PARADIGM OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE: DEALING WITH THE MODERN JUGGERNAUT THROUGH ACROSS TIME IN EDUCATION AND GOVERNMENT

In this modern era, continuous change is the first step in forming a new structure between theory and practice. The idea of a juggernaut is very relevant to the theory of structuration with current conditions in the 21st century, where technology becomes a reference that can crush anyone who is not responsive to its power. This technology takes one path and takes many roles from various fields: economic, social, political, legal, and educational. This 21st century is marked by great momentum for changes in human behavior and civilization, namely the industrial revolution 4.0 and the arrival of Covid-19, which have changed many social structures and human activities. This makes history a means of connecting the problems in the 21st century with past events. By using a descriptive qualitative method, this paper will reveal how technological developments are very influential on educational and political developments and what are the challenges faced based on historical perspective?. In this case, the study aims to discuss the history and challenges of Indonesia's education system and government system in the 21st century and give a solution. The data used are from 2 books, 14 journal articles, and 4 websites with a span of 2019-2021. The research results are expected to be used as a further study in the face of the development of the modern era in the fields of education and government. This study also has limitations, namely only on the face of the development of the modern era in the fields of education and government.


INTRODUCTION
Entering the changing times is constantly the first step in forming a new structure between theory and practice. The same thing happens in the process of changing the structure that humans perceive. From one revolution to the next, the structure of reality has changed, leading human civilization always to enter the latest phase. Along with the development of the times, technology is also increasingly sophisticated in helping people's daily lives (Lukman Hakim, 2020: 59) (1). If the technology is used correctly, it will produce positive things and vice versa. If it is used excessively and not in an inappropriate manner, it will turn the technology into a negative thing. This technology also plays a role in all fields, including politics and education.
Juggernaut is described as a large machine that can crush anyone who is not responsive to its power. The democratic system gives the movement juggernauts freedom, through the development of science and technology, humans are still in modernity. Now democracy makes room for modernity and a giant object called the emerged juggernaut of modernity. Democracy has opened up the dialectical space as a whole, both of them argue that the government is the enemy and those who state that the government is considered right to implement true democracy (Lukman Hakim, 2020: 113). (1) Why is this worth discussing? Changes in the Indonesian government system affect changing the form of democracy. In the history of Indonesia, there were 4 periods of democracy with a different system. First, during the liberal democratic government system at the beginning of Indonesia's independence. During President Soekarno's reign, the two systems of guided democracy had been implied by the government at that time, Then President Soekarno also dissolved the constituent assembly. Third, the Pancasila democratic system was applied during President Suharto's reign, who led for quite a long time. Fourth, the current democratic system is still considered to be in a transitional period (2). The development of democracy that is carried out is still based on representation. (Wijaya, et al., 2019). Changes in the democratic system in Indonesia from President Soekarno's leadership have not been able to fully improve the Indonesian government system. (3) Apart from the government, Human Resources (HR) quality also supports progress in a country including Indonesia. If human resources in Indonesia are compared to 3 countries in Asia, Indonesia is still below Singapore with a score of 0.88 and Vietnam with a score of 0.67 (reported from Kompas.com, 2019) (4). Improving the quality of education is a renewal process in improving the quality of Human Resources. Improving education is supported by facilities and infrastructure and is accompanied by the willingness of every human resource to be better.
From this explanation, changes are needed to the education system in Indonesia in developing the curriculum and the development of the government system that is run in Indonesia. Therefore, this article aims to provide solutions for implementing government and education systems to deal with modern juggernauts. To realize an education system that can improve human resources, there are four pillars offered by UNESCO, 1) Learning to know, 2) Learning to do, 3) Learning to live together, 4) Learning to be (5). Indonesia has a promising prospect for democracy. The condition for achieving this condition is the existence of sound political control. Healthy socio-political control can be done by giving space to the mass media, political parties, and organizations civil society. Constitutions. However, this system was deemed unsuitable for Indonesia. The 1950 constitution determines the implementation of a parliamentary system with an executive body consisting of the president and his ministers responsible for politics. Since the political parties in each cabinet are based on one or even two major political parties and several minor political parties, resulting in poor relations between the parties, the related parties are also not afraid to withdraw their support at any time (7).

