PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF PILOT IN THE INDONESIAN NAVAL AVIATION CENTER: META-ANALYSIS STUDY

Facing the tasks and challenges going forward, a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center was required to be brave in taking risks, especially in carrying out its main tasks, so it was expected that a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center had intelligence, especially in finding appropriate solutions and alternatives to address every task challenges dynamics in situations that often changed quickly. The purpose of this study was to identify the personal character and performance that should be owned by the pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center. This research used a qualitative approach with a contextual and constructional meta-analysis study method. The results of this meta-analysis study concluded that in line with the essence of personal character that is defined as the personal aspects of a work that allows workers to achieve superior performance. These personal aspects include nature, emotive-motives, value systems, attitudes, knowledge, and skills, where the personal character would produce an optimal performance on a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center.


Introduction
Since its birth, as an instrument of the state in the field of defence, the Navy has experienced certain changes along with changes in Indonesian society. Major changes due to the change of power from the New Order to the Reformation era, along with changes in values at the global level, also influenced changes in the role of the Indonesian Navy from the Pretoria army, namely the army involved and intervening in political life towards professional soldiers.
Nevertheless, up to now many groups are still debating the nature of Indonesian National Army professionalism. In the current era of globalization of Industry 4.0 reform, the Navy is demanded to develop personality characteristics with leadership characteristics that are reliable, credible, and responsive to the challenges of increasingly heavy tasks and prioritizing professionalism in performance.
According to State Budget and Expenditure Budget data for 2002-2015, 5-7% of the total expenditure of the State Budget is allocated to the defence sector annually. In 2006, defence accounted for 5.9% of the total State Budget. This figure crept up to 6.7% in 2012 and continued to crawl in the following year. The increase in the budget in the defence sector has reached three times from 2007 to 2013, from IDR 30.7 trillion to IDR 81.8 trillion. The defence budget for the Indonesian National Army is used to invest in the defence and security sector so that national sovereignty is maintained, the political climate is safe, investment goes well, and finally, the economy is running as expected. However, unfortunately, research on accountability and performance in the military sector in Indonesia has not been widely circulated. Indonesian National Army needs research to be able to develop defence strengthening strategies both in terms of hardware and software. The human aspect is a software aspect that needs attention.
One of the efforts is through continuous learning orientation conducted by the pilot of the Indonesia Naval Aviation Center in particular because the meaning of learning is the development to gain new knowledge or the ability to produce behavior. A strong military pilot flight orientation learning will encourage someone to continue to improve their ability to support their work and provide the best results for their work (Cox et al., 2013). The learning process will increase the ability and knowledge capacity so that capabilities will increase if the members of the pilot unit increase their capabilities, it will be easy to be directed by the leader .
Military pilot activities in units are divided into the program and non-program activities Chang, Lee, & Lung, 2018). Furthermore, according to Castaneda (2007) program activities are training activities that have become unit programs with fixed and scheduled periods of the year, such as training activities that have been divided per quarterly period for both flight and other activities. In order to face the tasks and challenges going forward, a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center is required to be brave in taking risks, especially in carrying out its main tasks, so it is expected that a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center has intelligence, especially in finding appropriate solutions and alternatives to address every task challenges dynamics in situations that often change quickly. As a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center, they are an example and role model for their members. They are required to have a sharp analytical power so that they can catalyse a dynamism the unit towards the achievement of the success of the main tasks of the unit, not stop thinking and innovating for the progress and success of the unit or organization.
If there are mistakes in work (disciplinary violations) that they have committed or which are their responsibility, they will accept the consequences ranging from disciplinary action to the violation which then affects their performance evaluation which can affect their career path in the future (Packard, 2019). On the other hand, there is the concept of the new professionalism introduced by Stepan, who views the military as a group that has and plays a comprehensive role in society and development (Robertson & Putnam, 2008). Here, the role of the military is expanded to deal with threats from outside and within the country, especially in underdeveloped countries .

Many factors can affect the performance of pilots of the Indonesian Naval Aviation
Center, such as training, esprit de corps, performance, personal characteristics, and teamwork. Implementation of training that has not been maximized, esprit de corps is considered immature, and personality traits that are not strong can lead to the performance of soldiers is not optimal (Rose et al., 2014). In addition, esprit de corps soul according to Smith et al. (2017) which has been fostered and fostered has not been maximally, also resulted in the performance of soldiers is still not optimal too. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to identify the personal characteristics and performance that should be owned by the pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center.

