PARADIGM OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF LAND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES IN DKI JAKARTA

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, which has its own problems in building transportation facilities, especially on land routes. For private vehicle users, congestion is a common thing, given the very dense number of people living in Jakarta, both natives and migrants from outside the region. And for users of public transportation services such as city transportation (angkot) and transjakarta, convenience is the main obstacle. And even though it is a public vehicle, it cannot avoid congestion because it is in one lane with private vehicles except for the transjakarta bus which has its own lane. Meanwhile, for train-based public transportation such as MRT (Mass Rapid Transit), LRT (Light rail Transit), and electric railroad (KRL), the problem is the lack of integration, namely that many stations are not yet integrated with other transportation. Various policies have been implemented to overcome these problems. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness and efficiency of public transportation in DKI Jakarta today. The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive through a literature review on 16 journal articles and 4 websites. The results of this study indicate that congestion is a major problem in the means of transportation in Jakarta. This is due to the increase in population due to urbanization which is also accompanied by an increase in the number of private vehicles. Therefore, to overcome this, the Jakarta Provincial Government has made improvements, reforms, and developments in public transportation. And it is hoped that people who originally used private vehicles will switch to using public transportation. But in reality, various problems in public transportation in Jakarta have not been resolved properly. on land transportation facilities in Jakarta.


INTRODUCTION
The history of land public transportation in Jakarta has been started since the colonial era (1). At that time Indonesia was controlled by the Dutch and Jakarta was still called Batavia.
In 1869 there was already a horse tram that could accommodate 40 people pulled by 3-4 horses (2). At the beginning of its appearance, the tram train was used as a means of transporting various commodities to be taken to the port which would then be transported by ship. Then in overhaul, from a horse-powered tram to a steam-powered tram. After four years of operation of the steam tram, under the operation of the Batavia Elekrische Tram Maatschappij the electric tram was present and continued to develop, until 1935 other land transportation modes appeared, namely bemo and oplet which became a sign of the beginning of the decline of the tram.
Oplet is a public transportation vehicle that comes from cars made in England. This public transportation existed in the 1970s and is the most popular public transportation in Jakarta. And to facilitate the operation of public transportation such as oplets, the government built a terminal in the Jatinegara area in 1968. The oplet operation route starts from the Jatinegara terminal through Mataram Raya, Salemba Raya, Pasar Baru and rotates at Harmoni. However, in 1979 the oplet operation as public transportation was stopped and replaced with a more modern public transportation, namely the Microbus. After that, public transportation based on cars or buses in Jakarta continues to change along with the times.
However, the times that are increasingly advanced have not been able to solve the transportation problems that exist in Jakarta. The problem is how to meet the demand for the number of trips that are increasing but not causing congestion (3). Population growth and increased community mobility are one of the factors that cause these problems (4). Thus public transportation is the solution, if the majority use public transportation, congestion will not occur because the number of vehicles on the roads will decrease. However in reality, public transportation still has various deficiencies both in terms of services and facilities, so that the majority of people are reluctant to use public transportation and prefer to use private vehicles because they are considered more comfortable, safe, and flexible in their use. Based on these factors private vehicles are clearly more efficient than public transportation. But the uncontrolled increase in the number of private vehicles can cause various problems such as increased fuel use, air pollution, and traffic congestion (5).
These problems deserve to be investigated more deeply because public transportation plays an important role in economic development in a city. In addition, public transportation is also the backbone of the urban economy which can be an indicator that a city has a good urban planning system. This is because transportation cannot be separated from the high mobility of society in the distribution of materials and the movement of human and goods activities as a micro component of an economy. Transportation facilities must be able to provide convenience for the entire community in carrying out all activities in all different locations and spread with different physical characteristics.
Given the main cause of congestion is the number of private vehicles that continue to increase. So the solution that can be applied is to switch to using public transportation. This can be realized if public transportation can work more effectively and efficiently than private vehicles. The use of public transportation also helps to minimize the use of fuel and air pollution.
Various policy steps and infrastructure development have been taken to overcome these problems. Such as the application of odd-even policies on motorized vehicles based on plate

