White Hole Cosmology-One Best Alternative for Standard Cosmology

By modifying the basic definition of cosmic red shift as [z/(1+z)], considering ‘speed of light’ as an absolute cosmic expansion rate, adopting ‘Planck mass’ as the basic seed of the observed large scale universe and following a scaled form of Hawking’s black hole temperature formula, it is certainly possible to review and revise the basic picture of ‘standard cosmology’ and in near future, a perfect model of ‘white hole cosmology’ can be developed. In this context we have developed five assumptions. Independent of matter density fractions, first assumption is helpful in understanding galactic red shifts and galactic light travel distances. Second and third assumptions are based on ‘time reversed’ black holes and seem to be well connected with General theory of relativity as well as Quantum mechanics. Fourth and fifth assumptions are helpful in understanding current galactic dark matter and flat rotation speeds. It may be noted that, considering our first three assumptions and considering the Planck Legacy 2018 data’s enhanced lensing amplitude in cosmic microwave background power spectra conceptually, a closed universe having a positive curvature seems to be a best fit for the observed universe. With reference to our recent publication [26], for clarity on the subject, in this paper, we make an attempt to review and explain our proposed assumptions at fundamental level. Our aim is to see that, professional and non-professional cosmologists must understand the basics of workable quantum cosmology.


Introduction and purpose
Modern cosmologists are seriously working on developing a peculiar model of relativistic cosmology that assumed to be started with a 'big bang' [1] followed by a sudden and very short period exponential expansion called 'inflation' [2] and a lately begun current acceleration [3,4]. Big bang and inflation, both, seem to be the best widely accepted theoretical inferences of current large scale cosmic observations. But it is very clear to say that, both are having no proper theoretical base with reference to the basic concepts of general theory of relativity [5,6,7]. In addition to that, currently believed cosmic acceleration is based on another widely accepted invisible and unidentified cosmic 'new energy source' called 'dark energy' [8]. Apart from these three complicated cosmic issues, galactic observations strongly supporting the existence of yet another mysterious and invisible cosmic 'mass source' called 'dark matter' [9]. It is very unfortunate to say that, so far, no one did establish a clear physical connection between cosmic dark energy and dark matter.
We emphasize the point that, standard model of cosmology is basically a model of classical model of general relativity and it seems inevitable to bring a change with reference to quantum model of cosmology [10,11,12]. Another important point to be noted is that, quantum cosmology point of view, 'Spin' is a basic criteria and 'cosmic rotation' is no way against to general theory of relativity. Since standard model is being developed and maintained by high level mathematics, so called 'standard model' of cosmology is strongly believed and shown to be in line with large scale cosmic observations that are completely depending on an ad-hoc and misleading definition of 'cosmic red shift' [13,14] associated with light coming from distant galaxies.
Here we would like to appeal the point that, by modifying the basic definition of cosmic red shift, considering 'speed of light' [15,16,17] as an absolute cosmic expansion rate and adopting 'Planck mass' as the basic seed of the observed large scale universe, it is certainly possible to review and revise the basic picture of 'standard cosmology' and in near future, a perfect model of 'white hole cosmology' can be developed [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] with a positive curvature and rotation. In this context we have developed five assumptions. It is very interesting to note that, the recent Planck Legacy 2018 release has confirmed the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra compared to that predicted in the standard Lambda cosmology model. Experts suggest that, this kind of enhanced lensing amplitude can be understood with a closed universe having a positive curvature at more than 99% confidence level [27][28][29][30].
With reference to our recent publication [26], for clarity on the subject, in this short communication, we make an attempt to review and explain our proposed assumptions at fundamental level. Our aim is to see that, professional and non-professional cosmologists must understand the basics of workable quantum cosmology.

Five assumptions
Out of five, first three assumptions are helpful in understanding the basic cosmic structure and 4 th & 5 th assumptions are helpful in understanding current galactic structures. With further study, they can be modified for a better understanding.

Assumption-1:
Actual cosmic red shift seems to be, where O  is the wave length of light received from observed galaxy, L  is the wave length of light in laboratory and z is the currently believed cosmic red shift. 10 to 10 kg.

