Immediate Notification of Traffic Accidents through a Mobile Application

: This research work deals with traffic accidents that are very concurrent in several countries, which in turn contribute to the mortality rate from 19 to 25 years of age and up. In the research work, immediate notifications for traffic accidents were carried out through a mobile application (app) where it will have an emergency button which will help the injured a lot, since the nearest help centers such as the police, fire brigades and the nearest hospitals, so that they can provide support to the people who suffered the accident. In the project, the implementation of Scrum Methodology was used since it served us an amount for the development of the prototypes of the App, and in turn with their roles it did not serve much help for the project, however, passers-by are of vital importance already that they will be the ones to make said report when observing a traffic accident and thus notify the nearest aid centers. As data collection for the creation of the software functions, a survey was carried out with more than 30 people, the functions applied in the application were programmed with the Dart language and generated under the flutter tool in order to be able to distribute it on different platforms such as Play Store and AppStore. The results obtained were the most anticipated since the application fulfills its function, thus reducing deaths and improving the speed of attention to traffic accidents and thus saving a life that is in danger.


Introduction
Traffic accidents have been one of the main contributors to the human death rate 18 between the ages of 19 and 25 and over for decades. Many of the traffic accidents were not 19 treated in time, taking patients to critical conditions and even causing death. Also mention 20 that passersby are not always aware of all the help centers that are close to them, this causes 21 them not to know where to call or alert when an accident occurs that requires immediate 22 attention. According to the authors [1], proposes the development of a panic button to 23 immediately alert the relatives of the injured person about these traffic accidents. Any 24 passerby can use this tool to alert family members and help centers. The author mentions 25 that this tool will contain all the patient's data, such as blood type, personal data, location, 26 close relatives, among others. 27 The author [2], highlights the importance of understanding the kinematics of an acci-28 dent. Kinematics is an analytical process of the scene of a vehicular accident to determine 29 injuries that are likely to have been caused by forces and motion. This knowledge can 30 be used to identify stable patients without alleged injuries that could still be at risk of 31 suffering, later serious conditions due to the high intensity of the accident in which they 32 were involved. This procedure also helps hospital healthcare professionals or paramedics to 33 perform evaluations and identify injuries in cases where the anatomical and physiological 34 principles of severity are not definitive. centers such as the police, hospitals and firefighters, and thus those involved obtain the 39 fastest attention from the nearest center. Any passerby can use this application on their 40 mobile device and anyone can alert the centers. 41 The mobile application must be scalable and must be developed on multi-platform 42 technologies to have a single code and this can be implemented in different operating 43 systems. The mobile application must make use of cloud computing to reduce costs, have 44 instant access to data and high scalability, thus allowing more clients to be connected and 45 make their requests [3]. The information system must alert safely and reduce the margin of 46 error so that doctors can make better documentation, thus keeping medical care running. 47 The objective of this research work is to ensure that this application can be used by 48 any passer-by to be able to report traffic accidents to the nearest help centers and thus give 49 immediate support to people who suffer accidents. Users will not need special permissions 50 to use the application, nor will they have confidential information about patients. Another 51 important aspect is that it is compatible with all current mobile devices and with any 52 operating system. 53 The most important thing for the development of the mobile project is that can provide 54 help to people who suffer a traffic accident, so that passers-by who use the App can provide 55 immediate help to the injured. y The most important thing about this project is to allow 56 people to help other people to save many lives by giving them immediate help through the 57 mobile application. The following research work will focus on the study of the immediate notification of 60 traffic accidents through a mobile application in order to be able to provide help to people 61 who occur or witness an accident and do not have an application or do not have emergency 62 numbers at hand to help the injured, so they can notify the nearest health centers and be 63 able to provide support to passersby and injured.

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On the other hand, when it comes to car accidents, many are not prepared to provide 66 first aid, for this reason he proposes a mobile tool that has a panic button to alert or notify 67 the relatives of the injured in traffic [1], according to the author the application has the 68 necessary information to allow any passerby to be the first to help in this situation, the 69 methodology used is that of design science and as a final result according to the technology 70 acceptance model, possible improvements to the application are presented.

