Suspected Serious Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Subtitle: Incidence of suspected serious adverse drug reactions in COVID-19 patients detected by a pharmacovigilance program by laboratory signals in a tertiary hospital in Spain: Cautionary data. AUTHORS

BACKGROUND: From March to April 2020, Spain was the center of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, particularly Madrid with approximately 30% of the cases in Spain. The aim of this study is to report the suspected serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) in COVID19 patients versus non-COVID-19 patients detected by the prospective pharmacovigilance program based on automatic laboratory signals (ALSs) in the hospital Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 August 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0283.v1 © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. (PPLSH) during that period. We also compared the results with the suspected SADRs detected during the same period for 2019. METHODS: All ALSs that reflected potential SADRs (including neutropenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, eosinophilia, leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid, hepatitis, pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis and hyponatremia were prospectively monitored in hospitalized patients during the study periods. We analyzed the incidence and the distribution of causative drugs for the COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: The incidence rate of SADRs detected in the COVID-19 patients was 760.63 (95% CI 707.89–816.01) per 10,000 patients, 4.75-fold higher than the SADR rate for non-COVID-19 patients (160.15 per 10,000 patients,95% CI 137.09–186.80), and 5.84fold higher than the SADR rate detected for the same period in 2019 (130.19 per 10,000 patients, 95% CI 109.53–154.36). The most frequently related drugs were tocilizumab (59.84%), dexketoprofen (13.93%), azithromycin (8.43%), lopinavir-ritonavir (7.35%), dexamethasone (7.62%), and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (6.91%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of SADRs detected by the PPSLH in patients with COVID-19 was 4.75-fold higher than that of the non-COVID-19 patients. Caution is recommended when using medications for COVID-19 patients, especially drugs that are hepatotoxic, myotoxic, and those that induce thromboembolic events.


INTRODUCTION
From March to April 2020, Spain was the center of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, 1 with Madrid accounting for approximately 30% of the cases in Spain. 2 In response, the Spanish Ministry of Health published protocols for the care and management of COVID-19 patients. Azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir have been recommended for treatment during the infectious phase. Subsequently, anti-inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroids and other compounds) were recommended for COVID-19 patients who progressed to the inflammatory phase of the disease. The drugs employed during that period were off-label or under development as potential treatment options for COVID- 19. In this situation, more attention should be paid to the safety of these drugs, whose toxicity profile is relatively well understood based on trials and the post-marketing experience in the indications for which they are approved. Although the most frequent reactions to these drugs are usually mild, serious adverse effects have also been reported with their use. It is also unclear whether the use of these drugs by COVID-19 patients poses greater risks, because COVID-19 itself could be a predisposing factor to certain serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs).
In recent decades, large, computerized clinical databases linked to electronic medical records (EMRs) have helped implement prospective programs for detecting SADRs and aiding clinicians in reacting quickly and appropriately to these reactions. 3 Since 2007, our hospital has employed a prospective pharmacovigilance program based on the systematic detection of predefined abnormal laboratory signals (ALSs) through our laboratory information system (Pharmacovigilance Program from Laboratory Signals in Hospital [PPLSH]) for the early detection of SADRs. The screening for specific anomalous laboratory data enables us to monitor a large number of patients with limited resources, thereby accessing high-quality information in a timely manner. 4 We conducted a thorough evaluation of ALSs during the current pandemic to help detect those events associated with the treatments and the disease and provide a basis for decision making in drug risk management during a possible second wave of the pandemic.
The aim of the study was to report the suspected SADRs in COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID-19 patients detected by the PPLSH from March to April 2020. We also compared the results with the suspected SADRs detected during the same period for the previous year.

Setting
La Paz University Hospital in Madrid, Spain, is a tertiary-care teaching facility, where all admissions to wards are monitored by the PPLSH. The program was conducted according to the Spanish Personal Data Protection Law, 5 and approval for publishing the program was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at La Paz University Hospital (protocol PI-3226). The technical document of the Spanish Ministry of Health for the clinical management of COVID-19 in emergencies and in hospital was adapted and implemented in the hospital. 6,7

Information system and coverage
A specific database application was developed within the integrated laboratory system (Labtrack Integrated Laboratory System), available in the hospital since 2003, which we employed to collect the predefined ALSs. We reviewed all ALSs retrieved systematically from these patients' medical records.
At the time of the study, all of the patients' medical information was collected in the hospital's EMRs and included all laboratory data, imaging and other exploratory results, previous medical reports, medication prescription record, comments on the patients' progression, and discharge summaries.
Hospital laboratories that conduct blood tests for inpatients and emergency patients are certified and accredited under the appropriate International Standards Organization (ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 15189). Table 1 lists the criteria for selecting the drug-induced ALS.

