Version 1
: Received: 23 April 2019 / Approved: 25 April 2019 / Online: 25 April 2019 (08:07:44 CEST)
How to cite:
Sugasawa, T.; Yoshiya, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Yahagi, N.; Sharma, R.; Aita, Y.; Yoshida, Y.; Tokinoya, K.; Sekine, N.; Takeuchi, K.; Ueda, H.; Maruyama, R.; Morita, S.; Kawamai, Y.; Takekoshi, K. Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy. Preprints2019, 2019040277. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0277.v1.
Sugasawa, T.; Yoshiya, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Yahagi, N.; Sharma, R.; Aita, Y.; Yoshida, Y.; Tokinoya, K.; Sekine, N.; Takeuchi, K.; Ueda, H.; Maruyama, R.; Morita, S.; Kawamai, Y.; Takekoshi, K. Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy. Preprints 2019, 2019040277. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0277.v1.
Cite as:
Sugasawa, T.; Yoshiya, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Yahagi, N.; Sharma, R.; Aita, Y.; Yoshida, Y.; Tokinoya, K.; Sekine, N.; Takeuchi, K.; Ueda, H.; Maruyama, R.; Morita, S.; Kawamai, Y.; Takekoshi, K. Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy. Preprints2019, 2019040277. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0277.v1.
Sugasawa, T.; Yoshiya, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Yahagi, N.; Sharma, R.; Aita, Y.; Yoshida, Y.; Tokinoya, K.; Sekine, N.; Takeuchi, K.; Ueda, H.; Maruyama, R.; Morita, S.; Kawamai, Y.; Takekoshi, K. Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy. Preprints 2019, 2019040277. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0277.v1.
Abstract
Local cryotherapy is widely used as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle injury. However, its molecular mechanisms are unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, in this study, we applied one to three 15-min cold stimulations at 4 °C to various cell lines (in vitro), the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (ex vivo), and mouse limbs (in vivo). In the in vitro assay, cAMP response element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) was markedly phosphorylated (as pCREB1) and CREB-binding protein (CBP) was recruited to pCREB-1 in response to two or three cold stimulations. In a reporter assay with the cAMP-responsive element, the signals significantly increased after two to three cold stimulations at 4 °C. In the ex vivo study, CREB-targeting genes were significantly upregulated following two or three cold stimulations. The in vivo experiment disclosed that cold stimulation of a mouse limb for 9 days significantly increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and upregulated genes such as Pgc-1α involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. The foregoing results suggest that local cryotherapy increases CREB transcription and upregulates CREB-targeting genes in a manner dependent on cold stimulation frequency and duration. This information may serve as an impetus for further investigations into local cryotherapy as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle trauma.
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