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In addition, the author [4] when an emergency happens, citizens can be very helpful 73 to notify and provide support to people involved in an accident or crisis, since thanks to 74 the evolution of current technology we are able to collect information quickly and easily in 75 which it can be transmitted through different communication channels either with GPS, 76 WiFi or cameras that can help in an emergency.

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As is already known today, national and international governments have developed an 79 emergency notification system in which you can obtain updated and accurate information 80 from the beginning of the accident and in turn notify how many people were affected by 81 the accident, in order to provide you with a better support for the victims. In addition, the author [2], has developed several technology-based solutions to re-84 duce traffic accidents during emergency response. For example, several vehicles now have 85 an integrated system that detects crashes and notifies Emergency Management Systems 86 (EMS) seconds after the incident. Automatic Accident Notification (ACN) systems built 87 into some vehicles provide paramedics with information about an accident prior to their 88 arrival at the scene. These systems are typically available in modern automobiles and are 89 activated when the air bag is deployed (for example, the Ford SYNC 911 assist system) 90 or the fuel pump emergency shutoff is activated. In some cases, the system is activated 91 even without the deployment of an airbag, using sensors placed around the vehicle (for 92 example, the GM On Star system). Some of these systems send a distress message to 93 the police with the location of the victim when an accident is suspected. In some cases, 94 car occupants are also connected by phone to emergency medical hot lines until help arrives. 95 96 Therefore, proposes to install an electronic device in the vehicle capable of detecting 97 when the driver is unable to control the car, this device is also capable of sending text 98 messages and obtaining the exact location using GPS When the device detects an accident, 99 it sends SMS to the driver's family [5], the ambulance, the police and the pre-installed 100 numbers of nearby hospitals.

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According to the author [6], most people are very busy and have little rest, and this 103 lack of rest is the reason why someone would be drowsy and indicates that more than 60 104 percent of adult drivers are drowsy. and a third have fallen asleep, for this reason it uses 105 technology and implements an application capable of monitoring the person's heart rate, 106 and if the heart rate falls below a certain range, alarms will be activated to wake up, The 107 device to use is a watch with a heart rate sensor, the results of this means are that the watch 108 will alert the driver and he will make the decision to continue or stop to rest.

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Also the authors discuss how people used Twitter or Skype to share positions, texts 111 and photos and to keep in touch with their families. One of Ichiguchi's most interesting 112 findings was the impressive amount of information shared on Twitter that forced the 113 Japanese government to open a specific account for this event and promote the use of 114 predefined hashtags [4]. Consequently, to avoid connectivity problems, Wi-Fi hotspots in 115 fast food restaurants, hotels, public infrastructures and even private flats were temporarily 116 opened. In this way, citizens had the possibility to collect a large amount of information, 117 which included not only text messages, but also photos, videos and GPS positions. The author mentions [5], that with the help of the App it was possible to avoid an acci-120 dent and prevent and thus save lives from danger. According to the author's information 121 [6], this device will help reduce traffic accidents, and even before they occur, since it has 122 sensors that prevent collisions or accidents.

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Mention the author [7], that several studies found that human factors are the main 125 reason for traffic accidents, with speeding being the main factor. In Tanzania, 74% of acci-126 dents that occurred in 2010 were caused by human factors. Other factors include vehicle / 127 mechanical and road conditions. Likewise another of the authors talks about the literature review that has been con-130 ducted on the nature of road maintenance management perspective [8]. These reviews 131 include road defects and knowledge of the mobile application and its implementation in 132 the road maintenance and control management system.  The author [10], states that around 1.3 million people die each year and 50 million 139 suffer a permanent disability due to traffic accidents and all these causes are related to 140 unsafe driving. The application developed collects data during the trip and recognizes 141 excessive speed and sudden acceleration, fuel consumption and sudden braking. By using 142 this application, drivers learn to drive more safely.

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The author argues on a methodology and mobile application to monitor, analyze 145 and recommendations of the driver based on behavior and prevent traffic accidents using 146 a personal smartphone to be able to monitor the driver's behavior, phone cameras and 147 built-in sensors such as Wifi, GPS and microphone are used, The methodology supports 148 the following dangerous driver online states: distraction and drowsiness, as well as a 149 dangerous offline state related to a high pulse rate [11], implement the system for Android 150 smartphones.

