ANALYSING POVERTY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA BASED ON HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Poverty is one of the indexes that can see how a country succeeds in development. In Indonesia, the poverty rate is high as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic increases over time. Therefore, a solution is embraced in the form of government policies in tackling poverty in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the poverty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.What is the current state of poverty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia? and what are the previous government policies that have succeeded in reducing poverty in Indonesia? The method used in this study is the literature review method based on the results of critical analysis of journal articles that are relevant to the topic of discussion. The results showed that three government policies have succeeded in lowering the poverty level in Indonesia, namely the PKH program policy, the zakat policy as an indicator of poverty reduction, and the Bank Wakaf Mikro policy. Therefore, this study focuses on the policy as a study for government policy in lowering poverty levels due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.


INTRODUCTION
In December 2019, cases of the mysterious disease were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. In this first case, the source of the disease is not yet known for certain and is only associated with one of the fish markets in Wuhan. However, Wuhan health experts classify the disease as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or severe respiratory distress.
Sometime after the first case appeared, the disease quickly spread in the surrounding environment. This can be seen from the number of patients as of December 31, 209 to January 3, 2019 which has increased rapidly with the reported 44 cases. In less than a month, the disease has spread in various regions of other provinces in China and has even spread to other countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. (1) At the beginning of the disease's emergence, the World Health Organization Coronavirus is a zoonosis -a virus that is transmitted from animal to human -, so there are estimates that the virus is transmitted from animal to human. In Covid-19, it is not yet known exactly how the process of spreading the virus comes from animals to humans.
However, it can also be estimated that Covid-19 belongs to zoonosis. In addition, in other data developments, the transmission of coronavirus can go from human to human. Human contact and breathing from the nose and mouth are predictions of human-to-human information. This is evident from the occurrence of transmission in health workers who perform Covid-19 positive patient care. Another proof that supports the forecast is the positive result of contracting Covid-19 in a person who came from Shanghai, China, with a German. They claim to have held a meeting in one of the German countries. There is also other evidence that supports the prediction, namely the report of 9 cases of direct interhuman transmission outside China from people who have no travel history from anywhere. (2) Since Covid-19 was first discovered, the disease has quickly spread throughout the world. In less than half a year, Covid-19 has infected more than 123 countries on several continents, such as the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Indonesia, Covid-19 cases were first discovered in early March 2020. (4)   The Covid-19 pandemic is causing health problems in patients who have been positively confirmed to be suffering from the disease.
Patients with positive results of Covid-19 will experience health problems, especially respiratory system disorders. Covid-19 positive patients usually experience the above symptoms of fever (≥38ºC), shortness of breath, cough, sore throat, mild pneumonia, and colds.
In addition, the covid-19 disease causes mental health disorders. During the covid-19 pandemic, there are pressures that cause a person to experience disorders, such as excessive fear and panic, difficulty concentrating, stress and boredom due to the application of social policies distancing, changing lifestyles, and sleep patterns disorders. (5) The Covid-19 pandemic has also impacted various aspects of human life in addition to the health sector. One of them is the economic and social fields. In the financial sector, Covid-19 has a significant impact, especially on poverty. Poverty is the inability of an individual or group from an economic point of view to be unable to meet the basic needs of food and other basic needs. Poverty is closely related to the problem of the population having a low average per capita expenditure below the poverty standard. (24) Various policies set by the government to address Covid-19 by enforcing work restrictions resulted in many economic activities being hampered and even ceased operations. This resulted in many companies or other business entities performing employee dismissals, increasing unemployment. (6). Unemployment was then one of the factors that increased poverty. To solve the problem, the government needs to set policies for poverty alleviation that continue to expand to date. 4 The policies of the Indonesian government to address the problem of poverty have been widely implemented, but the community can still feel this problem to this day. The problem of poverty is not tiny. The issue of poverty is complex and not an easy one to solve. However, there are government policies that are considered capable of reducing the amount of poverty in society. From these policies, the current government can make new policies or innovations based on policies that have succeeded in reducing the amount of poverty to overcome the current poverty problem caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This study tries to answer how poverty conditions are caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia today and to find out the government's policies that have succeeded in lowering the previous poverty rate. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the poverty caused by Covid-19 in Indonesia today and to know the government's policies that have succeeded in lowering the previous poverty rate to become a government view to take a new policy in reducing poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic.

