Factors Affecting Agriculture in Response to Climate Change in Bangladesh: Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture in Bangladesh

: An opinion dependent cross sectional survey was conducted among charland peoples of Noakhali, Bangladesh with a view to identify the factors that affect green economy.Nijhumdwip Island and Tamaruddi union are highly affected by cyclone and soil salinity. Unpredictable rainfall is the most acute in Nijhumdwip. Lack of information the main problem in Nijhumdwip Island. Farmers are found less interest in integrated farming and crop diversification. Few farmers from Sonadia Union are involved in homestead gardening. Regression analysis have shown a negative relationship (p<0.001) between education of stockholders and decrease of crop production. On the other hand education level of stockholders is to be found positively (p<0.05) varied with decrease of food insecurity. So it can be said that educated farmers are more adaptive against climate change.


INTRODUCTION
the natural factors which are directly accountable for Green Economy is getting momentum in Bangladesh.
of Bangladesh [4].Due to climate change, natural It has a quantity of pessimistic externality on agriculture disasters are so frequent in coastal areas of Bangladesh due to environmental change of the country.Bangladesh, [5].The country also familiar with many problems like is identified a developing country as one of the over population, land degradation, food insecurity etc [6].developing poor frontline country to suffer from the In future, Bangladesh is likely to be one of the most negativeeffect of the climate change [1].Coastal vulnerable countries because of climate change [7].stockholders are mostly dependent on agriculture for their In the situation, the appropriate measures should livelihood in Bangladesh [2].Agriculture is the main be taken to minimize the negative effect of climate source of national economy in Bangladesh.More than change [7].Our farmers are accustomed with traditional 47% of total population is directly or indirectly involved method of cultivation [8].Due to climatic change and with agriculture and agriculture contributes 16.5% to technological development, new methods should be Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while more than 52% of applied to gain more production [8].There are some foreign exchange is earned from agriculture based several climatic factors like water logging, unpredicted commodities [3].This sector is being destroyed by various rainfall, frequent cyclones, crop diversification etc that natural and man-made activities.Climate change is one of negatively influence on green economy of the country [9].

decreasing of agricultural production thus green economy
Experimental Design: This study employed both Survey: The questions were clarified whenever any quantitative and qualitative research approaches in order respondent had difficulties in understanding.Excellent to get a comprehensive view of the complex issues of cooperation was received from the respondents and other factors influencing the green economy of Bangladesh.
people of the study area.Qualitative methods such as focus group discussions and Key Informant Interviews (KII) were used.The Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): One session was quantitative survey approach was used.Thus, a mixed conducted in upazilla, each group comprising of 10 method research design was applied to determine the participants.A semi-structured questionnaire was used to factors influencing green economy in Bangladesh.
conduct FGDs.program was used for analyzing the data.Various Secondary Data: In order to develop conceptual basis of number, %age, mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient study, the researcher collected information from different of variation (CV) and rank order were used for relevant sources, such as books, journals, theses, categorization and describing the variables.Pearson's abstracts, reports and websites.The researcher also product moment correlation coefficient (r) was utilized collected documents from various organizations like both for data evaluation and hypotheses testing.Upazilla Agriculture Office for this purpose.

Measurement and Analysis of Variables: A dependent
In order to test the formulated hypotheses of the study, variable varies as the experimenter introduces, removes Pearson's product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (r) was or varies the independent variables.The effects of used.The formula of pearson's product moment climate change are considered as the dependent variable.
correlation coefficient (r) is given below.The independent variables of the study were age, level of education, household assets, annual family income, credit received, communication exposure and agricultural training received by the farmers in the study area.Procedure for measuring independent variables has been presented below. where,