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Finally, in the entire review of the literature saw that several authors of several articles 153 developed and implemented an app where it shows a help to the injured or that prevent 154 traffic accidents and thus take care of the lives of others, since this way we can save a life 155 and our application in which it was developed is for passers-by who witness an accident to 156 notify the nearest help centers and thus they arrive immediately at the scene of the events 157 in which the health specialists will help them.

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In this episode, the implementation of the methodologies was carried out. The method-160 ology that was implemented is the Scrum Methodology and at the same time we will have 161 some technological tools that will help us develop the prototype of the mobile application 162 that would come to notify traffic accidents through an emergency or alert button, to help 163 the injured and also contact the nearest aid centers, since the most frequent reasons why 164 these accidents occur are due to speeding, distraction and alcohol consumption. The Scrum Methodology is a software development model that helps to establish 168 successful and organized projects step by step, Agility is what most characterizes the Scrum 169 methodology [12], that is why it was chosen to implement it in the project.

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The Scrum Methodology is the agile development of software that allows reducing the 172 complexity of projects, also helping to make these projects more flexible, this method 173 takes into account all the requested changes and quickly moves to the new requirements 174 requested in the project. As we know, Scrum has very important roles [13], these roles are 175 shown in Table 1. 176 Table 1. Scrum roles.

Product Owner
This is the person who is in charge of making decisions and will recognize the business and the vision of the client.

Scrum Master
The person in charge of verifying that the Scrum models and methodology work.

Development team
They are people who have the power to organize themselves and take the appropriate objectives to achieve a common goal.
Scrum is a powerful management framework used in companies for organizing com-177 plex projects. Scrum methodology refers to an iterative process for managing product or 178 software development. Scrum has, if diligently applied, several benefits: reduced costs, 179 improved return on investment, fast results, delighted customers, more joy and confidence 180 to succeed in a complex world [14].

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In Figure 1, he processes of the Scrum methodology in which is the Product Backlog, 183 the Sprint Backlog, the days of the Sprint processes and the increase in software work, in 184 which the 3 Scrum roles that the Product Owner, the Development Team, the Scrum Master, 185 the daily Scrum, the Sprint review and the retrospectives would do, are the ones that would 186 help a lot in the development of the project [15].

Process flow chart 188
In this session the process of the flow diagram was carried out to alert the emergency 189 centers, which the App will have your local location "GPS", and as seen in the image a brief 190 description will be given.

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In Figure 2, shows the processes that the passerby will carry out when witnessing a 193 traffic accident, which has a beginning and an end, to help people who suffer an accident 194 in which the process generates a GPS activation where the accident, which in turn when 195 activating your location a traffic accident will be reported where a notification is sent to the 196 nearest emergency centers.

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As a start, the passerby must activate the location of his phone, once activated he 199 verify if the location shown on the map is correct, if it is correct, the passerby will proceed to 200 generate the notification to alert the emergency help in which he is focused on an accident. 201 Once all this is done, the process will be completed and the emergency centers will arrive 202 at the place where the accident occurred.  204 In this section of the research, the development of the mobile application prototype 205 was implemented and it was explained in detail, together with the aforementioned method-206 ologies such as the Scrum Methodology and by Processes according to the requirements to 207 have the prototype, next, the Sprint planning of each of the modules to be exercised and 208 the estimation of the time used in each of the development stages was carried out and in 209 turn the process of the planning Poker that would be carried out in the Product Backlog in 210 which will count with the story points, etc. In the Sprint planning section was the specifications of the functions that the system 214 will have and that in turn will increase the processes that was monitored, having already 215 carried out the survey to a group of 30 people of different ages and from different provinces 216 of Peru, it was possible to obtain different points of user stories, then the following formats 217 that each User Story will have as I wanted and to be developed in the case was placed. The 218 study of User history was shown in Table 2.  As a User, I want the application to allow attaching photos or videos to confirm the accident. 3

