The 21st Century Analysis of Causes and Solutions for the Loss of Indonesian Tolerance Towards a Paradigm of History

Indonesia is an archipelago with diverse ethnicities, races, languages, cultures, beliefs, and customs. As Indonesians, with these differences, they should respect each other, or what is commonly known as tolerance. However, in the 21st century, tolerance between people in Indonesia is starting to fade. This is due to the development of the times accompanied by technology development, which causes globalization to enter quickly. The culture of tolerance typical of Indonesian society is starting to fade due to the influence of globalization. Based on these problems, this study aims to determine what causes the decline intolerance of Indonesian society in the 21st century and answer what solutions can be given to prevent the decline intolerance of Indonesian society in the 21st century. The research method used is descriptive-qualitative through literature review by analyzing data following the topic to be discussed. The data used are from 20 journal articles with a span of 2019-2021. The results of this study are in the form of a decline in intolerance that the Indonesian people own due to technological advances in the form of adverse use of social media. However, with the existence of moral education and the role of teachers and the government to overcome the decline intolerance, it is hoped that the Indonesian people will understand the meaning and importance of tolerance. This study also has limitations, namely only on the causes of the fading of tolerance in Indonesian society.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelago that is rich in diversity of ethnicities, races, cultures, and customs. So that an attitude of tolerance is needed by the people of Indonesia.
Tolerance is an attitude of accepting and respecting existing differences and not discriminating against minorities. (1) Society is a group that interest can quickly mobilize that tends to divide them.
According to Abdusammi, diversity is a fact of life where everyone must try to arrive at a mutually understanding attitude. The existing diversity also has positive and negative impacts. The negative impact that often arises related to diversity is that it can increase intolerance and conflict, such as the conflict between the Dayak and Madura tribes that occurred in Sampit, Central Kalimantan, in 2011. Then the positive impact is that with diversity, the community has a concern, it can increase cooperation. or cooperation, this will lead to a sense of tolerance in the community. (2) Today, in the 21st century, issues related to intolerance often arise, so intolerance becomes a severe threat to the diversity of a nation, including Indonesia. Therefore, research on causes and how to address the loss of tolerance is essential. And then, current intolerance can become a tuning radicalism in the midst of the diversity of nations. So people had to understand the importance of tolerance in the 21 st century in their efforts to prevent intolerance. Preventive steps have also begun to be taken in educational institutions, formally in schools and non-formally, such as in Islamic boarding schools, youth communities, and families, to provide learning or cultivate an attitude of tolerance.
Character education for early childhood is intended to instill good values to become a habit when the child is an adult or at the next level of education. At this time, children have not received negative influences, which tend to come a lot from the environment, so that parents and early childhood educators will find it easier to guide children to maximize their development, especially in instilling the values of character education.
Character education aims to guide students to consciously develop character values both at school and in the surrounding environment. (3) The development of the times is accompanied by technological developments that give birth to social media with positive and negative impacts. This will later affect the decline of intolerance in Indonesia in the 21st century today. So this study uses qualitative descriptive theories to do analysis of causes and solutions for dealing with the loss of tolerance among Indonesians. Therefore, this research is conducted to find out how the causes of intolerance in Indonesia in the 21st century and what solutions can be done to deal with the fading of tolerance in Indonesia today.

METHOD
The method used in conducting this research is qualitative-descriptive using a literature review or literature review. Qualitative methods are used to analyze data which is the source needed in the research process. The data analyzed qualitatively in this study contained the causes of tolerance in the 21st century due to the development of technology, which led to the birth of social media, solutions, and the importance of tolerance in the 21st century, especially for Indonesians. Meanwhile, descriptive research describes the causes and solutions in analyzing the decline intolerance of Indonesian society in the 21st century.
The object of this research is social media as the cause of the fading of tolerance accompanied by technological developments in the 21st century. As well as solutions and the importance of tolerance by cultivating attitudes through education accompanied by the role of teachers and government in the challenges of facing the decline of tolerance.
The data collection technique used in doing this study was with a library study on a journal found on Google Scholar, among them the academic journal Astika, the Paris Langkis journal, the journal of Obsesi, the journal of Dialog, the journal of Wakista, the journal of Lentera, the journal of Al-Bayan, the journal of Teologi, the journal of Tsamratul Fikri, and the journal of education. As for web sites, they used trusty like katadata.co.id, and satukata. Journal sources and web sites used also have specific criteria.
The specified criteria are as follows: 1) journal articles used as references with a minimum number of 20 articles, 2) journal articles spanning years from 2019 to 2021, and 3) trusted websites used.
The analysis techniques used in conducting literature review research are (4): 1. Prepare the equipment needed 2. Gather scientific sources following the topic to be discussed 3. Timing the analysis appropriately 4. Read and review scientific sources before conducting analysis 5. Analyze and conclude the sources that have been collected

