Crisis deducing all physics laws, solution to the crisis and its applications to improved variational principle, improved Noether theorem and so on

This paper discovers that current variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems with (in)finite freedom systems have missed the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional that both is deduced by variational principle and is necessarily taken in deducing all the physics laws, but these have not been corrected for over a century since Noether’s proposing her famous theorem, which result in the crisis deducing all the physics laws. This paper discovers there is the hidden logic cycle that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations, and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations via the equivalent relation in the whole processes in all relevant current references. This paper corrects the current key mistakes that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books. The real physics should be what after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional, otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes. Using the double extremum processes of the general extremum functionals, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem in current variational principle and current Noether theorem are solved. Furthermore, the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical and physical pictures for (in)finite freedom systems are discovered. The improved variational principle and improved Noether theorem are given, which would rewrite all relevant current different branches of science, as key tools of studying and processing them.


I.Introduction
A variational principle in science is to enables a problem being solved by using the calculus of variations, which optimizes the values of these quantities in the variational systems [1].
Fundamental physics laws can be expressed by a variational principle, which can give Euler-Lagrange equations and the corresponding convervation quantity [2,3]. Noether generalized the variational principle to a now called Noether theorem by finding the transformation symmetry properties of variational systems and giving both Euler-Lagrange equations and the many conservation quantities depending on the corresponding many symmetries [4,5].
Current variational principle and Noether theorem have been extensively used in different branches of science and have become key tools of studying and processing the different branches, for examples: In mathematics [1,[6][7][8][9]: (i) The extremum method for solving boundary-value problems; (ii) Variational princi-there are the needs in advance to assume existing some conditions which are equivalent to Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, and then deducing Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, which are related to a hidden logic cycle problem and are not both exact and natural.
Furthermore, we find that all the investigations on variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems have missed the key studies on the double extremum processes related to the general extremum functional that is deduced via the least action principle and should be key largely taken in deducing all the physics laws, but the current variational principle and current Noether theorem have missed the general extreme functionals and their minimum extremums for over a century since Noether's proposing her theorem [4,5], which result in the crisis of no objectively deducing all the physics laws. Using the studies on the double extremum processes related to the general extremum functionals in this paper, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem are solved, and the new physical pictures are discovered.
No losing generality, all physics laws always can be expressed as some equations, these equations always can be viewed as some Euler-Lagrange equations, the Euler-Lagrange equations always can be deduced by the general variational principle and/or Noether theorem [4,5]. Especially, the four fundamental interaction theories in the universe, i.e., the strong, weak, electromagnetic and granvitational interaction theories, are directly duduced by variational principle and Noether theorem. Therefore, there always is the crisis deducing all the physics laws. This paper wants to solve the crisis.
The arrangements of this paper are: Sect. 2 shows unification studies on variational principle and Noether theorem for finite freedom systems; Sect. 3 investigates crisis of deducing physics laws and its solution to the crisis for finite freedom systems; Sect. 4 gives unification studies on variational principle and Noether theorem for infinite freedom systems; Sect. 5 studies crisis of deducing physics laws and its solution to the crisis for infinite freedom systems; Sect. 6 shows discussions and applications; Sect. 7 gives summary and conclusions.
II.Unification studies on variational principle and Noether theorem for finite freedom systems The exact mathematical descriptions of the least action principle for a general case are: the variation of the integral ( i.e., the action ) of the Lagrangian L during [t 1 , t 2 ] about N generalized coordinates q = (q 1 , q 2 ,...,q N ) is [13,27] (1) It is no losing the generality, because the results of the systems with higher derivatives of q are the similar but more terms relevant to higher derivatives of q.
We can see that both variational principle and Noether theorem all give the same Euler-Lagrange equations (11), but they give the convervation quantities are very different, i.e., Eq. (14) and Eq.(15) respectively. Case (ii): When assuming that there exists Eq.(11), then putting Eq.(11) into Eq.(9), one has Eq.(10). In the following, there are the almost same discussions below Eq. (11) in Case (i).