Period 1959-1965 (Guided Democracy)
The dominance of the leader's role is the hallmark of a guided democratic system.
In this period, political parties had limitations in carrying out their role, the influence of communists also developed in this era and the expansion of the role of ABRI as a sociopolitical (7). During this period, the government made many changes to the practice of democracy. The issuance of the Presidential Decree on July 5 was seen to find a way out of the political problems that occurred in the constituent assembly, which was a form of deviation from democratic practice (7).
Many deviations occurred in the practice of the democratic system, especially in the executive field. In the era of guided democracy, it was not a real democracy but a form of power that was led by itself or arbitrarily. The meaning of democracy in this era was not reflected or applied properly. Until the birth of the 30/September PKI Movement, the guided democracy of the Soekarno era was ended. (7) 3 After the reform period, political parties were able to grow freely, as a form of freedom in an organization, and finally, the political party system returned to multi-party 1. Competence in recognizing and understanding changes that have occurred in the past, present, to those that will occur in the lives of oneself, society, nation, and humans.
2. Competence to adapt to change and become actors who use technology instead of being controlled by technology.
3. Competence determines changes in a future life for oneself, the community, and the nation as technology users, not those controlled by technology. (10) The current challenge is the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, which makes online learning activities or is said to be learning from home. Projo (2020) stated that teachers face two challenges when learning online during the Covid-19 pandemic. The first is the lack of teachers' readiness in dealing with changes in the learning system to be online. Second, teachers give too many assignments and too many learning materials, which causes students to object to online implementation. (11) There are opportunities for teachers and history lecturers to utilize technology for the implementation of online learning today, and there is a virtual tour of cultural heritage that can be used to learn history when the online system was implemented (12). Indonesia (12). In addition, the lack of preparation of lecturers or teachers in dealing with online learning, and students also complain about the many assignments or materials given by lecturers or teachers (13). With this, it can be seen that teachers and lecturers only focus on the cognitive domain, while the affective domain is also needed during this Covid-19 pandemic. In the affective domain, it is hoped that students will later have various kinds of characters related to national values because this is the affective domain that is important in learning history (Absor, et al, 2019) (14). History lessons can be made easier to find historical sources or evidence related to learning. In this case, the teacher or lecturer must have the ability to explain historical events from various sources. As an event that has happened, history is considered a backward thing, even though history can be a lesson in the future. Therefore, researchers, teachers, and history buffs will usually ask how this event could have happened. New knowledge and experience are born and become lessons for life to come (18 students so that future generations will always know their nation's history. Moreover, the teacher conveys stories or historical events that have occurred and conveyed a Reformation about the meaning of historical events so that the benefits of history are appropriately conveyed (19).

CONCLUSION
History instructions may be made extra available to discover reasserts or historic proof associated with gaining knowledge of the outline above. In this case, the instructor or lecturer should have the cap potential to explain historic occasions from numerous reasserts.
As an occasion that has happened, records are taken into consideration as a backward thing, even though records may be a lesson inside the future. Therefore, researchers, teachers, and records buffs will typically ask how this occasion may want to have happened. From that question, new understanding and reports are born and end up instructions for lifestyles to come.
Furthermore, in the Indonesian political system, healthy socio-political control can be exercised by giving space to the mass media, political parties, and civil society organizations.
The most secure and accurate for Indonesia to use is the change in the Transplacement model.
This means that in this case, there must be cooperation between reformers in the government (DPR and ABRI) and the opposition (religious organizations, student groups, NGOs, professors, and other community groups). Apart from the cooperation between the reformers and the opposition, what is needed now is a little courage to take the risk of carrying out a complete reform.