Definitions of adverse drug reaction
We employed the E2D definition of SADR of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 8 For the program's purposes, we excluded ADRs caused by accidental or intentional overdose, as well as medical errors, which we considered to be any error in the written prescription, dispensation or administration. Errors in decision making (use in contraindicated clinical conditions or drug interactions) were considered SADRs and were therefore included. Adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy drugs were excluded from hematological ALSs, given that agranulocytosis, anemia, pancytopenia and thrombocytopenia are expected and explained by the pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs.

Detecting and evaluating adverse drug reactions
The procedure for detecting and evaluating ADRs has been described elsewhere. 22 Briefly, in phase I, on-file laboratory data at admission or during hospitalization were screened 7 days a week, 24 h a day, for ALS from March to April 2019 and for the same period in 2020. In phase II, the patients were identified to avoid duplicates, and EMRs were reviewed. In phase III, a case-by-case evaluation was performed for the remaining cases (Fig. 1A). The causality assessment was performed using the algorithm of the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System. 9 We considered the categories of possible, probable or definite for drug-related reactions. Regarding the evaluation of the drug cause versus the alternative cause (nondrug-induced), we only considered a drug cause when there was no alternative cause to explain the signal and, for the COVID-19 patients, when there was a dissociation between the clinical and lab parameters for improvement but a worsening of the ALS in the evaluation.

Monitoring COVID-19 patients
During hospitalization, patients with COVID-19 infection were monitored by their physicians to assess hepatic and renal function (alanine aminotransferase), aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glomerular filtration rate, bilirubin, prothrombin activity and thromboembolic risk (hemoglobin, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, D-dimer, fibrinogen, platelets). The lab controls varied depending on the patients' clinical situation, usually daily during the first three weeks. We evaluated the lab test results for each drug for treating COVID-19 using the following structure: The baseline value was the value before drug administration, value 1 was the first value after administration, values 2-19 were the values on days 1 to 20 after the first dose administration, and values 20-39 were the results between days 21 and 60 after dose administration during the hospitalization.

Collection of patient data and reporting
For all patients initially categorized as having a suspected SADR, a complete report was submitted to the pharmacovigilance center in Madrid (https://www.notificaram.es).

Data analysis
The results are presented using central tendency measures (mean for quantitative variables and median for ordinal ones) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation and interquartile range, respectively) and percentages for discrete variables. The inhospital incidence rate for each SADR and other etiologies of ALS were calculated by dividing the number of cases of drug-induced reactions in hospitalized or deceased patients in the emergency department by the number of patients hospitalized during the selected months. We assessed the uncertainty of association by calculating the 95% two-sided Poisson confidence interval and performed an analysis of variance for a multiple sample comparison statistical analysis of the laboratory parameters. We employed IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) for the statistical analysis.
At the time of hospitalization, the COVID-19 patients had slightly abnormal liver function, based on alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels that were slightly above the upper limit of normality (ULN), which were normal in most patients. Fig. 2A shows the statistically significant worsening of liver function in the COVID-19 patients associated with the drugs used in phase I of the infection. Liver function parameters in the patients who took ceftriaxone typically increased by the end of the first week, in patients who took azithromycin increased in the second week, and the patients who took lopinavir-ritonavir or hydroxychloroquine increased in the third week. However, liver function trended towards normalization during hospitalization for the patients who took dexamethasone. Metamizole and paracetamol showed no statistically significant effect. At the time of hospitalization, the COVID-19 patients had an increased thromboembolic risk measured by the number of fold increases in D-dimer levels above the ULN. Fig. 2B shows the worsening of D-dimer, fibrinogen, and hemoglobin levels in the patients treated with the various drugs during phase II of the infection. Tocilizumab and dexamethasone produced a statistically significant reduction in fibrinogen and hemoglobin levels, along with a significant increase in D-dimer levels. Oral anticoagulants, dexamethasone and low-molecular-weight heparins are associated with a decrease in hemoglobin levels after the start of the drug in this hospitalization phase.