Case study
As a User, I want to send the real-time GPS location of the accident site. 4 As a User, I want direct access to the numbers of the centers to call them immediately. 5 As a User, I want to have the location in real time and be able to contact the police or the nearby hospital. 6 As a User, I want the application to be connected with the police and the fire brigade. 7 As a User, I want you to communicate directly to the police or 911. 8 As a User, I want you to have direct calls to the police, fire department and ambulances. 9 As a User, I want to have a quick access to alert about the accident. 10 As a User, I want you to have a map with the points of the closest centers. 11

Time estimation 221
In the Time Estimation section, here the methods that was used in a more known 222 and safe way, such as the Scrum Methodology, was shown, since Planing Poker was used 223 in which its estimated time can be observed, the priority of the Sprint History and the 224 history points, in which the History points add up to a total of 48, and the estimate of the 225 project had an approximate result of about 3 months, since they have user stories that were 226 estimated between 1 and 3 weeks according to Table 3.   227  Table 3. User Story Process.

Description Priority History Points
As a User, I want to log in through Google. 1 2 As a User, I want information on how to help the injured person. 3 4 As a User, I want the application to allow attaching photos or videos to confirm the accident.

8
As a User, I want to send the real-time GPS location of the accident site. 1 4 As a User, I want direct access to the numbers of the centers to call them immediately. 5 2 As a User, I want to have the location in real time and be able to contact the police or the nearby hospital.

6
As a User, I want the application to be connected with the police and the fire brigade. It is a technique in which it has the purpose of calculating the estimates and most of 229 the cases it is carried out to estimate the efforts made and thus elaborate the Sprint usury 230 history, in Table 4 you can see the development processes of the User Stories, in which the 231 interface and the duration are divided into two parts, in which it can be seen during the 232 Sprint of the project to have the development of 3 Sprint and Its estimated time was from 1 233 week to 3 weeks according to the Product Backlog.  For the development of this mobile application, multiple programming languages 237 such as Dart, JavaScript, php was used. The Flutter framework will also be used since it 238 allows a single development to be carried out and distributed on different platforms such 239 as "AppStore", "Play Store", "Microsoft Store". Third-party services such as signal will also 240 be used, this service is used to make notifications to all mobile phones, including Huawei 241 devices since these devices do not use Google services, finally, MySql is used as a database, 242 and Marvel App was used to make all the designs. It is a language created by Google and it is open source, its purpose is that it can 246 be used in almost any project, Dart can be trans piled to JavaScript and thus be able to 247 use it in web development, this code accompanied by a framework such as flutter allows 248 developing applications multi platform mobiles.

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It is a database manager, it is well known and widely used for its high performance 252 and ease of use. It is one of the fastest and most reliable services to send notifications to all mobile 256 phones in real time [16]. It is a code that allows working both in back end and front end, php is an open source 260 language and its purpose is aimed at web development, php runs on the server side and 261 shows the client an HTML code, the client will never be able to see the php code running 262 on the server [17]. In the architecture, users will be able to interact with the server through an API Rest, 266 and third-party services will be required to be able to generate notifications in real time 267 as shown in Figure 3, since the user will be the one who generates a notification, sending 268 parameters to the server, which will generate the alert and record the event, the generated 269 alert will immediately reach the nearest help centers using the geographic location of the 270 passerby's phone as a reference.

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In this Section, the prototypes were developed in order to detect errors in the program, 275 it was developed with the Marvel App tool, in which they were designed and implemented 276 through User Stories, where this help users who use the App and thus have access to 277 everything that the application provides. In the Sprint 1 prototypes we have the Login screen in which in Figure 4 it can be seen 280 that the user can log in with their google account or in which they will have to create or reg-281 ister an account to be able to access the application where It can be accessed to notify or send 282 evidence of what happened in which its process was explained and how it will help the user. 283

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In the other image that is the User Registration Screen, the User can have access by 285 logging in with google, or they can also register if they do not have an account, they must 286 complete their data, either their full names, their email where they are will send an access 287 code, your phone number and your username and password. it can be seen that in the development of Sprint 1 there was a screen to make an 290 accident report through an emergency button where a notification was sent to the nearest 291 help centers, so that health specialists. so that a life can be saved. In the development of Sprint 1, an Emergent Help notification report is generated in 295 which it is observed in Figure 5, this means that hospitals, clinics, Police and firefighters 296 can reach the site where the accident occurred and thus provide help to the injured.