A critical review on assumption-1
In reality, so far, experimentally, no one did confirm any elementary particle travelling with superluminal speed. Observationally, so far no one did confirm any galaxy receding with superluminal speed. Quantum gravity point of view and as photons and gravitons are confirmed to move with speed of light, it seems illogical to believe in superluminal speeds. Based on these points, currently believed cosmic red shift definition can be considered as 'erroneous' and it seems necessary to review its mathematical representation. Considering 'light speed' as a characteristic upper limit of galactic receding speed, we have developed assumption-1. As per assumption-1, without considering standard model of matter density can be reproduced with marginal error. See figure-1. Based on figure-1, it is certainly possible to relinquish the matter density fractions and dark energy concepts associated with standard model of cosmology. With further study, confusion associated with basic cosmic red shift can be eliminated. Keeping its simplicity in view, our new definition of cosmic red shift can be recommended for further research [26]. For a comparison readers are encouraged to visit https://cosmocalc.icrar.org/ and http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/cosmodis.c.

A critical review on assumption
Currently believed standard model of cosmology is based on general theory of relativity. To have a quantum model of cosmology, it seems essential to review the basics of Lambda cosmology in view of quantum background. Cosmologists should accept this point. Considering the product of Lambda cosmology model's current cosmic critical density and current Hubble volume, current total cosmic mass can be expressed as, 3 2 that, black holes are the best quantum objects. objects of all grown and growing galaxies, it seems possible to consider the expanding universe as a time reversed black hole its current cosmic radius as, Light Travel Distance (Gly)

Figure1: Comparison of standard and estimated light travel distances
A critical review on assumption-2 Currently believed standard model of cosmology is based on general theory of relativity. To have a quantum model of cosmology, it seems essential to review the basics of Lambda cosmology in view of quantum background. Cosmologists should accept this point. Considering the product of Lambda cosmology model's current cosmic critical density and current Hubble volume, current total cosmic mass can be expressed as, Quantum gravity point of view, it is well confirmed that, black holes are the best quantum objects. As black holes are confirmed to be the objects of all grown and growing galaxies, it seems possible to consider the expanding ersed black hole (a white hole). In this context, it is possible to express us as, substituting the geometric mean of 'Planck mass' a Hawking's black hole temperature formula [12,26], it is possible to fit the current accurately [31,42]. If  Currently believed cosmic red shift (z) 6

A critical review on assumption-3
The fundamental question to be answered is -What is the correct form of cosmic curvature? With reference to critical density, cosmologists try to say that, 1) If observable matter density is greater than the critical density, there is a possibility for a positive curvature. 2) If observable matter density is less than the critical density, there is a possibility for a negative curvature. 3) If observable matter density is equal to the critical density, there is a possibility for no curvature (i.e. it is flat -means infinite in volume without a center).
Considering, the sum of ordinary matter density, dark matter density and dark energy density, it is strongly believed that, universe is flat on large scale distances. But it is very unfortunate to say that, so far, no observation or experiment did confirm the existence of dark energy. Until the direct existence of dark energy is evidenced, it is not correct to believe in 'cosmic flatness'. In addition to that, when it is strongly believed that universe is infinite in volume without a center (flat), it is illogical to confine our studies with 'Hubble volume'. In this complicated and ambiguous scenario, we are working on assumptions 2 and 3 on their scope, applicability and validity in understanding cosmic center and curvature with reference to cosmic white hole of volume, and mass density, We would like appeal that, when 'total mass density' is identical with currently believed 'critical density', classification scheme associated with 'critical density' can be ignored/relinquished. Basically, assumption-3 seems to be a representation of a simple model of universe having a center and positive curvature of radius,  Based on the very basic physics, frankly speaking, for the universe having a center and positive curvature, it seems reasonable and correct to insert a relation of the form, t t V  in place of t c H where t V and t  represent cosmic rotational speed and angular velocity respectively. Clear speaking, logically, assumption-3, seems to be valid and more meaningful when, 2 2 .
By replacing t V with speed of light (as cosmic expansion speed) and by replacing t  with cosmic expansion rate t H , in this paper, we are making an attempt to estimate other cosmic physical parameters. In most of our published papers we have followed all possible ways. Whether it is correct or not, will be decided with advanced study and research [28]. Reference 28 clearly suggests that, thermal behavior of the universe plays a vital role in understanding the actual cosmic curvature. It seems to be in-line with our assumptions 2 and 3. As standard model of cosmology is not in line with quantum models of cosmology having a positive curvature, it may take some time go deep into the study of assumption-3. With further study, cosmic rotation [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] can be verified with a relation of the form, is a coefficient of proportionality to be decided with any suitable model or observational data.
In our very recent paper [26], we proposed that, Based on this coincidence and considering a broad range of very light and super massive galaxies, assumptions 4 and 5 can be modified with reference to MOND's relation [58], and actual galactic dark mass.