DISCUSSION
Since 2007, our hospital has implemented a pharmacovigilance program based on laboratory signals using its available information systems. ALSs were chosen on the basis that they were detectable in the routine tests of almost all laboratories and were therefore easily detectable in inpatients and because the ALSs could warn of relevant SADRs with significant impact on patient health and wellbeing. Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, eosinophilia, liver injury, rhabdomyolysis and are frequently evaluated ALSs in the literature. 10,11,12,13 Thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid, pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, and hyponatremia are increasingly frequent druginduced reactions. 14,15,16,17,18,19 This study enabled us to detect a relevant number of ALSs that are potentially related to SADRs and to determine their in-hospital incidence. During March-April 2020, there was a significant 72% reduction in the number of spontaneous SADRs (not from the PPLSH) compared with the same period in 2019, although 4 drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, 2 cases of Stevens Johnson syndrome, and 1 case of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis were included. In addition, we considered a spontaneous SADR as a sentinel event that motivated a root cause analysis from the hospital, which included, as an improvement action, a drug safety note for the Spanish Agency for Medicine and Health Products.
Overall, we detected a 5.8-fold higher rate of SADRs in the COVID-19 patients than during the same period the previous year. The use of off-label medicines has been associated with more ADRs than the use of labeled medicines. 20,21,22, This off-label use would be acceptable if the evidence of potential benefits outweighs the ADR risk. More than 150 clinical trials are currently underway to study drugs that prevent or treat COVID-19 infection, some of which have shown no benefit, such as lopinavir-ritonavir, azithromycin, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. 23,24,25 During the COVID-19 pandemic period, we detected more SADRs in the non-COVID-19 patients than during the same period in 2019, an effect that can be explained by the overloading of the health system, which resulted in a patient safety problem: changes in prescription due to supply problems, insufficient deprescribing, more empiric treatments, and drug interactions in non-COVID-19 patients.
The PPLSH detected that 35.5% of the ALSs in the COVID-19 patients were SADRs, which agrees with the results from the China Hospital Pharmacovigilance System that detected ADRs in 37.8% of COVID-19 patients, which were predominately drug-induced gastrointestinal disorders and liver disorders (23.0% vs. 13.8% respectively). 26 Druginduced liver injury was the most frequent SADR detected (116/204, 56.86%) in the study. Liver damage in mild cases of COVID-19 is often transient, and liver function can return to normal without special treatment. 27 Moderate and severe liver damage could be drug-induced, which might explain the large variation in liver impairment observed across the various cohorts. 28,29,30,31,32 Immune-mediated inflammation, such as cytokine storms and pneumonia-associated hypoxia, might also have contributed to liver injury and even to the development of liver failure in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Figure  3 shows the increase in bilirubin and transaminase levels in the patients hospitalized for more than 4 weeks, corresponding to the critically ill patients.
Increased D-dimer levels have been reported as one of the most common laboratory findings in COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. 33 D-dimer levels on admission 4fold higher than the ULN have been associated with in-hospital mortality for patients with COVID-19. 34 Despite the difficulties in standardizing D-dimer levels, test kit manufacturers, normal values and units, D-dimer is a marker of thromboembolic disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 35 Drugs for treating phase II of infectionassociated hyperinflammatory syndrome that can cause life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia can also cause thromboembolic disease. These drugs include dexamethasone, baricitinib, sarilumab, interferon beta 1B, and intravenous immunoglobulins. 36 Thrombocytopenia has been associated with anakinra, and hypofibrinogenemia has been related to tocilizumab. 36 Our study therefore reports a statistically significant effect of hypofibrinogenemia with an increase in D-dimer levels associated with tocilizumab and to a lesser extent with dexamethasone. Anemization was also observed in the patients treated with lowmolecular-weight heparins or oral anticoagulants during this phase of COVID-19.
This study's main limitation is that the evaluation of causality of a possible SADR does not completely exclude the influence of COVID-19. Considering the current evidence, some overlap with COVID-19 cannot be ruled out. However, a drug-related cause was only considered when there was a dissociation between clinical improvement and worsening of the ALS. Longer follow-up periods are needed to assess the recovery or sequelae of these SADRs and to study the immunological and pharmacogenetic mechanisms and the re-exposure effects of these SADRs.
In conclusion, PPLSH has been useful in detecting and evaluating specific SADRs during the avalanche of hospitalizations of patients with COVID-19. The incidence rate of SADRs detected by PPSLH in the patients with COVID-19 was 4.75-fold higher than that of the non-COVID-19 patients. Caution is recommended in using drugs to treat patients with COVID-19, because the drugs can additional damage, especially those that are hepatotoxic,myotoxic, or induce thromboembolic events.   [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], results between days 21 to 60 of hospitalization). The Y-axis indicates the number of times above or below the limit of normality, as appropriate. The red circle indicates the points with statistical significance Abbreviations: ALL, all patients; AZ, azithromycin; BLN, below limit of normal; CEF, ceftriaxone; HQ, hydroxychloroquine; DEX, dexamethasone, L/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; MET, metamizole; PARA, paracetamol; ULN, upper limit of normality. B. Sequence chart: Progression of laboratory parameters related to coagulation status in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization according to the treatment undergone. The X-axis indicates the value number (baseline, the last value before drug administration; value 1, first value after administration; values 2-19, values on days 1 to 20 after the first dose administration; values 20-39, results between days 21 to 60 of hospitalization). The Yaxis indicates the number of times above or below the limit of normality, as appropriate.
The arrows indicate the change in the trend of normality. The red circles indicate the points with statistical significance. Abbreviations: BLN, below limit of normal; DEX, dexamethasone; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparins; OAC, oral anticoagulants; TOC, tocilizumab; ULN, upper limit of normal. Table 1 Definition of automatic laboratory signals used to detect serious adverse drug reactions.