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The user will be able to observe through the application that the report has already 299 been taken either by a hospital, clinic, police or fire department where the user will be 300 notified that help is on the way and thus the health specialists make their I work saving a 301 life, and in turn the police will analyze how the accident occurred in order to lift the body. 302 303 4.6.2. Development of Sprint 2 304 In the development of the Sprint 2 prototype, it will have a screen in which the user 305 who witnesses the accident can send evidence in the application so that patient care is 306 faster and the necessary help arrives to save a life, since Thanks to the evidence, the Police, 307   In the development of Sprint 2, as can be seen in Figure 6, we can see that the user will 310 have access to take photos or videos in which they can upload to the application so that the 311 help arrives faster and knows what happened with the injured person. 312 313 it can be observed that the user has access to take photos or to be able to record since 314 they will have the permission of the camera and the audio so that they know what is 315 happening and thus save a life. In the development of Sprint 3, the Last Sprint and prototype would be carried out, 318 where there was a list of numbers of the Emergency Centers where the user can have the 319 help they need to support the injured, since Not all have emergency numbers and that is 320 why some injured lose their lives quickly because the necessary help to save them does 321 not arrive, the App will facilitate access to users so that it is faster and more effective to 322 provide the necessary help, and in turn it is necessary to facilitate faster notification to 323 the help centers, as this can save a life, and depending on the location of the user who 324 notified or reported the help, the nearest help centers will help the injured and They will 325 arrive immediately, in the present development some images was shown with their brief 326 description.

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In the development of the Sprint 3 prototype in Figure 7, it can be seen that the 329 application will have a list of emergency numbers if the user or passerby who uses the 330 Application and does not have the emergency numbers, the Application will provide a list 331 of the emergency numbers where you can provide first aid to the injured and thus prevent 332 an accident or save a life that is in danger. The user or passerby who made an accident report was notified to the cell phone that 334 their report has already been attended and they have been helped.

336
Is necessary with health specialists, and thus the injured person is well with the help 337 provided by the emergency centers and thus the user knows how the injured person is, if 338 he or she is already better or is in critical condition. Figure 7. Emergency centers list screen and Quick access screen of the application.

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In this episode the results of the prototypes of each of the user stories that were divided 341 and grouped by the Sprint was shown, in which work have 3 Sprints, where the prototypes 342 was analyzed, as well as discussions we will have the tests of the prototypes of the user 343 stories, and at the same time of the acceptance that the prototypes would have, a survey 344 was also carried out in order to implement it in the development of the project, a graph was 345 also made showing the number of deaths and injuries that were caused for the accident.  Next, the following survey questions are presented and their respective percentage 353 of acceptance of each question, as the first question is the following, when do you see an 354 accident, would you like to help the injured? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

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As a second question you have the following, would you use an application to help 356 the injured? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

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As a third question, there is the following, Allow your location to be sent to the help 358 centers, to identify the place of the accident? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

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The fourth question is the following, Would you agree that the app allows you to send 360 photos and videos to show the accident? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

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The fifth question is the following: Would you like to personally call the help centers 362 or would you prefer that the app alert the nearest centers? where it was obtained that 88% 363 prefer the app to do it.

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As a sixth question, the following is asked: Do you think that an application would be 365 a good option to help the injured? where 96% acceptance was obtained.

366
As the seventh question you have the following, do you think that the application 367 should show all emergency numbers in a list? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

368
As the eighth question is the following, Would you agree that the application allows 369 you to register with your social networks? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

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As the ninth question is the following, Do you agree that you should not use the app to 371 report accidents while driving? where 96% agreed.

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As the tenth question is the following, When requesting help through the app, would 373 you agree that the help centers can see your personal information such as names and 374 surnames? where it was only obtained in 76% acceptance.

375
As the eleventh question you have the following, do you think it would be correct to 376 show information about how you could help the injured person so that he can intervene if 377 it is within his possibilities? where only 52% acceptance was obtained.