Measurement of Dependent Variable:
The variable was and = Means of the variables x and y, respectively measured on the basis of different aspects of adoption.The adoption score was computed on the basis of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respondents' adoption on these aspects.The following factors (e.g.Water logging, Increase cyclones, This chapter discusses with the results of the study.Unpredicted rainfall, Increase of plant diseases, Crop The findings and discussion have been displayed in this diversification, Limited land area, Poor soil fertility, Lack chapter according to the objectives of the study. of informationetc, Food security.)were selected on the Necessary explanation and interpretations have also been basis of two FGDs and two KIIs conducted in the study made showing possible and logical basis of the findings area prior to develop interview schedule.A-four point whenever necessary.rating scale was developed to measure the extent of adoption of the farmers.The extent of adoption was Climatic Factors That Affect Green Economy computed by adding all scores obtained from types of Water Logging: The data represented in (Table 1) adoption practices followed by the farmers.
indicate that 31.3% people of Horni Union (Sub-subcity) Measurement of Independent Variables: Seven agricultural production.30% people were not aware about characteristics of the farmers were selected as water logging that means 70% people anyhow supported independent variables of the study.The procedures that water logging is harmful for their production thus followed to measure these independent variables are green economy.Water logging significantly affects briefly presented here.
existing biodiversity which has important implication for Age: Age of the respondents was measured in terms of actual years from their birth to the time of interview.A Increase Cyclone: 64% people of the area strongly score of one (1) was assigned for each year of one's age.
believed that cyclone in the area increased and it affects Level of Education: Education of respondents was (Table 2).Cyclone increased most in Nijhumdwip as 89.2% measured on the basis of classes he had passed in formal of its resident highly agreed with the concept.In the area educational institution.
no people was found that was not agree with increase descriptive statistical measures such as range, frequency,

Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r):
r = Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient xy strongly supported this is an important factor for lives and livelihoods of the people of Bangladesh [11].
not only agricultural production but also infrastructure  cyclone concept.Cyclones cause destruction due to the Practicing Crop Diversification: It was somewhat rare high wind speed and also the ensuing storm surge, which among the participants.98.5% stockholders did not follow causes inundation and salinity intrusion into agricultural or have idea about crop diversification to adapt land and contaminates fresh water [12].
themselves with environmental change (Table 5).1.5% Unpredicted Rainfall: 80.8% participants of studied area Stockholders need to gain knowledge and skills in have given their concept on this factor as the highest affected areas about crop-production techniques, (Table 3).Nijhumdwip is the highest vulnerable to integrated farming systems and climateresilient unpredicted rainfall.Unpredicted rainfall is harmful for the production techniques.Crop diversification can be seed germination, pathogen infestation and pollinations implemented in a variety of forms and at a variety of in agricultural crops [13].
scales, allowing farmers to choose a strategy that both Increasing Problems in Agriculture Due to Climate [15,25,21].Change: Increase of Plant Diseases: 60.1% people were moderately agreed on the concept that plant diseases Problems Associated with Adaptation are increased because of climatic change in the studied Limited Land Area: Most of the char (Islands) areas are areas (Table 4).In Horni Union (Sub-subcity) 21.9% suffering from limited land because of land degradations participants highly supported that plant diseases are [16,24].Among the total people of studied area 49.5% increased more than past due to climate change.
people were the worst in scarcity of land (Table 6).Plant pathogen evolution need to be improved to prevent the spread of new plant pathogens on naive or vulnerable Poor Soil Fertility: From the Table 7 it is estimated that hosts likely weakened by climate change [14,22,20].
68.4% of the people were faced soil fertility problem.The pathogens get favorable environment to regeneration Sustained fertilizer use is an important factor in increasing and migration to specific location due to climatic change crop productivity, yet its use remains very low on [15,24].smallholder farms in Bangladesh [17,23].
farmers followed crop diversification in the studied areas.
Climatic changes affect the productivity of crops Nijhumdwip was the worst sufferer of this problem as in the specific areas thus decrease the green Table 8 showed that 91.9% were deprived of information economy of that area.The present study found that facilities.Information and communication technologies are better education level helps the farmers to understand the emerging field to influences positively on the about climate change, adapting new technology, agricultural sector to contribute green economy [8,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].
cultivating high yielding varieties, new methods of Regression Analysis: Regression analysis (Table 9) have to produce more and contribute to develop green exhibited that education of the population negatively economy.Furthermore, education level improves the (p<0.001)varied with decrease of crop production.On the food security condition of farmers.So, education is the other hand education level of population positively top most factors which can be able to control the (p>0.05)varied with decrease of food insecurity.So, it can adaptability of farmers with climate change through be concluded that educated people are more adaptive to limitations of the country.To develop the green economy increase of crop production and food security against the condition of the country, education of the farmers is badly climatic change of their respective area.needed.
cultivation etc so that they can be able to implement those

108 Processing of the Primary Data: Collected primary data Statistical Analyses: The
The survey instrument was refined based coded data were put into the were coded and taken into SPSS (Statistical Package for computer for statistical analyses.The SPSS computer Social Science) software package (16.0 Version).

Table 1 :
Water logging conditions of the studied area

Table 2 :
Increases cyclones in the coastal area of Bangladesh

Table 4 :
Opinion of coastal farmers on increase of plant disease

Table 5 :
Farmers opinion on practicing crop diversification

Table 7 :
Farmers views on poor soil fertility