Research Approach and Design
This research uses a qualitative approach with a contextual and constructional meta-analysis study method. Meta-analysis can also be conducted on various secondary data observational studies to produce conclusions from the merging of research results (Gogtay & Thatte, 2017).
According to Crocetti (2016), a systematic meta-analysis method for analysing and synthesizing results from independent studies, taking into account all relevant information through synthesis, researching, tabulating, and possibly integrating all relevant studies, metaanalysis enables more objective assessment, which can help to overcome uncertainties in original research, classic reviews, and editorial comments. There are types of synonyms for the meta-analysis used in the literature: overview, aggregate, synthesis, integration, and combining (Ahn & Kang, 2018).

Sampling Technique
This study uses a library samples consisting of books or journals as data sources and takes some research on one topic that has been done and reported. By doing this, researchers can find out the strengths, weaknesses, weaknesses, or even errors of each study related to personal character and performance of pilots in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center.

Analysis Data Technique
Meta-analysis can be said as a separate study. Subjects in the meta-analysis are the results of research that will be included in the meta-analysis. The systematic review process includes several stages that are aligned with primary research. Consists of problem formulation, sampling data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and presentation of results.

Personal Characteristic of Pilot: Measurements and Aspects
Measurement of meta-analysis related to the personal character in this study uses Bloom's taxonomy. Bloom's Taxonomy is a concept of three hierarchical models that are used to classify behavioural development based on education, training, and development objectively according to Gao & Kong (2016). The three aspect models are: 1.) Cognitive, namely the ability and activity of the brain to develop rational abilities.
Cognitive includes aspects of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
2.) Affective, which is material based on everything related to emotions such as appreciation, values, feelings, passion, interests, and attitudes towards things. Affective covers aspects of acceptance, responsiveness, judgment, organization, and character.
3.) Psychomotor, the domain that includes movement behavior and physical coordination, motor skills, and physical abilities of a person. These aspects include imitation, readiness, guided responses, mechanisms, seemingly complex responses, adaptation, and creation. Based on the above view, the researcher uses the conceptual definition of a series of individual activities of pilots of the Indonesian Naval Aviation in systematically increasing expertise and knowledge so as to be able to have professional performance in their fields.
The results of the meta-analysis are in line with the essence of personal character which is defined as the personal aspects of a worker that enables workers to achieve superior performance. These personal aspects include nature, emotive-motives, value systems, attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Competence will direct behavior, where the personal character will produce optimal performance (Maroco & Ribeiro, 2013). Referring to the concept, not all personal pilot aspects of a worker are competencies. Only the personal aspects that drive pilot to achieve superior performance are his competencies (Marrón, 2018 3.) Personality extraversion or openness to others, among others: active speaking, full of energy, enthusiastic, strict, and certain personality, friendly, and sociable. Individuals with this personality are said to have high popularity. 4.) Agreeableness or openness to an agreement has a personality, among others: likes to work together, trustworthy, caring and kind to others, likes to help, selfless, forgiving, and does not like disputing with others. Individuals with these personalities are said to have high agreeableness. 5.) Neuroticism or openness to pressure has a personality, among others: often feel depressed, full of tension and worries, easily moody and sad, and easily agitated.
Individuals with this personality are said to have unstable emotions. Conversely, individuals with stable emotions have personalities, among others: able to cope with stress well, not easily disappointed, calm intense situations, and not easily depressed.
Military education and development in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center, where the best military pilots do not only produce quality pilots in technical matters. A person who fully understands his abilities and also the limits of his own expertise knows very well about the limits of the ability of the aircraft flown, the experience he has, and always evaluates all risks . In the opinion of Gao & Kong (2016), pilots must always be focused and alert, they must not lose focus for even a second. Discipline, consistent, and have good judgment when making decisions.
Pilots are also able to read the environment and appreciate it, and are firm in upholding regulations that flight safety is the main thing (Glicksohn & Naor-Ziv, 2017). That is a good character that pilots must have everywhere. It is not only enough that a navy pilot soldier graduated from the Indonesian Naval Aviation School, where a prospective pilot is not only educated in technical matters but also in character development so that each individual is able to become a qualified pilot. The results of the meta-analysis related to personal characteristics of the pilot were also associated with an experience, temperamental traits, and aggression according to Makarowski et al. (2016) in the following: The research findings show that professional pilot do not form homogeneous groups. Cluster analysis can make it possible to identify three different sub-groups from each temperament, aggression, and risk examined. Related to the role of developing their personal characteristics in the midst of environmental agencies and community life, Rose et al. (2014) proposed the terminology of civilian control. Civil control is synonymous with democratic government, while military control is synonymous with a totalitarian government. Civil control is divided into subjective civilian control and objective civilian control. In subjective civilian control, the civil power tries to maximize power (including at the expense of other civil groups) and tries to attract the army into civilian affairs for its interests, both political and economic.  (Rose et al., 2014).