Understanding the true nature of cosmic geometry
As per general theory of relativity, when there is no outward force, space-time follows a positive curvature proportional to its matter content. According to standard cosmology, universe is infinite in volume having unlimited matter content. So far no did confirm the direct physical existence of the (inferred) hidden driving force or outward force of the infinite universe. In addition to that, when space is expanding at super luminal speeds in infinite volume, second to second, on large scale distances, cosmic temperature must show a continuous decrease in its magnitude. Observed CMBR isotropy is dead against to this logic. Based on these points, it seems reasonable to appeal that, 1) There is a chance of misleading and misinterpretation in models of cosmology having infinite volume and infinite matter.
3) Dark energy may not be a compulsory entity in developing workable models of cosmology [59,60].
4) Models of cosmology having a positive curvature cannot be ignored.

5)
Rotation is a common phenomenon in closed models of cosmology.
6) Galactic observations and CMB observations must show an unique inference pertaining to cosmic geometry. 7) Scope and validity of 'Light speed' can be thoroughly analyzed in all possible ways as a limiting condition of 'cosmic expansion speed', 'galactic receding speed' and 'cosmic rotation speed'.
In this context, it is very important to consider R. Burghardt's model [61,62] of 'Subluminal universe' having a positive curvature and light speed expansion. It resembles Melia's model [15,63,64,65] of the universe in all respects and deviates from 'Flat model'. It is very unfortunate to say that, these models are lacking in estimating and understanding the origin of cosmic thermal bath in a quantum gravity approach. Here we would like to emphasize the point that, by combining our model with Burghardt's model, Melia's model, Tatum's model [66,67] and Sapar's model [68], in near future, a very nice model of quantum cosmology can be developed in all respects.

Understanding cosmological galactic acceleration
According to Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt, observable universe is accelerating [3,4]. Clearly speaking, expansion of the universe is such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continuously increasing with time. It can be understood in the following way [20,22]. It needs a thorough analysis with reference to currently observed galactic acceleration.
With reference to two time periods   Clearly speaking, 1) Within the cosmic horizon, second by second, galactic receding speeds are increasing and resemble a kind of internal cosmic acceleration. 2) Acceleration seems to be higher near to cosmic centre and gradually reaches to zero at horizon. 3) Hubble's law pertaining to two increasing time periods seems to be a natural consequence of internal cosmic acceleration. 4) Cosmic horizon is always expanding at speed of light.

A review on standard model of Lambda cosmology
Based on the assumptions and considering the following points, at fundamental level, it is possible to review the standard model of cosmology. We would like to appeal that, 1) Even though highly intuitive and impressive, there is no clarity and proper physical support for 'big bang' and 'inflation'. 2) Total mass energy density and critical energy density, both are identical and there is no need to consider a curvature classification scheme based on critical energy density. 3) Frankly speaking, if universe is really expanding with 'speed of light', unphysical Lambda term and its inherited dark energy term, both can be relinquished forever. 1) Galactic flat rotation speeds and their distances can be reviewed in a better way.
2) Complicated mathematical formula associated with light travel distances can be simplified. 3) Standard cosmology and basic models of quantum cosmology can be studied in a unified approach. 4) Big bang, inflation and dark energy like intellectual concepts can be explored at utmost fundamental level. 5) Complicated mathematics of general theory of relativity can be simplified to a great extent. 6) Galactic acceleration can be understood with clarity and thereby error in estimating Hubble parameter can be eliminated. 7) Planck scale imprints associated with current cosmic observations can be explored and thereby a correct model of cosmology can be developed with high precision. 8) Inter relation between galactic dark matter and visible matter can be refined and understood in a better way. 9) Nature of dark matter can be explored at utmost fundamental level. 10) Atomic and nuclear scale dark matter secrets can be understood and thereby experiments can be conducted in a result oriented approach.

Conclusion
As there exists no experimental support and as there exist no other applications of dark energy, in phase-1, by relinquishing the currently believed critical density curvature scheme and adopting white hole cosmology with light speed expansion, it seems possible to develop a workable model of quantum cosmology independent of cosmic matter density fractions and dark energy. Time to time, based on the cosmic temperature data, Hubble parameter can be estimated accurately. In phase-2, on confirming the positive curvature of the current universe, details of cosmic angular velocity can be understood and verified in all possible ways. In phase-3, on confirming the current cosmic angular velocity, collectively, all cosmic physical parameters including the nature of galactic dark mass and cosmic age can be studied in a unified manner.