Artscience , STEAM , SciArt , SEAD and much more : multiple names for a complex and transdisciplinary research field

This article explores the lack of unanimity regarding the nomenclature used to refer to the field of research that explores the intersection between art and science. A series of examples of nomenclatures and the context in which they are applied are listed and referenced. The diverse terminology reflects the heterogeneity, transdisciplinarity, and complexity of a research field in full expansion.

The word art in the dictionary [1], may be defined as "the making of objects, images, music, etc. that are beautiful or that express feelings; the activity of painting, drawing, and making sculpture; an activity through which people express particular ideas; the making of things such as paintings or drawings, or the things that are made; a skill." From Latin, "ars" is equivalent to the Greek "tékne", the term art is intrinsic to the technique, the mode of production. Plato defined art as a capacity to do things in an intelligent way through learning, being a reflex of the creative capacity of the human being [2].
According to Azevedo Júnior (2007) [3], art can be defined as knowledge and one of its first manifestations in mankind, to mark the presence in space and represent living in the world. But for Gombrich (2000) [4], there is no such thing as art, since for the author there are only artists. The composition also arises from possible definitions for philosophers such as Deleuze and Guattari (1992, p. 247) [5]: "Composition, that is the sole definition of art. The composition is aesthetic, and what it is not composed, therefore, it is not a work of art".
For researchers such as Adilson Koslowski (2013, p. 8) [6], "there is not in the Art Philosophy such an explicit definition for the term that does not present counter examples". Still, the researcher believes that the search of the nature of art is important to allow learning regarding the complexities of the subject.
The word science, in an English dictionary, can be defined as the study of the nature and behavior of natural things and the knowledge that we obtain about them. Also, a popular branch of physics, chemistry or biology [7].
The word comes from the Latin term scientia, which means knowledge and erudition. For some authors, the term reflects everything that is connected to human knowledge. For others, the work science should be understood as "a group of theoretical knowledge regarding natural phenomenon, based on methodology and experimental rationale" [8].
To explore a bit more of the complexity regarding the terminology that the area of science and art provides, it is still necessary to also conceptualize the term technology: groups of processes, methods, techniques and tools related to art, industry, education, technical and scientific knowledge and their applications to a particular field, application of scientific knowledge to general production; the art to apply scientific knowledge to invention, improvement or use of industrial technique in all its determinations [1].
For Strosberg (2015) [9], art and science share the same tools and materials, being technology its main link. It is important to remember that, throughout History itself, the words art, science and technology have had different meanings to multiple relations with philosophy, metaphysics and even theology.
Since the words art and science have broad meanings, which can be applied in several contexts, to find a suitable term to refer to the interaction between such areas is a complex challenge. The work "Art and science in SciELO: study of abstracts of papers that use the words "science" and "art" in Brazil" [10], published in Portuguese, investigates the names used in articles that involve the themes "art and science" or "science and art" in Brazilian Portuguese according to the SciELO Electronic Online Scientific Library. The question regarding names or keywords seems crucial for future investigations in the field of interaction between art and science. This work gives us parameters that there seems not to be a consensus regarding which names should be used in articles involving the theme "art and science" or "science and art" in the Portuguese language in Brazil.

Multiple denominations
There are several abbreviations, expressions and terminologies to refer to the interaction of art and science around the world. The lack of consensus regarding the name is an enormous obstacle for bibliographic research and also, with the purpose of identifying artists, scientists and researchers that produce work in this field.
Regarding the English language, just like Portuguese, there seems to be not an unanimity regarding the adopted nomenclature. Although, terms such as Although this is a non-exhaustive list of all the existing terminologies, I hope that this can be used as a reflection over how those that identify and selfrelate as workers in this complex and transdisciplinary interaction field between art, science and technology. For each one of the expressions, at least one example of its use is quoted. Still, it is important to observe that, in some cases, the same author uses different terminologies.

Artscience
Among all lack of consensus over the proper naming, the term artscience is one of the only forms of writing for which there are authors who justify its use through the ArtScience Manifest: Integrative Collaboration to Create a Sustainable Future [11] It is not easy to prove who first used the term. Although it is possible to find the use of this term in the 19th. century [12], it is more likely that Todd Siller was the first to use such form of writing in contemporary times. Here lies a summary of the main publications that use such terminology.

Art and Science
The use of the word Art together with the word Science, in most cases, does not mean an interaction between the areas in a work, project or publication.
The use of this form of writing is rarely used, but appears in some publications, such as Ox and Lowenberg (2013) [27], in the article What is the challenge of art/science today and how do we address it?

Artsci
For Arthur Miller (2014) [28], author of the book Colliding Worlds: How Cutting-Edge Science Is Redefining Contemporary Art, terms such as "artsci", "sciart" and "art-sci" seem inappropriate to transmit the beauty and subtlety of the art that is influenced by science or by technology, although the author uses the former. For him, there are no doubts that in the future such works will be known solely by "art".
The ArtSci Salon [29] is a hub for the community of arts and science in Toronto and surrounding areas. Although in its own website, it is referred as the union among areas such as Art & Science, the term artsci is the most used by the authors of the project. There is also a series of academic publications with this term, such as Walking the integration talk: an artsci project [30].