III.Crisis of deducing physics laws and its solution to the crisis for finite freedom systems Case (iii): Using Eq.(9) and the rule of merging like terms, we exactly have a general functional expression Eq.(16) comes from the general systems' taking extremum of the Lagrangian, but when the system has no Eq.(10) or Eq.(11), or no Eqs. (10) and (11), then the systems cannot give Euler-Lagrange equations and the corresponding conservation quantities. Namely, this case cannot give real physics laws, which is just the reason that current variational principle and current Noether theorem have missed the case (iii) [27][28][29].
Cases (i) and (ii) are necessary and sufficient conditions that just give real physics laws, and accordint to current variational principle and current Noether theorem [28,29], case (iii) at all cannot give real physics laws.
Using Eq.(16) derived from the variational extremum, we can exactly define a general extremum functional The new general equal equation functional F between the functional of deducing Euler-Lagrange equations having merged like terms and the functional of deducing the general conservation quantities having merged like terms is deduced by satisfying variational principle. When the absolute value of the general extremum function F is taken as zero, because the minimum absolute value of any function is zero, i.e., a general extremum ( because the general extremum function F may generally take a lot of different values, e.g., arbitrary positive and/or negative values ), then we generally have thus the first line of Eq.(18) is equivalent to case (ii), and the second and third lines of Eq.(18) are equivalent to case (i), these all can give physics laws. Namely, the general extremum functional F takes the minimum absolute value, i.e., zero, all the physics laws can be deduced, otherwise, all the physics laws cannot be deduced. That is, Eq. (17) is deduced from the variational extremum, Eq. (18) is further taking the absolute extreme value zero, i.e., the minimum absolute extremum, of the general extremum functional F . Therefore, we, for the first time, discover that it is the double extreme values (i.e., the extreme functional F 's extremum) that result in that all the physics laws can be deduced, otherwise, all the physics laws cannot be deduced. Therefore, the systems first choose extreme value (i.e., via Eq.(1)) of the Lagrangian, and then we naturally deduce Eq.(9), there are needs as usual in advance to assume existing case (i) or (ii), because which are equivalent to Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, and then deducing Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, which are related to a hidden logic cycle problem and are not both exact and natural.
Actually, there naturally exists the general extremum functional F so that we can choose the absolute extreme value zero of the general extremum functional F , then case (i) or (ii) can be naturally deduced ( e.g., see the studies below Eq. (18) ). Making these natural deductions reflects the systems' intrinsical properties, namely, the intrinsical mathematical and physical double extreme value procceses. Otherwise, the systems cannot get real physical laws. These results are supplementary developments of the current variational principle and current Noether theorem.
For all times, both the Lagrangian and the action contain the systems' dynamics, and the real appearance case is that the path taken by the systems during [t 1 , t 2 ] takes extreme value corresponding ∆A = 0, which means that the systems can not only choose but also make the least extremum choice and further choose the minimum absolute extremum of the general extremum functional F .
We discover that, up to now, all the investigations on variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems have missed the key studies on the double extremum processes related to the general extremum functional F that is deduced via the least action principle and should be key largely taken in deducing all the physics laws, but the current variational principle and current Noether theorem have neglected the general extreme function F and F 's minimum extremum, which results in the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem of no objectively deducing all physics laws. Using the studies on the double extremum processes related to the general extremum functional F in this paper, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem are not only solved, but also the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical and physical pictures are discovered. Therefore, the improved variantional principle and the improved Noether theorem for finite freedom systems are given, which solve the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem.
V.Crisis of deducing physics laws and its solution to the crisis for infinite freedom systems Case (III): Using Eq. (27), we generally have Eq.(39) comes from the general systems' taking extremum of the Lagrangian, but when the systems have no Eq. (28) or Eq.(29), or no Eqs. (28) and (29), then the systems cannot give Euler-Lagrange equations and the corresponding conservation quantities. Namely, this case cannot give real physics laws, which is just the reason that current variational principle and current Noether theorem have missed the case (III) [28,29].
Cases (I) and (II) are necessary and sufficient conditions that just give real physics laws, and accordint to current variational principle and current Noether theorem [28,29], case (III) at all cannot give real physics laws.
