with the previous reports, the reaction of ecdysteroid 20-acetoximes with DAST could effectively furnish the corresponding amides and resulted in two different Beckmann products, whereas the single available hydroxyl group at the 14α position was either eliminated (13) or substituted with fluorine (14).
The reaction of calonysterone 2-acetate 20,22-acetonide (16) with DAST resulted in a highly complex, multi-component mixture of products that had been subjected to a multistep preparative HPLC separation. This led to the isolation of one single product, compound 17, in a very low yield. The subsequent structure elucidation of this compound revealed an unexpected cyclopropane ring closure between C-3 and C-5, providing a unique, five-membered A-ring steroid skeleton to the product. DAST is known to form a carbocation by water elimination. Our hypothesis is that this intermediate could react with the Δ 5,6 -olefin of the substrate, inducing ring closure and the subsequent rearrangement of the conjugated double bonds of rings B and C. The stereoselectivity of the reaction should be due to the rigid steroid skeleton. To further elaborate this notion, cholesterol (18) was selected as a structurally related, commercially available model compound for a DAST-mediated transformation under the same synthetic conditions as before. This reaction selectively yielded 19. This compound showed 1 H (Fig. S50) and APT (Attached Proton Test, Fig. S52) spectra very similar to that of 18. Noticeable differences were identified only for the A-ring signals, mainly around C-3. The nearly ~25 ppm paramagnetic shift of C-3 at 92.8d ppm and its characteristic ( 1 JC,F = 174 Hz) signal splitting proved C-3 fluorination. To analyze the broad multiplet H-3 signal at 4.39 ppm the H2-4 hydrogen atoms were decoupled, and thus the simplified multiplicity allowed reading of the couplings of H-3 ( 2 JH,F = 51 Hz; J2,3 =  z and J2,3 =  z). Due to the rather crowded feature of the 1 H spectrum, the 1 H, 1 H-COSY (Fig. S51) could be used only for separated signals, but the selROE experiment (Fig. S51) on signal 4.39 ppm marked out the H-2 and H-1 signals (1.99 and 1.07 ppm, respectively). To overcome difficulties caused by the moderate resolution of the HSQC experiment (Fig. S53), band-selective HSQC method was used to unambiguously assign the neighboring signals in the ranges of 36-37 and 39-40 ppm. selROE experiment was used in combination with edited HSQC to elucidate stereochemistry of hydrogen atoms (Fig. S54), and the HMBC experiment (Fig. S55), especially correlations of hydrogens of 18, 19, 21, 26 and 27 methyl groups supported the assignments. Combination of all these experiments allowed a complete 1 H and 13 C assignment for compound 19. The result of this transformation is shown in Figure 3. In contrast to the case of calonysterone 2-acetate 20,22-acetonide (17), the reaction of cholesterol (18) with DAST selectively yielded the corresponding 3-fluorine analogue (19) of the substrate, and no traces of the sought cyclopropane ring-closed derivative was observed in the product mixture. Nevertheless, the retained β-orientation of the fluorine substituent confirms the SN1 reaction mechanism and therefore the involvement of a carbocation intermediate. This supports the mechanism proposed for the ring closure to form compound 17, while a more extended conjugation in the B-ring, such as the o-quinol dienone moiety of calonysterone, may be a prerequisite for the rearrangement to a cyclopropane ring.

Cytotoxicity, anti-proliferative and ABCB1 inhibitory activities
Selected compounds were tested on two mouse lymphoma cell lines: L5178Y, and its transfected multi-drug resistant counterpart, LT5178YMDR that expresses a major human MDR efflux transporter, ABCB1. Results are summarized in Table 3.  The cell viability data indicated that all sidechain cleaved compounds exerted very weak cytotoxicity, while their cytostatic, antiproliferative activity was several times higher. This was particularly true for the 17-N-acetyl derivative 13 whose antiproliferative activity (IC50 ca. 4.7 µM) was by a remarkable over 20 times stronger than its cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 µM). On the other hand, compound 17 that contains an intact sidechain was the most cytotoxic among the tested ecdysteroids, and its cytotoxicity was also in a similar dose range as its antiproliferative activity. Further, 17 was also the only compound that showed a significant, ca. 50% direct ABCB1 inhibition. In line with our previous results [9], all sidechain shortened derivatives were inactive in this regard. Further structure activity relationships may also be concluded concerning the steroid core. When comparing the antiproliferative activities of compounds 10, 11, 13 and 14, it appears that a 17-N-acetyl group is favorable over the 17-acetyl, and that a Δ 14,15 olefin is favorable over a 14α-F group. Nevertheless, it is also clear that the effect of a 14-fluorine group on the antitumor activity of ecdysteroids depends on its chemical environment. In case of compounds 5, 6 and 7 that also contain a Δ 6(9,11) conjugated olefin, the antiproliferative activity increases in the 14-OH < Δ 14,15 < 14-F order. This is well in agreement with our previous findings on the fluorination products of 20-hydroxyecdysone 2,3;20,22-diacetonide [7].

