Gravity in the shadow of stable atoms and their three interactions

Even though materialistic atoms are having independent existence in this current accelerating universe, they are not allowing scientists and engineers to explore the secrets of gravity at atomic scale. This may be due to incomplete unification paradigm, inadequacy of known physics and technological difficulties etc. In this challenging scenario, one fundamental question to be answered is: Is Newtonian gravitational constant having a physical existence? We would like to suggest that, it’s a man created empirical constant and is having no physical existence. Clearly speaking, it’s not real but virtual. For understanding the secrets of large scale gravitational effects, scientists consider it as a physical constant. In the same way, each atomic interaction can be allowed to have its own gravitational constant. With further study, their magnitudes can be refined for a better understanding of the nature. Thinking in this way, we tried to fit the Newtonian gravitational constant. It’s estimated value seems to be 6.679855x10^(-11) m3/kg/sec2. Proceeding further, the famous radiation constants ( ) and c hc can be shown to be complex or secondary physical constants. By considering proton neutron stability, nuclear binding energy, nuclear charge radii, neutron life time, Fermi’s weak coupling constant and strong coupling constant, we are trying to understand the validity of the proposed three atomic gravitational constants. It needs further study.


Introduction
In this paper, with respect to the available physics literature pertaining to large gravitational coupling constants [1][2][3][4][5][6] and with reference to the virtual Newtonian gravitational constant, we propose three different gravitational constants assumed to be associated with the observed three atomic interactions. To validate them, we study their possible role in understanding nuclear stability and binding energy [7][8][9][10][11][12] for light, medium, heavy and super heavy atomic nuclides. The most desirable cases of any unified description are: In this context, in our recent and earlier publications [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], we could present many interesting relations among all the key physical constants of nuclear and atomic physics. Objectives of this paper are: ➢ To understand the possible role of Newtonian gravitational constant in microscopic physics. ➢ To see the possibility of estimating the magnitude of Newtonian gravitational constant in a theoretical approach within the scope of nuclear physics. ➢ To see the possibility of understanding the historical mystery of the radiation constants ( ) and c hc .

Understanding proton-neutron stability with three atomic gravitational constants
Interesting point to be noted is that, for Z=112, 113 and 114, estimated lower stable mass numbers are 296, 299 and 302 respectively. Corresponding neutron numbers are 184, 186 and 188. These neutron numbers are very close to the currently believed shell closure at N=184. It needs further study [33].

Understanding nuclear binding energy with single unified energy coefficient
Interesting points to be noted are: 1. With reference to electromagnetic interaction, and based on proton number, ( ) Based on the new integrated model proposed by N. Ghahramany et al [11,12], where,  = Adjusting coefficient  (90 to 100).
Readers are encouraged to see references there in [11,12] for derivation part. Point to be noted is that, close to the beta stability line, 22 3 See the following figure 1. Dotted red curve plotted with relations (14) and (21) can be compared with the green curve plotted with the standard semi empirical mass formula (SEMF). For medium and heavy atomic nuclides, fit is excellent. It seems that some correction is required for light atoms.
See figure 2 for the estimated isotopic binding energy of Z=50. Dotted red curve plotted with relations (14) and (22)   One of the key objectives of any unified description is to simplify or eliminate the complicated issues of known physics. In this context, in a quantitative approach, we noticed that, the four gravitational constants play a crucial role in understanding and estimating neutron life time. The following three strange relations can be given some consideration [34].

Nuclear charge radii
As per the current literature [35], nuclear charge radii can be expressed with the following formulae.
Based on these relations and by considering the charge radii of stable atomic nuclides, 0 R and s G can be fitted.

Discussion
1) At atomic and nuclear scales, so far there exist no generally accepted unified theoretical formulae or procedures for estimating the magnitude of Newtonian gravitational constant. 2) According to Rosi [38,39,40]. In this method, cold atoms are allowed to have free fall under gravity. Clearly speaking, an atomic gravity gradiometer is used to measure the differential acceleration experienced by two freely falling samples of laser-cooled rubidium atoms under the influence of nearby tungsten masses. Here we emphasize the point that, our approach is completely theoretical and no way connected with current experimental paradigm [41,42] (42) 6) With reference to the proposed relations (15) to (22) connected with understanding the mechanism of nuclear stability and binding scheme, proposed three atomic gravitational constants can be validated. 7) With reference to the proposed relations (23) to (25) connected with neutron life time, proposed three atomic gravitational constants can also be validated.

Conclusion
As there is a large gap in between nuclear and Planck scales, with currently believed notion of unification paradigm, it seems impossible to implement gravity in atomic, nuclear and particle physics. Even though our approach is speculative, role played by the four gravitational constants seems to be natural. By implementing the four gravitational constants in String theory models, it may be possible to explore the hidden unified physics. With further study, a practical model of materialistic quantum gravity can be developed and magnitude of the Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated in a theoretical approach bound to Fermi scale.