Designing a climate-smart brinjal that can withstand a variety of environmental 1 conditions: A perspective 2

: Brinjal is a beautiful vegetable crop with strong nutritional properties specifically folate concentration 9 and total chlorogenic acid content. These vitamins and minerals are very much effective in building up the immune 10 system, whilst chlorogenic acid content protects the human body against heart illnesses, liver issues and diabetes. 11 The quantity of these chemicals changes from cultivar to cultivar largely based upon the location of growth and 12 changing environmental circumstances. Many plant breeding strategies are used to alleviate the losses but have 13 proved to be less successful. Whereas the use of molecular markers and other biotechnology technologies have 14 created a road for creating climate smart brinjal with maximum yields and nutritious contents.

2 Brinjal is considered as the most important vegetable due to its high nutritional qualities and easy adaptable nature.

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These species are the most important members of the family Solanaceae. This brinjal is of different types, shapes 48 and color. Also, the fruit of brinjal can be used in different ways like chutney making, pickles, curries and fries.

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This fruit of the brinjal is also considered as the King of the vegetables as it occupies a major position as a main 50 attractive dish in several occasions of South India. Apart from this Brinjal is a low calorie and high fiber plant 51 having several health benefits and providing essential nutrients [7].

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The peel of brinjal is high in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds which makes it the most important vegetable 53 for eating. Also, several minerals make eggplants very important source for nutrition. This way the most important

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Brinjal is highly known for its nutritional properties and there a group a minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and 72 other essential elements in a required quantity for an individual who consume brinjals [14].

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Along with these severe climatic changes rainfall and floods are very much dangerous because they cause the 122 uprooting of the crops from ground level which will be more disadvantageous as the entire crop is lost due to

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Brinjal is commonly known as Eggplant due to its oval shape and difference in size and it is so called in US,

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Australia and New Zealand, it is also called as aubergine in parts of UK, Ireland and Western Europe, whereas it 147 is called brinjal in Asia and South Africa [36]. This plant is mostly known for its edible properties and its nutritional 148 qualities. This vegetable crop belongs to the family Solanaceae and the fruit is known as Berry due to the 149 arrangement of the seeds in the fruits [37].

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The total set of genomes found in a particular plants or organisms is known to be genome size of the particular

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There are so many sequencing methods available so far and the methods are really quick. Compared to the old 157 sanger's method newest next generation methods are very much appropriate in giving the results through which 158 the arrangement or the sequence of the nucleotides is clearly understood and also these methods pave way towards 159 highly useful genome editing techniques which helps to alter the genomes of a particular organisms and making

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Whereas the bell peppers which belong to the same family have the genome sizes more than brinjal which is about

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It was also observed that the complete chloroplast genomes of eggplant were around 26,000 bp which was divided 206 into large copy and small single copy. Also, the GC content of the mitochondrial genome was known to be about 207 38% which was a good amount for maintaining stability between the bonds. These complete chloroplast genomes 208 were collected from whole genome sequencing project from which the sequences were retrieved, and the sequences 6 This transfer of organellar genomes is mostly maternal, sometimes paternal and rarely bi-parental. The study of 214 these organellar genomes has gained much importance in the recent years due to their importance in inheritance 215 and their effective functions [59]. It was also known that these genomes replicate in a semiconservative way proving 216 that there is proper exchange of segments in between the genomes. Therefor these organellar genomes paly major 217 important roles in the proper transfer of information from one generation to next generation. Also, these studies

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These varieties are derived from extensive plant breeding techniques where they are tested both in field and 279 laboratory conditions. There are some varieties (Table 3)

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These varieties are so cultivated depending upon the areas of high productivity due to less chances of losing yields 301 and also the tolerant nature of these varieties towards climatic changes is maximum.

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This eggplant is mainly known for its nutrient content, vitamins especially folate and importantly chlorogenic acid.

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The contents of these economically important vegetable crop is of high nutritional values and is suitable for weight 304 loss programme. This chlorogenic acid is very much useful for maintaining sound health especially reducing the 305 risks of hear attacks, blocks insulin and reduces the accumulation of fats in liver.

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rest of the important varieties are also having chlorogenic acid but in less amounts i.e., nearly 2 g/kg.

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Due to its several important characters like nutritional status, low fats, high chlorogenic acid contents, vitamins, 314 minerals etc. eggplant is a wonderful vegetable crop which should be involved in our daily food intake.

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Consumption of eggplants on a regular basis has proven benefits like maintaining good body shape and health of 316 the person and also proper liver functioning and most importantly keeps heart risks at bay. But the cultivation of 317 these plants under unfavorable conditions is quite a problem which may result in heat stress, cold stresses, 318 damages caused by through rainfall and flooding and harmful gaseous effects.

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To avoid all these unne4cesary circumstances or yield losses of the crop, proper care should be taken for sowing 320 of the suitable variety under suitable conditions and proper soil maintenance.

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Especially in case of eggplant several DNA markers were used to assess the genetic variability and diversity studies 343 to isolate the important varieties that are suitable for crop improvement programmes.

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The variations in the genomes are very well understood using genome wide approaches. This is achieved by

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The

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The transcriptomic analysis is a hybridization technique and works with the help of sequence-based approach 394 where DNA microarrays were involved to detect the genes that are compared with other genes for further analysis.

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This is the major step for hybridization where many genes were compared at a time and the useful genes were

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Conclusions and Future Prospects:

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Brinjal which is also known as the King of vegetables was a perennial, herbaceous and tropical plant with a height 416 of 80-100 cms when fully fruited and having a short lifecycle of 5-6 months has a smooth skinned berry fruit with 417 many seeds is used as a famous dish in Indian occasions due to its different sizes, shapes and colors.

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This fruit is very famous for its nutritional properties which help to maintain good heart health, liver health,