METHOD
The method used in this study is a qualitative approach, namely a research method based on the philosophy of postpositivism. This method is used for research with natural objects, not experiments. And the researcher acts as a key instrument. The results of research using qualitative methods emphasize more on meaning than generalization (21). The data used is data that is relevant to the topic of discussion in this study. The data was obtained by means of a literature review, namely a basic review used by the author to conduct further research following the topic of in-depth discussion (22). This technique is used by researchers in conducting a preliminary study that aims to find the main problem to be studied.
While the analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, namely statistics used to analyze data by describing the data that has been collected as is without intending to make conclusions that apply to the public or generalizations. At this stage the researchers conducted sorting and processing of the data that had been obtained. Furthermore, the data is presented in the form of text and tables. Then the data is analyzed so that conclusions can be drawn (23).
The details of the analysis process carried out by researchers are as follows: 1. Researchers do sorting and processing data in accordance with the discussion.
2. Researchers present data in text form and also a summary table of results contained in the appendix.
3. Draw conclusions based on the data obtained by analyzing the data.

RESULTS
Currently, Indonesia is a country that is in the development stage. And one indication that a country is developing is a high flow of urbanization (6), that is, the migration of people from rural areas to urban areas based on the objective that one of them is to obtain a prosperous life. Because in big cities there is industrialization, this will increase the number of jobs which ultimately attracts rural people to urbanize to cities to get these jobs.
The result of urbanization will affect the population in a city. It is predicted that in 2025 about 60% of the people will live in urban areas. And if Indonesia's population in 2025 is 240 million people, then around 144 million people will live in urban areas. In the city of Jakarta itself, which is the capital city of Indonesia and has become a metropolitan city, the rate of urbanization is very high and the population has increased dramatically. In 2019 the population in DKI Jakarta reached 10,817,856 people with an area of 662.33 km2. Based on total population and area, the population density in DKI Jakarta is 16,704 people / km2 (7).
The increasing number of population also affects other aspects, one of which is the means of transportation. In Jakarta, both natives and immigrants, they cannot be separated from the means of transportation, either public transportation or private vehicles, because transportation has an important role in economic development related to the distribution of goods, services and labor. Jakarta as a metropolitan city has high traffic flow and mobility, especially in the morning when the activity starts and in the afternoon when the activity ends.
This causes the number of vehicles on the road, both private and public vehicles, and traffic jams occur.

Table 1. Population in Major City in Indonesia
Apart from being high in population, congestion is also supported by other factors such as the increasing number of private vehicles, people who prefer to use private vehicles and public transportation that cannot compete with private vehicles. People are reluctant to use public transportation because private vehicles are more comfortable, safer, and more flexible in use. Public transportation in Jakarta is also not well integrated.
To overcome traffic congestion, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government has also made various efforts such as increasing road capacity or building new roads, engineering or traffic management, adding public transport fleets, and building new types of public transportation modes. Currently available public transportation in Jakarta are:

City Transport (Angkot)
Angkot has been operating since 1943 when Indonesia was still colonized by Japan. And in 1946, public transportation became part of DAMRI (Djawatan Angkoetan Motor Repoeblik Indonesia) as public transportation. Angkot is one of the transportation chosen by the community to mobilize before and after using the train, the reason people use city transportation more for mode shifting is because of easy access and there is no option to use other transportation (8). Angkots have become very popular because they are able to travel in relatively small vehicles that can contain 10 passengers in them. This public transportation is still operating today, especially for the middle to lower class. However, angkot cannot adjust to the pace of development of the times so that its existence is starting to be replaced by other public transportation. In addition, there are several things that make public transportation less attractive to the community, such as the determination of uncertain public transport rates, limited numbers, the feasibility of public transport vehicles related to comfort, and passenger safety from crimes such as pickpockets or others (9).