RESULTS
The results of this study were obtained from the process of analyzing 20 journal articles ranging from 2019 to 2021. The journal articles used are following the topics to be discussed in this study. As for the addition of the use of the website in this study, the use of the website is used to find quality data according to the topic and is needed in the research process.
The decline of intolerance in Indonesian society today has resulted in a loss of mutual respect between humans. This causes conflicts that often occur due to diversity. In this 21st century, in connection with the times accompanied by technological advances to give birth to social media, intolerance can spread rapidly. This is because there are lots of hoax news that are rife and hate speech about people being bullied. However, efforts can be made to solve these problems. One of them is through education and the role of teachers, by teaching the values of Pancasila. It is hoped that the cultivation of an attitude of tolerance through education taught in schools can preserve cultural values that have been owned by Indonesian society for a long time, such as tolerance.

Tolerance in Historical Experience
Tolerance is a problem that has occurred since classical to contemporary times.
Tolerance is a breakthrough that is needed in a society that is plural and prone to conflict.
Tolerance means the attitudes or views that are always presented in situations of social conflict. When viewed in a multi-interpretation manner, one-party states that tolerance is respect for others and even rewards for negligent strangers, whereas, for some people or other parties, such an attitude is a form of neglect, indifference, ignorance, and acts of isolation. 6) In general, from a historical perspective, tolerance is divided into two perspectives: vertical and horizontal. Vertically it is built on state theory such as tolerance is understood as a political practice, state policy, the aim of which is to guarantee freedom, order, security, law and the constitution, and power. Meanwhile, horizontally it is built on the theory of intersubjectivity, where tolerance is understood as a person's attitude and policies towards other people, such as the disabled, marginalized, and other minorities.
According to Rainer Forst, there are four conceptions of tolerance in history: the context of the relationship between majority and minority, the existence of social groups with others, the embodiment of norms of tolerance and tolerance, and tolerance in a multicultural society. The classic view that shows the relationship between majority and minority is between the majority as the holder of authority and the opposition. If translated, tolerance is defined as the authority permissively given to minorities to live according to their beliefs on the condition that the minority group must continue to accept the position of the dominant group as the holder of authority. (6) The events that occurred in 2017 were during the 2017 DKI Jakarta Governor Election by justifying any means. The methods used were provocative, slander, and even threatening, resulting in a massive demonstration to sue for being convicted because they were considered defamatory of religion. Where these issues aim to win the opponent's victory. This indicates that the Indonesian people's lives will not be separated from religious teachings because religion is the basis of community life. So it is only natural that many political parties use religion as the basis for their political struggles. This has been evident since the country's establishment, such as political parties that are nationalist and religiously based. However, political parties that label themselves as the majority religious party are close to religious community organizations considered radical in fighting for their interests. Whereas basically, Indonesia was founded by the Founders of the Nation not as a religious state, but as a religious state. The Indonesian state does not adhere to any of the teachings, but is based on the general values of all religions. This is because Indonesia is a country with diversity, so tolerance and not dominating one another. (7)

Causes of Intolerance
One of the biggest problems that occur in the ummah today is the difficulty of accepting existing differences and the emergence of the notion that differences can lead to The cause of tolerance problems can come from extremism. Extremism is an understanding or belief that is so strong against a view that it exceeds the limits of reasonableness and violates the existing law. Extremism is considered as one of the sources of tolerance problems that occur, especially in Indonesia. Extremism is seen as often occurring in religion, where extremism is seen as a starting point for someone to become radical. (8) As for the issues that occurred during the elections. Just as people are indoctrinated not to vote for these candidates because they are not of their faith until they are labeled kafir, which is the word kafir irrelevant to today's situation. In choosing a leader, what should be seen is the quality and competence, not because of other things that have nothing to do with government, such as trust. (7) Since 2017, there have been many acts of terror that have taken place, which have shocked the public at that time. For example, the bombing of places of worship, police stations, and flatlands at the same time and caused many casualties. This is alleged because the perpetrators were exposed to radicalism with a motive of suicide. The emergence of radicalism began with distrust and injustice because they felt that the government oppressed their people. The government has never oppressed a specific religious community, but the government runs the wheels of government accompanied by laws and regulations that regulate a matter. (7) The occurrence of acts of radicalism and terrorism can also damage the cultural fabric of society. Society becomes suspicious of others quickly, with no more sense of tolerance and peace. This is because they are easily Hate speech also conveys the term labeling. This labeling is given to corner or underestimates a certain group. For example, busy terms are used, such as 'alay, lebay, tacky' and many more. The use of these terms in committing blasphemy refers to 'anguish', like someone who shares his photo on social media to capture his happy moment, which in the end gets cornered with the term 'alay', indicating that the tolerant attitude of the Indonesian people is starting to fade. Everyone has a difference in expressing their happiness, either by posting their photos on social media or capturing their photos in a photo album.