METHOD
The research method used is the literature review. fields that focus on the phenomenon of poverty due to an unfavorable economy as well as the Covid-19 phenomenon and its impacts. From these criteria, the researchers used keywords such as "Poverty", "Covid", and "Government Policy".
The data collection techniques used by this study are observations and documentation in the form of historical data from several relevant journals. Based on the book "Library Research Methods" on page 3, library research is all activities related to data collection methods, reading data, and recording data as research material. (25) The analysis techniques in this study use descriptive-qualitative methods. This method is used to explain and analyze the problem of poverty caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Researchers are more specific to analyze the problem of poverty due to the Covid-19 pandemic and several previous government policies that are considered capable of tackling it. The data analysis technique uses references from data analysis leaders named Miles and Huberman.
Based on the book "Metode Penelitian Kualitatif di Bidang Pendidikan" on page 51 (26), there is an explanation of data analysis techniques consisting of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.
From the data analysis technique according to Miles and Huberman which is used as a reference for the process of analyzing the data of this study, the researchers carried out the data analysis process as follows: 1. Data reduction, researchers select data according to predetermined criteria, namely data in the economic and social fields that focus on the phenomenon of poverty due to an unfavorable economy as well as the Covid-19 phenomenon and its impacts. 3. Drawing conclusions, researchers found indicators that led to the effectiveness of previous government policies in tackling poverty.

RESULTS
The results of this study were obtained through a literature review of 20 journal articles and three official websites of credible agencies. The journal article used as a reference in this study is a journal article published for the last three years. The percentage breakdown of journal articles used include eight journals in 2019 (34.7%), in 2020 as many as 12 journal articles (52.1%), and as many as three website sources consisting of 2020 as many as one website source (4.3%) and in 2021 as many as two website sources (8.6%). Poverty is an index that can see how successful a country is in development. (7) Poverty is not only understood in the economic field, but can be understood from various dimensions.
(8) Theoretically, poverty is divided into two, namely structural poverty and multidimensional poverty. (9) This study also found the results that the low level of education caused new problems such as increased unemployment and poverty. (11) In addition, the population explosion can increase the decline in per capita income, resulting in a high rate of increase in the minimum standard of living. (12) Low per capita income is one of the indexes to measure poverty. The level of health and low nutrition will result in low endurance and decreased brain thinking, thus hampering activities at work. (13) Low health will reduce productivity. This poses a threat to economic activity as well as the level of poverty.
In addition, this study also found three previous government policies that were considered effective in overcoming poverty, namely the Family Hope Program (PKH), The Effect of Zakat, Infaq on Poverty Reduction, and the Role and Legality of Micro Waqf Banks in Islamic Boarding-Based Poverty Alleviation. First, the implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) policy has been going well and in an effort to reduce poverty in Batu City. (19). Second, partially government policy, zakat has an effect on reducing poverty in Aceh, while partially, Infaq has no effect on reducing poverty in Aceh. (20). Third, government policies and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) have succeeded in initiating Micro Waqf Banks (BWM) with Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia as an effort to overcome poverty problems. (21) . Based on these three policies, the current government can review the historical data of these policies through the use of Historical Science.