Transjakarta
Transjakarta is a public transportation owned by DKI Jakarta Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD). Started operating in 2004 until today with a fleet of more than 2,000 buses and 200 travel routes. One of the advantages of the Transjakarta bus is that it has a special lane called the busway alias it is separated from the public road. The details of the reasons why people use Transjakarta are 39% answered that it is cheaper, 29% answered that it is easy to access, 14% is more comfortable, 7% is faster and safer and 2% has a higher level of safety than other transportation. And for details in the operation of the Transjakarta bus, the return trip frequency is 89%, the maximum travel time is one to two hours by 57% and the waiting time at the bus stop is ± 10-15 minutes by 42%.

Figure 1. Reasons to use Transjakarta
However, Transjakarta also has several shortcomings, such as being late in arriving frequently. This is because private vehicle users who are stuck in traffic violate traffic rules by entering the busway lane which causes the speed of Transjakarta buses to be obstructed. In addition, the comfort factor is also a concern of the community because they often have to jostle with other people both when getting on the bus and while on the bus. This triggers crimes like harassment, pickpocketing, etc. Because this is rail-based public transportation, it will not be stuck in traffic jams (12). However, his arrival is often not on time or on time for the operation. This is because the number of passengers is not balanced with the number of carriages that are functioning or exceeding capacity. In addition, infrastructure maintenance is not carried out properly, such as rail lines that widen and cause trains to leave the railroad tracks.

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
The MRT project began construction on October 10, 2013 and began operating on March 24, 2019. With a route from Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI (13). This transportation has a special route which is regulated in Article 1 paragraph (6)  The MRT consists of 6 carriages and from a square perspective, it is a public transport with the largest capacity at 1,950 people. In terms of facilities and services provided are also comfortable. Can go at a speed of 80 km / h in order to be on time.
The MRT also provides facilities for persons with disabilities to continue using this public transportation (14). Overall it is good, but unfortunately it is not equipped with clear information to explain certain parts. In addition, because the general public uses the MRT, Poins Square, which the MRT passes through, has become a crowded place which eventually becomes a place of business (15).

Light Rail Transit (LRT)
Started to be built in 2015 in stages. In the first phase, a route was built from Bekasi Timur-Cawang-Kuningan-Dukuh Atas, and Cibubur Cawang (16). The Some of the advantages and disadvantages of LRT are the system used, namely GOA 3, which is the latest technology used as a city train driving system. GOA 3 has a movable block system that allows this train to be operated by a computer system in real time so that it does not require a driver on the train. And the LRT engine control room is completely centralized in the Operations Control Center or OCC (18). Because it uses a moving block system, the LRT is considered to be more effective in its operation so that the waiting time or headway will be faster, which is estimated to be less than 3 minutes. In addition, the ticket price is also cheaper than the MRT, around Rp. 12,000 for all routes, this price includes subsidies.
Meanwhile, the commercial price is Rp. 25,000 and the government will provide a 50% subsidy through public service obligations.