Using Eq.(39) derived from the variational extremum, we can exactly define a general extremum functional The new general equal equation functional G between the functional of deducing Euler-Lagrange equations having merged like terms and the functional of deducing the general conservation quantities having merged like terms is deduced by satisfying variational principle.
When the absolute value of the general extremum function G is taken as zero, because the minimum absolute value of any function is zero, i.e., a general extremum ( because the general extremum functional G may generally take a lot of different values, e.g., arbitrary positive and/or negative values ), then we generally have  (19)) of the Lagrangian, and then we naturally deduce Eq. (27), there are needs as usual in advance to assume existing case (I) or (II), because which are equivalent to Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, and then deducing Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, which are related to a hidden logic cycle problem and are not both exact and natural.
Actually, there naturally exists the general extremum functional G so that we can choose the absolute extreme value zero of the general extremum functional G, then case (I) or (II) can be naturally deduced ( e.g., see the studies below Eq.(41) ). Making these natural deductions reflects the systems' intrinsical properties, namely, the intrinsical mathematical and physical double extreme value procceses. Otherwise, the systems cannot get real physical laws. These results are supplementary developments of the current variational principle and current Noether theorem for infinite freedom systems.
We discover that, up to now, all the investigations on variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems and infinite freedom systems have missed the key studies on the double extremum processes related to the general extremum functional G that is deduced via the least action principle and should be key largely taken in deducing all the physics laws, but the current variational principle and current Noether theorem for infinite freedom systems have missed the general extreme functional G and G's minimum extremum, which results in the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem of no objectively deducing all physics laws. Using the studies on the double extremum processes related to the general extremum functional G in this paper, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem are not only solved, but also the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical and physical pictures are discovered. Therefore, the improved variantional principle and the improved Noether theorem for infinite freedom systems are given, which solve the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem.

VI. Discussions and applications
Using Eq.(17) derived from the variational extremum, we have a general extremum functional expression for finite freedom systems where f can take any functional value and F = t2 t1 f dt. When the absolute value of the general extremum functional f is taken as zero, namely, taking the minimum absolute extreme value of the general extremum functional f , i.e., the general extremum functional f 's extremum, that is, the double extremum process, Eq.(42) can directly deduce Euler-Lagrange equations due to the linear independent properties of δq i and the general conservation quantity due to having taken the second line of Eq.(42) as zero.
Using Eq.(40) derived from the variational extremum, we deduce a general extremum functional expression for infinite freedom systems (43) where g can take any functional value and G = M 4 gd 4 x.
When the absolute value of the general extremum functional g is taken as zero, namely, taking the minimum absolute extreme value of the general extremum functional g, i.e., the general extremum functional g's extremum, that is, the double extremum process, Eq.(43) can directly deduce Euler-Lagrange equations due to the linear independent properties of δX a and the general conservation current due to having taken the second line of Eq.(43) as zero.
Therefore, this paper discovers that the processes no choosing the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional F (G) statisfying the variational extremum principle are still the virtual processes, because all current refererenes, e.g., refs. [4,5], [2,[10][11][12][13][14], think of cases (iii) and (III) satisfying the variational extreme value cannot derive out Euler-Lagrange equations and their correspoonding conservation quantities. Thus for choosing the processes of minimam absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional F (G), the processes of the physics systems are just real physics processes and can give Euler-Lagrange eqautions and their corresponding conservation quantities. Especially, cases (i) and (ii) ((I) and (II)) are the two special taken value cases and are included in case (iii) ((III)) as special cases, and there is the hidden logic cycle between case (i) (assuming to exist Eq.(10) of deducing conservation quantity, then putting Eq.(10) into Eq.(9), one can deduce Euler-Lagrange Eq.(11)) and case (ii) (assuming to exist Euler-Lagrange Eq.(11), then putting Eq.(11) into Eq.(9), one can deduce Eq.(10) of deducing conservation quantity), namely, cases (i) and (ii) are equivalent each other, which means that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations in case (ii), and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations in case (i) via the equivalent relation between cases (i) and (ii) in the whole processes, which is just the hidden logic cycle, so does Eq.(10) of deducing conservation quantity (similar for cases (I) and (II)). Especially, from this paper it can be seen that the current investigations about cases (i-iii) ((I-III)) in all current references, e.g., refs. [4,5], [2,[10][11][12][13][14], are no the exact general investigations.