Concept of Poverty
Poverty is one of the indexes that can see how a country succeeds in development. (7) The definition of poverty is important to know clearly. Poverty can be defined as a level of life of an individual or group that is below the minimum standard of living needs. Standard of living conditions can be seen based on food needs, health, education, etc. The inability of individuals and groups to meet these basic living standards is called poverty. (24) In addition, poverty is a complex problem faced by many countries globally for a long time. This is because poverty is understood in the economic field and can be understood from various dimensions. This can happen because an increase in the population without being followed by sufficient quality human resources (HR) will result in inequality. This is also related to the first factor that has been explained. In addition, the high birth rate also increases the population. The increasing birth rate in each family will affect the number of economic needs in the family. If the family's financial condition is below the minimum standard of living, it can be said that the family has a threat from poverty. The cause is that the family cannot afford to finance each family member's needs. The increase in high and uncontrolled population can also lead to population explosions. The explosion of the people then increased the decline in per capita income. (12) Low capita income is one of the indexes for measuring poverty. Therefore, the increase in the population is categorized as one of the factors of poverty.
c. Health quality is low. A low rate of health leads to poverty. This is because low levels of health and nutrition will result in low endurance and decreased brain thinking, thus inhibiting activity at work. (13) Low health will decrease productivity. This poses a threat to economic activity. Of course, productivity also affects the results obtained. If this happens to a category of individuals who fall below the minimum standard of living, this will be a problem towards poverty. Therefore, the health sector becomes the determining factor in the issue of poverty.
Of these three factors, it can be known that poverty is a complex problem. This is because the factors that cause poverty are interrelated with each other. These three factors are common factors that cause the onset of poverty. In fact, there are still several other factors that cause the problem of poverty.

Poverty in Indonesia Due to Covid-19 Pandemic
Poverty has been going on for a long time in Indonesia. According to historical records, poverty is one of the legacies of colonialism that has occurred in Indonesia.  In terms of health, the Covid-19 pandemic is the main problem in the health sector today. Its rapid spread to multiple worlds and its fatal effects cause the sufferer to die a severe threat. The discovery of an effective drug to overcome this outbreak is the duty of doctors today. In terms of politics, the Covid-19 pandemic has created a crisis and political turmoil. (14) This can be seen from the public response to the management policy set by the government. (15). There is also a discourse that occurs among the political elite in addressing and making policies to overcome Covid-19. In terms of the economy, the Covid-19 pandemic has brought some economic sector activity to a standstill. Economic activities such as export-import activities of goods, public transportation services, face-to-face buying and selling activities, and so on. (16) The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the economic field is of particular concern in this study. This number of unemployed then increases the rate of poverty development in Indonesia.

Poverty Alleviation Efforts Through Historical Perspective
The Indonesian government has carried out poverty alleviation efforts for a long time by making policies that are considered to be able to overcome the problem of poverty. These policies include Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), Family Hope Program (PKH), Smart Indonesia Program (PIP), and other programs. These programs aim to improve the lower class to overcome poverty. (12) However, there are also some policies that the government has made to be less effective in reducing poverty in Indonesia. This is due to the government's lack of attention to the characteristics of local communities that will receive assistance. Eventually, the aid program was utilized by several irresponsible people as a profit field. Therefore, a new policy or program is needed as an effort to alleviate poverty that is expected to be more effective among communities affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.
In recent history, the Indonesian government has managed to overcome poverty in several regions. Some of these areas showed positive results from the implementation of government programs. This is evidenced by research conducted by Cahyo Sasmito on the community in Batu City. (19) The study results show that the implementation of the Family of Hope Program (PKH) has been running well and the road to reduce the poverty rate in Batu City. PKH program can run efficiently and efficiently because of the communication and good relationship between PKH Escorts from the Social Service of Batu City Government and PKH participants. This PKH companion performs its duties well by accompanying PKH participants, providing counseling to PKH participants on how the participants' requirements and requirements must be met, giving advice to participants on how to process assistance, and providing counseling related to the development of expertise of PKH participants. Thus, PKH assistance to the community in Batu city can be said to have succeeded by the target expected by the government.
In addition to these examples, there is also research conducted by Toha Afifudin and Norma Sari on the influence of zakat, infaq on poverty reduction in Aceh in the period 2007-2017. The results showed that, partially, zakat has an effect on reducing poverty in Aceh while in part, Infaq has no effect on reducing poverty in Aceh. (20) Zakat is one of the worships in Islam that is bound by the aspect of ditribution, namely the distribution of funds from zakat givers to zakat recipients. Zakat has a significant impact on reducing poverty. With every 1 percent increase in zakat funds collected, the poverty rate decreased by 16.5 percent. However, infaq is considered not significant enough to reduce the poverty rate in Aceh. From these three studies, it can be said that several previous Indonesian government policies have been proven to reduce poverty as it is known that historical science has benefits to the destruction of the past and the supply of data material to past events. (22)