DISCUSSION
Because Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia and has become a metropolitan city, the flow of urbanization is inevitable. As a result, population growth in Jakarta is very high and the need for transportation facilities has also increased. However, public transportation in Jakarta has not been able to meet these needs. Apart from that, the factors of convenience, safety, and flexibility in time from public transportation also make people reluctant to use them and prefer to use private vehicles. Thus, private vehicles are becoming increasingly dominant and the number continues to increase, both motorbikes and cars. So that this raises various problems, including increasing the use of fuel, air pollution pollution, and traffic jams. Therefore, to overcome these problems the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta has implemented various policies. The first is to increase the capacity of the road network or build new roads. Such as the Casablanca-Tanah Abang Non-Toll Road which was inaugurated by Governor Joko Widodo. Started to be used since December 30, 2013. This project is valued at IDR 737 billion. Built to withstand earthquakes on the 8-9 Richter scale. This non-toll flyover is 12 meters above the ground with a 2,700 meter lane which was built by PT Istaka Karya, PT Adhi Karya, and PT Wijaya Karya. In addition, the construction of a new road is also being carried out for the busway route, namely the Ciledug-Tendean Flyover which is used for Transjakarta bus corridor 13 on the Ciledug-Blok M route. Development was carried out from 2015 to 2016 with a budget of up to 2.5 trillion. This flyover will be built with a road length of 9.4 kilometers, with a height of 12 meters above the ground and a width of 20 meters (19).
Second, manipulating or regulating traffic, such as implementing an odd-even policy based on the number plates of each vehicle. This policy is only for 4-wheeled vehicles but does not apply to motorbikes, government apparatus cars, public transport cars, fire engines, official vehicles, and goods transport with special dispensations. The mechanism is a vehicle with a number plate behind an odd number on an odd date, and a phone number on an even date. Valid Monday to Friday, from 07.00 -10.00 and 16.00 -20.00. while for Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays this policy does not apply. This policy is also implemented in several roads, namely MH Thamrin, Jenderal Sudirman, and Gatot Subroto (20).
Third, the use of public transportation to reduce the number of private vehicles. This is done by updating, upgrading, and building public transportation facilities, especially rail-based public transportation, with the aim that people prefer to use public transportation rather than private vehicles in carrying out their activities. Thus, if this goal is achieved, the number of vehicles on the road will decrease so that congestion can be resolved. We can see this in the construction of the MRT and LRT. Basically, the cause of congestion that still occurs is the high population in Jakarta. This is because Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia and has become a metropolitan city. So that the flow of urbanization of people from outside the region is very high. The high population also affects the need for transportation facilities that continue to increase, both public transportation and private vehicles. As a result, traffic jams continue to occur. In addition, the lack of public transportation facilities and services in Jakarta is also one of the causes of congestion. People do not trust public transportation as an effective and efficient means of transportation, so they prefer to use private vehicles.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, even though these steps have been implemented, why does the congestion still occur? and what is the solution to solve it?. To answer this question, it is necessary to remember that people living in Jakarta do not only come from within the region but also come from outside the region. The high flow of urbanization is due to the fact that Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia as well as the economic center of Indonesia. So that many people from rural areas work in Jakarta. This has contributed to an increase in the number of private vehicles that cause congestion. If only the native population of Jakarta, the existing means of transportation would meet the needs of the community in carrying out their activities and there would be no congestion. However, due to the large number of immigrants from outside the region and the economic conditions that cause the entry and exit of various modes of transportation, the existing means of transportation in Jakarta have not been able to do this.
The solution that can be done in addition to improving transportation facilities is the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government to coordinate with related parties who can help overcome these problems, such as the Transportation Agency, Social Service, and Statistics Agency from various regions. This is done in order to obtain data which is then analyzed further. In this case, the science of history can contribute to obtaining an effective and efficient means of transportation, besides that mistakes in decision making or policy implementation that have occurred in the past, especially in the field of transportation, will not be repeated.
Thus, the existing transportation facilities in Jakarta are quite effective and efficient to meet the needs of the community in carrying out their daily activities. However, it has not been able to meet the needs due to the flow of urbanization and high economic activity.
This research is only limited to land transportation facilities, while the types of water/sea transportation and air transportation are not included in the discussion. In addition, this research is also limited to the DKI Jakarta area. Altough, this article can be considered in the application of transportation facilities in other big cities in Indonesia. Especially cities that face congestion as the main problem of transportation facilities. Transjakarta is a public transportation owned by DKI Jakarta Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD). Started operating in 2004 until now with a fleet of more than 2,000 buses and 200 travel routes. Details of the reasons why people use Transjakarta 39% answered that it was cheaper, 29% answered that it was easy to access, 14% was more comfortable, 7% was faster and safer, and 2% had a higher level of security than other transportation. And for details in the operation of the Transjakarta bus, the return trip frequency is 89%, the maximum travel time is one to two hours by 57% and the waiting time at the bus stop is ± 10-15 minutes by 42%. E. Tambunan