Social Media in Responding to The Challenges of Intolerance Issues
The development of the times continues to push the era to enter the era of disruption in the 21st century, which is a challenge for the Indonesian state ideology, namely Pancasila. (2) The era of disruption is a fundamental change that can change human life from various aspects-entering the era of disruption marked by increasingly rapid technological developments. One of them is the birth of social media. Currently, the role of social media is the third role after family and school; this is because the digital era has shifted the role of neighbors to become the role of social media. (12) Social media is a medium for socializing with each other, which is done online, allowing humans to interact with each other without being limited by space and time. (2) The use of social media continues to increase. Even social media is a popular platform for various Indonesians. This also relates to data traffic access to information, where the more frequently information is accessed, the higher the popularity of that information. If the popularity of information is higher, it will be easier for the audience to reach, causing the information to go viral. Viral information will become a public issue that is discussed or commented on continuously. (8)  Developing an attitude of prioritizing common interests over personal interests is also necessary. Humans as social beings need each other. Therefore mutual tolerance between communities is needed.
Pancasila is expected to be a solution to problems; of the five precepts in Pancasila, it can be used as reinforcement, such as: (2) 1. The first precept reads "Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa", which contains that all elements of society have their respective beliefs.
2. The second principle says "Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab", not a few problems of intolerance will impact justice for specific groups. The existence of intolerance will have an impact on certain groups, such as minorities.
3. In the third principle, which reads "Persatuan Indonesia," it is clear that intolerance is very much against the Pancasila ideology. Intolerance can have an impact on divisions between groups.
4. In the fourth principle, it reads "Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan", explaining that intolerance is very much against Pancasila. The wise attitude of the leader will influence in overcoming the current problem of intolerance.
5. The fifth principle reads, "Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia", where intolerance will undoubtedly lead to injustice in society.
Gotong royong is an authentic Indonesian culture that has existed since time immemorial. Gotong royong binds all elements in society. However, nowadays gotong royong has disappeared and has been replaced by radicalism. Radicalism grew out of a sense of intolerance that grew when the culture of cooperation began to erode. Thus, the public should realize that the existing values of cooperation need to be re-established to restore the original Indonesian culture that was shattered by division and enmity.