Art-Sci
This form of writing is used by some authors and institutions such as the Land Heritage Institute (LHI), which produces the LHI Art-Sci Symposium, every two years and is in its fifth edition [31];

Art/Sci
The form art/sci is used by the magazine of the former students of the Arts and Science College from Case Western Reserve University [32]. Another example is the independent platform Art/Sci Nexus, although the term artsci has also been used in the same location. This is an independent group that promotes curiosity in and among humanities, arts and sciences, presenting

Science, Art and Technology
The word science in front of the word art, is used by the Art Institute of Chicago, for example, to name a course for students from public schools [41].

Science-Art
A term less frequently used, but publications are found with such writing, as in Ten Trenches: A Science-Art Collaboration [42], for example.

Bioart
Bioart is a term probably stated by the artist and researcher Eduardo Kac (2007) [43]. Eduardo gained international in the 90's and produces impacting work until today, sometime polemic, though. However, it is natural that other artists and researchers require authorship.
Just as Art and Technology, this is a vast field of acting with many ways to refer to specialties. For the artist Adam Zaretsky [44], there are infinite possibilities of classifications, which he calls by Vivoarts, which provides over 30 naming possibilities, such as Ecology Arts, Gastronomy Arts, Art and Biology, Ethology Art e Phusiological Art [45].

Sciart
This term is associated to one of the most important foundations of fosters in this field, the Wellcome Trust, England. The Trust's Sciart funding program, founded in 1996, promotes projects of visual arts, which involves artists and scientists in collaboration. This has the intention of developing and producing works that explore the biological and medical contemporary sciences [46]. SciArt is also adopted by SciArt Center and SciArt Magazine, in New York [47].

Science & Art
It is used in projects such as the Science&Art @ School from physics and artist Michael Hoch, which enables the involvement of students with stories of physics of particles [48].

Science-Art
Science-Art is used, for instance, by the project from Guild of Natural Science Illustrators, American association that proposed to connect artists with buyers interested in sciences, nature and medical subjects [49].

CienciArte
Researchers Tania Araujo-Jorge and Anunciata Sawada have used this term in their projects and presentations. Although they have already proposed the use of the term artscience, in their last publication on the theme, the authors preferred to use the term CienciArte [16].
In the website called Cienciarte [50], few available projects, artists and companies present a relationship between the areas. However, the website refers to itself as a site for popularization of science and art.

Initials for Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics in
English, which came up from an inclusion idea based on the acronym STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). This is regarding an educational program that fosters creativity and learning through real-life problems.
The STEM movement has gained strength and even representation in the American Congress [51]. The Road Island School of Design is one of the references in the initiative STEM to STEAM and has created an interactive map of institutions that support the movement around the world [52]. STEAM fosters creativity and social empowerment of students through learning without barriers between disciplines [53].

SEAD
This acronym refers to Sciences, Engineering, Arts, and Design (SEAD). The initial is used in publications [55] and in projects, such as SEAD

Final Considerations
It is important to mention that there are a number of works that involve art, science and technology, which do not use any of the naming used in this list. The use of an author's own terminology in articles, abstracts and keywords make some of these works difficult to be found, but do not diminish their However, for Myers (2012) [61], the project is much more than that. For the author, Dance your PhD has a massive contribution to science for its kinesthetic skills, which scientists acquire throughout training and makes the scientist's capacity capable of expanding, as well as saying, imagining and feeling.
In addition to this lists of names, which is probably incomplete, due to the diverse possibilities of names that can be used to refer to this interaction field, it is also important to mention that the Media Labs and Maker spaces spread throughout the world produce a high number of diverse works that sometimes use names quoted before and sometimes not. Media Labs are open spaces to a broad spectrum of works that catalyze ideas and forefront projects.
The high number of possibilities of such spaces was defined by Joichi Ito, in the case of the MIT Media Lab, as antidisciplinary [62]. The Maker Movement, which can be also called as Do It Yourself, or can even be called Fab Lab's or Bio-hacker, frequently involves areas of technology, science and/or art. According to Samangaia (2015) [63], the innovations that such proposal has, associated to the open possibilities in the web, may launch a process similar to what the industrial revolution was in the 19th. century.
The lack of consensus over which names should be employed for the interaction field between art and science composes a challenge for researchers that work in such field. The multiple terminologies used by works that involve art, science and technology reflect diversity, transdisciplinarity and complexity of such works.
The lack of consensus regarding the names that should be used is a barrier that must be overcome, or, at least, discussed by the actors in the field.
However, the diverse nomenclature may be another indicative that, in contemporary times, art, science and technology together form a research field in full expansion. Talasek for their patience in discussing this nomenclature so many times and for their generosity in sharing references.