378
As the twelfth question you have the following, Would you feel uncomfortable if the 379 app shows an advertisement at the end of an alert? where 56% acceptance was obtained. 380 As a thirteenth question, you have the following: Would you like to know the status 381 of the injured that I help through the app? where 100% acceptance was obtained.

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As the fourteenth question you have the following, What other functions would you 383 like the app to have? where 25 suggested functions were obtained.

384
As the fifteenth question you have the following, should the application notify the 385 help centers how? where the results shown in Figure 8, were obtained.  In the analysis of the prototype, as can be seen in Figure 9, it was analyzed that the first 395 and second prototypes of the user stories were super easy for user login and registration, 396 since the user can access the Application through your Gmail email or create a new account 397 so that you have access to the App. In the third and fourth prototype, as seen in Figure 10, it was analyzed that the user 399 has access to report an accident through an emergency button, in which a report is made to 400 the nearest help centers so that so help can be given to the wounded. In the fifth and sixth prototype, as seen in Figure 11, an analysis was reached that 402 only the user can observe that his report is already being attended by specialized people, 403 and in the sixth prototype it can also be observed that he has access to taking evidence of 404 the accident. in which the user or passerby who uses the App may send evidence of the 405 accident.

406
In the development of the seventh, eighth and last prototype, it can be seen that in 407 Figure 12, it was analyzed that the user has access to the camera of his smartphone to take 408 evidence of the accident and in turn has a list of emergency numbers. so that the attention 409 is faster and thus provide help to the injured, also in the last prototype you can see that 410 a notification is sent to the user's cell phone, that his accident report has already been 411 attended by a specialized center and in turn you can monitor how the injured person is 412 doing.

414
In the Traffic Accident Analysis session in Peru, it can be known that for a long time 415 one of the main causes of accidents is that people drive while intoxicated where they 416 themselves harm and endanger their lives and the lives of others, that is why in Figure 13, 417 can see a graph showing the numbers of deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents, 418 which greatly affects the population since family members suffer the loss of a loved one.

420
In this section, some methodological comparisons are made in which three method-421 ologies was shown, such as the Scrum methodology, the Rup methodology and the cascade 422 methodology, in which their objectives, their brief description and their stages was dis-423 cussed as shown in the Table V. 424 Table 5. Method comparison.

Rup Cascada
The Scrum methodology is a framework that is used within teams that handle complex projects. That is, it is an agile work methodology that aims to deliver value in short periods of time.
The Rup Methodology provides a disciplined approach to assigning tasks and responsibilities within a development organization.
It is the model for Software development that follows a logical sequence and each stage is directly dependent on the previous stage.
In Types of Framework they have Management and software development, based on an iterative and incremental process.
In Types of Framework they have Analysis, design, implementation and documentation of object-oriented systems.
The types of Framework such as Analysis, design, implementation, test and service for the functionality of the systems for the improvement of the software.
The Objectives of Scrum, indicated for projects in complex environments are to obtain prompt results, requirements, fundamental innovation.
The Objectives of the Rup Methodology are object-oriented that establish the bases, templates and examples for all aspects and phases of software development.
The objective of the Cascada methodology follows the old saying of "measure twice, cut once".

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In conclusion, each of these projects effectively benefits all drivers and passersby. 426 These projects have positive results and help in one way or another so that the drivers 427 and people who carry the application with them can be saved and rescued in the shortest 428 possible time or before it happens and thus do not lose their lives, since the App provides 429 a support for people, and at the same time an improvement to prevent traffic accidents 430 and that there are no deaths thanks to the technology that now everyone can have, be it a 431 modern cell phone, tablet, GPS and Wi-Fi. The research work gave good results reducing 432 the lack of attention to the injured people, in this way the injured have been treated as soon 433 as possible, thus reducing their entry into a critical state, and passers-by were the first to 434 request help, since That is the purpose of the request for an emergency notification. The 435 software developed can still be improved to optimize functions and add new functions 436 in future versions and thus later become an App in which it provides support to all the 437 people who use it. It is suggested that further research be carried out in order to implement 438 artificial intelligence in future improvements.