Implementation of Tolerance Education and The Role of Teachers and Families
Character education for early childhood aims to instill good values so that it becomes a habit when the child is an adult. At this time, children tend to get influence from the home environment only, so that parents and educators will find it easier to guide children to maximize their development, especially in instilling character education values. There are 18 character values, namely religion, honest, tolerance, discipline, hard work, creativity, independence, democratic, curiosity, love for the country, the spirit of nationality, friendly/communicative, respect for achievement, love of peace, care for the environment, love to read. , social care and responsibility. (11) The family also has an important role in shaping children's personalities from an early age. The first role of the family is to educate by instilling religious values and humanism. The family also teaches moral values, namely politeness, such as greeting, salim, and greeting. The second role of the family is to provide academic guidance, provide meaningful learning such as implementing integration through everyday life.
Then finally, the role of the family is to evaluate. However, evaluation is focused on achievement and shaping the character of politeness that upholds the valuesof humanism.
Evaluation can be done by providing advice on something that is polite and uncharacteristic and providing supervision to children. Social media should also be monitored by checking search history and blocking content that is not yet age-appropriate.
The inculcation of an attitude of tolerance from an early age is hoped that children can become the next generation of the Indonesian nation because of the diversity that exists, considering that Indonesia is an archipelago with diversity. To maintain the integrity of a nation, it is necessary to have an attitude of tolerance so that people can live in harmony and mutual respect and respect. Therefore, tolerance needs to be instilled in the minds of every individual, especially early childhood who will become the next generation of the Indonesian nation.
The factors that influence tolerance include religion and social norms, where the influence of social norms can be significant by being positively developed to play a bigger role in building tolerance. The next factor is the parenting of parents and teachers because parents and teachers are the first socialization environment carried out by Teachers and Lecturers, a teacher has the following duties: a teacher as an educator, a teacher is an educator who becomes a figure and a role model for students and their environment; teachers as students, teachers are tasked with assisting students in continuing and developing science and technology. (4) Therefore, teachers must follow technological developments so that their teaching systems follow the latest times.
Teachers have an important role in instilling tolerance by integrating education with various cultures. Teacher behavior in the classroom is key in helping all students reach their potential regardless of gender, ethnicity, age, language, religion, or other differences. As a teacher, he must be an example or role model with character values, one of which is the value of tolerance. The trick is to instill character in children, a teacher or educator must be directly involved in activities, a teacher must sustainably ensure students' character development, and also needs to explain to students about a variety of good and bad values. (4 ) The approaches that can be taken to build tolerance in schools are (5): 1. Integration of tolerance education with Pancasila and Citizenship education, where Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PKN) and tolerance education are interrelated.
PKN is a form of state concern in building and caring for social and state life by containing the value of tolerance.
2. Integration of tolerance education through Islam as a form of tolerance for students.
Such as the emphasis on tolerance as exemplified by the Prophet.
3. Integration of tolerance education with multicultural and character education by adding lesson material related to the morals of other religions. Then, multicultural based Islamic education materials should also emphasize that morals are not limited to morals towards God and His Messenger, but also towards oneself and the environment.
History education also has an important role in teaching students the importance of history in shaping students' personalities. Hamid Hasan stated that historical education provides basic and in-depth educational material based on past experiences to build awareness and understanding of self and nation. (18) Because basically, human life will always be tied to the past. Where events that existed in the past can be used as an evaluation for the future. The importance of awareness in dealing with current problems, both those that bring pressure in daily life. Facing anxiety and worry need to be held through awareness and resilience.

CONCLUSION
The cause of the decline intolerance in society in Indonesia in the 21st century is the difficulty of accepting existing differences and the emergence of the notion that where the more frequently information is accessed, the higher the popularity of that information. If the popularity of information is higher, it will be easier for the audience to reach, causing the information to go viral. Viral information will become a public issue that is discussed or commented on continuously. (8) Sometimes hoaxes related to intolerance also appear, which can threaten the ideology of Pancasila.
However, efforts have been made to prevent or overcome intolerant attitudes that occur in Indonesia. Pancasila is expected to be a solution to problems; of the five principles in Pancasila, it can be used as reinforcement, such as (2): 1. The first principle means that all elements of society have their respective beliefs. Thus, every community has the right to worship according to their beliefs, and other communities respect each other with tolerance for differences in their beliefs.
2. In the second principle, it means that many intolerance problems will impact justice for certain groups. The existence of intolerance will have an impact on certain groups, such as minorities.
3. In the third principle, it is clear that intolerance is very much against the Pancasila ideology. Intolerance can have an impact on divisions between groups.
4. The fourth principle explains that intolerance is very much against Pancasila. The wise attitude of the leader will influence in overcoming the current problem of intolerance.
5. The fifth principle shows that intolerance will certainly cause injustice in society. Article 4 Regarding Teachers and Lecturers, a teacher has the following duties: a teacher as an educator, a teacher is an educator who becomes a figure and a role model for students and their environment; teachers as students, teachers are tasked with assisting students in continuing and developing science and technology. (4) Therefore, teachers must follow technological developments so that their teaching systems follow the latest times.
The limitation of research that the writer experiences in doing this lies in the research process. That is the process of searching for sources of articles that discuss both the efforts and the role of governments in overcoming intolerance, as most of the journals found deal only with application of their lines in Pancasila. Then there are the criteria in this writing that limit journal use to just 2019 to 2021.
There are recommendations on solutions to the problem of tolerance in the 21 st century. Here are the suggestions on those who play a crucial role in addressing the problem, as in the 21 st century, social media played a crucial role in addressing the problem, and there is no doubt that through social media the dissemination of intolerance as well as of hate speech was spread. In this case, it is necessary to act decisively through the UU ITE for any who is responsible for the speech of such hate. In addition, teachers also play an importand role in teaching about the importance of tolerance in a country that is rich in diversity. As well as the role of parents in implanting tolerance at an early age the first social environment is a family environment by which an investment of tolerance at an early age, a child will eventually become accustomed to differences and thereby prevent intolerance (21)(22)(23)(24).