Combination assays
Compounds 7, 10, 11, 13, and 14 had sufficient individual antiproliferative properties for their assessment of chemo-sensitizing activity. This was carried out as an antiproliferative assay on L5178YMDR cells in combination with doxorubicin, arranged according to the checkerboard microplate method [23]. Results are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Chemo-sensitizing activity of compounds 7, 10, 11, 13, 14 on the L5178YMDR cell line towards doxorubicin at 50, 75 and 90% of growth inhibition (ED50, ED75 and ED90, respectively). CI: combination index; CIavg: weighted average CI value; CIavg = (CI50 + 2CI75 + 3CI90)/6. CI < 1, CI = 1, and CI > 1 represent synergism, additivity, and antagonism, respectively. Dm, m, and r represent antilog of the x-intercept, slope, and linear correlation coefficient of the median-effect plot, respectively. Most of the compounds showed nearly additive to mild synergistic effects with doxorubicin. The only exception was the 17-N-acetyl derivative (13) that showed a relevant synergism with doxorubicin already at 50% inhibition. This, taken together with the potent cytostatic effect of compound 13, makes it a valuable candidate for further studies toward a chemosensitizer for combination therapy with the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin.

Synthesis and chromatographic purification
Solvents and reagents were purchased from Sigma (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and were used without any further purification. The progress of the reactions was monitored by thin layer chromatography on Kieselgel 60F254 silica plates purchased from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and characteristic spots of compounds were examined under UV illumination at 254 and 366 nm. Chromatographic purification of the semi-synthesized steroid derivatives was carried out in one or two steps, depending on the complexity of their product mixtures (see Table 5). For flash chromatography, a Com-biFlash ® Rf+ Lumen instrument (TELEDYNE Isco, Lincoln, NE, USA) was used that was equipped with ELS and diode array detectors. The crude product mixtures were separated on RediSep NP-silica flash columns (TELEDYNE Isco, Lincoln, NE, USA) purchased from commercial source. Purity analysis of products was performed via HPLC on normal-or reverse phase 5 µm, 250 x 4.6 mm, 100 Å, Phenomenex columns (Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA, USA) at 1 mL/min. flow rate, while using a dual pump (PU-2080) Jasco HPLC instrument (Jasco International Co. Ltd., Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan) that was equipped with an MD-2010 Plus PDA detector to collect data in a range of 210-400 nm. Preparative HPLC separations were carried out on an Armen Spot Prep II integrated HPLC purification system (Gilson, Middleton, WI, USA) with dual-wavelength detection applied.

Natural ecdysteroids isolated from plants or semi-synthesized before
Ajugasterone C (1) was isolated during our previous phytochemical work [24]. Calonysterone 2-acetate (15) was isolated from a fraction of a commercial extract of Cyanotis arachnoidea C.B. Clarke (Shaanxi KingSci Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, People's Republic of China) during the current study and is reported here as a new ecdysteroid. We have recently reported the purification process in detail. Briefly, calonysterone 2-acetate was obtained after the following fractionation steps: percolation with methanol, column chromatography on silica (eluted with dichloromethane -methanol / 95:5, v/v), column chromatography on Lichroprep RP C18 (eluted with 20% aqueous acetonitrile), and column chromatography on silica 60 GF254. (eluted with n-hexane -ethyl acetate / 6:5, v/v). For 1 H and 13 C NMR chemical shifts of compound 15 see Table 2.
Poststerone was previously prepared by semi-synthesis from 20-hydroxyecdysone isolated from the same extract of C. arachnoidea [9]. (2) An aliquot of 2 g of ajugasterone C (1) (4.16 mmol) was dissolved in 160 ml of methanol and 1.2 equiv. (2.15 g; 4.99 mmol) of PIDA was added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 minutes and subsequently neutralized by 5% aq. NaHCO3-solution. After evaporation under reduced pressure, the product's dry residue was redissolved in methanol, and silica gel (~10 g) was added to the solution. Following this, the solvent was evaporated to prepare the sample for dry loading flash chromatographic separation (see Table 5) to obtain 11α-hydroxypoststerone (2) (1.11 g, 70.2%).

General procedure for the preparation of ecdysteroid acetonides 3, 9, 16
Compounds 2, 8, 15 were each dissolved in acetone in 1 g/ 100 ml concentration. To these solutions, 1 g of phosphomolybdic acid for each gram of starting material was added. The mixtures were sonicated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the reaction mixtures were neutralized with 10% aq. NaHCO3-solution, which was followed by the evaporation of acetone under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. Compounds were extracted from their aqueous residue with 3 x 50 ml of dichloromethane, and the combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4. After filtration, the products' solutions were evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. Compounds 3, 9, 16 were obtained in their pure form after dry loading flash chromatographic separation (see Table  5), in yields of 59.8%, 55.8% and 84.6%, respectively.