Pilot Performance of Indonesian Naval Aviation Center Based on Specification Behavior
One of the problems on the airplane is the plane crash. The increase in accidents can be an indicator of flight operational readiness. An airplane crash is actually closely related to flight safety and is not solely the responsibility of the pilot himself but is influenced by one or more combined of the three main factors in aviation namely humans, engines, and media (Naikar & Sanderson, 2001). Human factors include human readiness, namely the readiness of pilots and other crew members. The engine factor refers to the aircraft itself, while the media factor includes natural phenomena, namely weather conditions, terrain, altitude, and wind. The and weather for airplane crashes direct (direct effect) and also its influence on the pilot itself, in this case, is the effect on performance that could be the cause of an aircraft crash (indirect effect) (Judy & Gollery, 2019). The consequences that must be faced by these pilots is that they must be able to learn and use aircraft systems, including survival efforts when facing system failure. The consequences will increase to the risk of stress for pilots when related to military objectives because, in addition to having to adapt themselves to the flight system, these pilots are also required to be able to survive to face various threats and risks according to military tasks (Tangwe & Shan, 2014).
All of this has implications for the emotional state and personal behavior of the pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center. According to Young (2008), the existence of various kinds of demands and risks of heavy work that must be faced by military pilots shows the need for treatment so that military pilots can cope with high demands or workloads which can result in high work stress. The adverse effects of work stress experienced include low productivity, lack of creativity, reduced motivation, and influence in decision making .
Though the right decision making and composure are one of the important factors of performance that must be owned by the pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center. All pilot soldiers who work in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center are people who have above average intelligence because to become a pilot, he has gone through various tests, from academic tests, psychological tests, mental health tests, physical health tests, psychological tests, and mental tests and ideology. Each of these tests has a high standard, where a pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center would have gone through and passed the tests, meaning he was intelligent. The pilot's performance and personal characteristics are different-matter but have a unique relationship. Smart, humble, and virtuous pilots are what the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center hopes for.
Military aviation operations are risk-laden activities that can result in accidents or incidents. Accidents and incidents on military aviation will reduce the combat capability of the organization concerned significantly outside enemy factors . The Indonesian Naval Aviation Center as the main component of the organizers of national defence in and through the air in carrying out its duties is strongly influenced by the conditions of the defence equipment, its capital system, and most importantly influenced by the personnel who are watching it. The performance appraisal approach used in the military pilot assessment is the judgment-performance evaluation approach because it can provide maximum results for assessing pilot performance in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center. The performance evaluation according to Jody & Gollery (2019), based on the description of specific behaviours using dimensions, among others, as follows: 1.) Quantity of work, including the amount of work, done, the length of time used, and the number of mistakes made.
2.) Quality of work, which includes accuracy and perfection in work.
3.) Job Knowledge, which includes employee understanding of facts or factors related to jobs and skills. 4.) Creativity, namely the ideas generated and actions in solving existing problems. 5.) Teamwork, namely the ability and readiness to work together with co-workers, supervisors, and subordinates to achieve organizational goals.
6.) The initiative, namely the enthusiasm, sincerity, and excellence of employees to carry out their duties and responsibilities. 7.) Dependability, which includes awareness of following company instructions and policies without supervision from the supervisor.
Based on the above view, the researcher uses the conceptual definition of pilot performance in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center, which is interpreted as an outcome record resulting from a particular work function or activity during a certain period that shows how well the pilots are performing their duties. The performance of pilots in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center can be measured by using indicators such as the quantity of work, quality of work, understanding of work procedures, creativity, cooperation, ability to delegate, initiative, and personal quality in the preparation of special assignment mission and work domain of flight. Figure 3 and Figure 4 are related to the special assignment mission according to Young (2008) and work domain of flight according to Naikar & Sanderson (2001) for the development of pilot performance by meta-analysis as follows:

Conclusion
In the meta-analysis, the results of this study have several conclusions that are in line with the essence of personal character which is defined as the personal aspects of a worker that enables workers to achieve superior performance, where the dimensions of the personal character become five, including 1.) Openness to experience; 2.) Conscientiousness; 3.) Extraversion; 4.) Agreeableness; 5.) Neuroticism. Findings related to aspects of personal characteristics include traits, emotive, motives, value systems, attitudes, knowledge, and skills, where the personal character will produce optimal performance in the pilot of the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center.
Some recommendations need to be explained by researchers as a form of the real contribution of the results of this study to pilots in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center, including 1.) Periodic monitoring and evaluation is needed in each training session and assignments to minimize mistakes made by pilots based on zero accident and zero mistakes; 2.) Need for assessment and skills upgrading for pilots to support their performance improvement. This research is also limited to several things, including 1.) Subjectively, this study only describes personal characteristics and performance of objects in the pilot in the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center conducted by meta-analysis method with the design of literature studies which should field study designs that can be carried out but due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic which is currently sweeping globally.