Therefore, this paper corrects the current key mistake concepts that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books, e.g., [4,5], [2,[10][11][12][13][14]. The real physics should be what after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional F (G) of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional F (G), otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes because the virtual process cases cannot deduce Euler-Lagrange equations and their corresponding conservation quantities.
All the investigations on functionals F and G in this paper give the corresponding integral descriptions, using functional f and g we can give the corresponding differantial descriptions, the two descriptions are entirely equivalent, thus we don't repeat more here.

VII. Summary and conclutions
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0334.v2 For the systems with Lagrangian and symmetry of finite (infinite) freedom systems, people can deduce Euler-Lagrange equations and corresponding conservation quantities by utilizing the variational principle and Noether theorem. But we discover the fact that the systems generally have extra intrinsical freedoms of choice. And if not assuming to exist Eq.(10) or (11) (Eq. (28) or (29)), then the Lagrange systems cannot give true physical laws. Actually, Eqs.(10) and (11) (Eqs. (28) and (29)) are equivalent to Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, and then deducing Euler-Lagrange equations and conservation quantities, which are related to a hidden logic cycle problem and are not both exact and natural.
This paper discovers that the processes no choosing the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional F (G) statisfying the variational extremum principle are still the virtual processes, because all current refererenes think cases (iii) and (III) satisfying the variational extreme value cannot derive out Euler-Lagrange equations and their correspoonding conservation current. For choosing the processes of minimam absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional F (G), the processes of the physics systems are just real physics processes and can give Euler-Lagrange eqautions and their corresponding conservation quantities. Especially, cases (i) and (ii) ((I) and (II)) are included in case (iii) ((III)) as special cases of case (iii) ((III)), and there is the hidden logic cycle between case (i) and case (ii) ((I) and (II)), namely, cases (i) and (ii) ((I) and (II)) are equivalent each other, which means that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations, and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations via the equivalent relation between cases (i) and (ii) ((I) and (II)) in the whole processes, which is just the hidden logic cycle, so does Eq.(10) of deducing conservation quantity.
This paper corrects the current key mistakes that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books. The real physics should be what after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional F (G) of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional F (G), otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes because the virtual process case (iii) (III) cannot deduce Euler-Lagrange equations and their corresponding con-servation quantities.
The systems first choose extreme value, and then must choose the minimum absolute extremum of the general extremum functional F (G), then cases (i) or (ii) (cases (I) or (II)) can be naturally deduced. Making these deductions show the systems' intrinsical properties of taking double extreme values, otherwise cannot get real physical laws according exact deduction logic. These results are supplementary developments of the current variational principle and current Noether theorem for finite (infinite) freedom system. This paper discovers, up to now, all the studies on variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems with finite (infinite) freedom systems have neglected the key studies on the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional F (G) that is deduced by the least action principle and is key largely taken in deducing all the physics laws, but these have not been done, which result in the crisis of deducing all physics laws. Using the above studies on the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional F (G) in this paper, i.e., on the double extreme values, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem are not only solved, but also the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical and physical pictures are discovered. Therefore, the improved variantional principle and the improved Noether theorem for (in)finite freedom systems are given in this paper, which solve both the crisis having existed for over a century since Noether's proposing her famous theorem and the hidden logic cycle problem. Therefore, this paper opens a new area of research on variational principle and Noether theorem for finite (infinite) freedom systems by choosing optima of the double extreme values to explain origins of physics laws etc., and will significantly influence and rewrite the research of others in relevant different branches of science, because the least action principle or variational principle and Noether theorem are the key firm bases in modern physics, and we just discover new right avenues of research in the established variational principle & Noether theorem for finite (infinite) freedom systems, their applications and so on in modern sciences, and all the relevant current articles and (text)books would be rewritten, supplied and updated.