Preparation of poststerone 2,3-acetonide 20-oxime (12)
An aliquot of 240 mg of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.47 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol, and under stirring, 195 mg of potassium hydroxide (3.47 mmol) was added to the solution. Following this, 930 mg of poststerone 2,3-acetonide (9) (2.31 mmol) was added to the resulting mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Subsequently, the reaction solution was evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator, 50 ml of water was added to the dry residue, and extraction was performed with 3 x 50 ml of dichloromethane. The collected organic fractions were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. Subsequently, the dry residue was subjected to dry loading flash chromatographic purification (see Table 5), which afforded the desired 20-oxime product (12) in a yield of 82% (791 mg). 1 H and 13 C NMR chemical shifts of compound 12 were in perfect agreement with our previously published data [15].
3.2.5 General procedure for the DAST-catalyzed transformation of ecdysteroids Compounds 3, 9, 12, 16, and 18 were each dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane in a concentration of 10 mg/ml in a round-bottom flask. The solutions were cooled down to -84 °C in an ethyl-acetate containing liquid nitrogen-cooled bath, and under stirring, 1.5 equiv. of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) was added to them dropwise. As the reaction progressed, the mixtures were let warm up to room temperature. After 70 minutes of stirring, the reactions were neutralized using 5% aq. NaHCO3-solution, and after water dilution, the compounds were extracted from their mixture with 3 x 50 ml of dichloromethane. The collected organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and subsequently evaporated under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. The purification procedures and yields of the obtained compounds 4, 5, 6, 7 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19 are detailed in Table 5.  13 C, DEPTQ, APT, sel-TOCSY, sel-ROE (τmix: 300 ms), sel-NOE, edited gs-HSQC, band-selective-gs-HSQC and gs-HMBC) were taken from the Bruker software library. 1 H and 13 C NMR data for the new compounds are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Characteristic NMR spectra of these compounds, along with their stereostructures, 1 H and 13 C assignments, characteristic HMBC correlations and steric proximities are presented in Figures S1−S55, Supporting Information. High-resolution mass spectra were recorded on a Q Exactive Plus Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and they are shown in Figures S56-S64.

Cell lines
L5178Y mouse T-cell lymphoma cells (ECACC Cat. No. 87111908) were obtained from FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA. These were transfected with pHa MDR1/A retrovirus as described previously. ABCB1-expressing L5178YMDR cells were selected by culturing the infected cells with colchicine. The cell lines were cultured in McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated horse serum, 200 mM L-glutamine, and penicillinstreptomycin mixture in 100 U/l (L5178) or 10 mg/l (L5178MDR) concentration.

Cell viability assay for determination of cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity
MTT assay was performed in 96-well flat-bottomed microtiter plates as described before. Briefly, a 10 mM concentration stock solution in DMSO was prepared for each compound. These were diluted in 100 μL of McCoy's 5A medium. Subsequently, a sum of 1 × 10 4 cells (cytotoxicity assay) or 6 × 10 3 cells (antiproliferative assay) in 100 μL of medium were added to each well, except for the medium control wells. The culture plates were further incubated at 37 °C for 24 h (cytotoxicity assay) or 72 h (antiproliferative assay); at the end of the incubation period, 20 μL of MTT solution (from a 5 mg/mL stock) was added to each well. After incubation at 37 °C for 4 h, 100 μL of SDS solution (10% in 0.01 M HCI) was added to each well and the plates were further incubated at 37 °C overnight. The cell growth was determined by measuring the optical density at 540 nm (ref. 630 nm) with a Multiscan EX ELISA reader (Thermo Labsystems, Cheshire, WA, USA). IC50 values were calculated by variable slope nonlinear regression using the log(inhibitor) vs. normalized response of GraphPad Prism 5.01 (GraphPad Software Inc, San Diego, CA, USA).

ABCB1 inhibition assay
ABCB1 inhibition was determined by the intracellular accumulation of rhodamin 123 as reported before [10]. Briefly, 2 × 10 6 cells/mL of L5178Y and L5178YMDR cell lines were re-suspended in serum-free McCoy's 5A medium and distributed in 0.5 mL aliquots into Eppendorf centrifuge tubes. The compounds were added at a final concentration of 2 or 20 μM and the samples were incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Tariquidar was used as positive control and DMSO as negative control; for the latter, no activity was observed. Subsequently, 10 μL (5.2 μM final concentration) of the ABCB1 substrate fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 was added and the cells were incubated further for 20 min at 37 °C, washed twice and re-suspended in 1 mL PBS for analysis. Fluorescence of the cell population was measured with a PartecCyFlow ® flow cytometer (Partec, Münster, Germany). Mean fluorescence intensity percentage was calculated for the treated vs. untreated L5178YMDR cells. Inhibition percentage for the treated cells was calculated from the corresponding values of the untreated L5178Y and L5178YMDR cells, representing 0% and 100% inhibition, respectively.