A review on the possible existence of strong elementary charge and its nuclear scale applications

We review the basics of nuclear binding energy scheme assumed to be associated with the existence of a new strong elementary charge associated with square root of reciprocal of the strong coupling constant.


Introduction
As strong interaction [1] is mostly hidden at low energy scales in the form of 'residual nuclear force' and Liquid drop model and Fermi gas model [2][3][4][5] are failing in understanding nuclear binding energy with 'strong coupling constant', in our earlier published paper [6] and recent submitted papers [7,8] we suggested that, by considering 'square root' of reciprocal of the strong coupling constant'   0.1186 , s   as an index of strength of nuclear elementary charge, nuclear binding energy and nuclear stability can be understood.Our model [6][7][8][9][10][11] seems to be simple and realistic compared to the new integrated model [12,13].In this paper we review sections 6 and 7 with much better semi empirical relations.

About the semi empirical mass formula
Let A be the total number of nucleons, Z the number of protons and N the number of neutrons.
According to the semi-empirical mass formula [2,3,4], nuclear binding energy: Here v a = volume energy coefficient, s a is the surface energy coefficient, c a is the coulomb energy coefficient, a a is the asymmetry energy coefficient and p a is the pairing energy coefficient.By Maximizing   / B A A with respect to A gives the nucleus which is most strongly bound or most stable.

New concepts and semi empirical relations of nuclear binding energy and stability
We would like to suggest that, 7) In deuteron, there exists no strong interaction in between neutron and proton.

Beta stability line with respect to strong coupling constant
For Z >16, close to the line of beta stability,

Beta stability line with respect to nucleon mass difference
With reference to nucleon and electron rest masses [1], we noticed that, Based on this observation, beta stability line can be understood with the following empirical relations.
We noticed that, And with reference to relation (7), it is also possible to show that, for   40 to 83 , Z  close to the beta stability line [7], Based on the above relations and proposed concepts, and with reference to the first four terms of the semi empirical mass formula, close to the beta stability line [8], if For example, binding energy of Oxygen (O) close to its stable atomic nuclides can be estimated to be We are working on understanding the physical significance of   If it is assumed that there exists no strong interaction in between neutron and proton, above relation ( 13) can be expressed as follows.

MeV
Based on this relation (15), Deuteron      In the similar way,   3 2 He binding energy can be understood in terms of the combined effect of electromagnetic and strong interactions.

Conclusion
Nowadays, estimating and understanding nuclear binding energy with 'strong interaction' seems to attract many nuclear physicists.In this context, by considering the proposed semi empirical relations, existence of the 'strong elementary charge' can be confirmed.With further research, a realistic nuclear model pertaining to strong interaction can be developed.
developed the following relations.a) Starting from Z=3, close to the beta stability line, Binding energy of Iron (Fe) close to its stable atomic nuclides can be estimated to be Binding energy of Tin (Sn) close to its stable atomic nuclides Binding energy of Lead (Pb) close to its stable atomic nuclides can be estimated to be level.See the following figure-1.Green curve represents the binding energy per nucleon estimated with the first four terms of SEMF relation (1) and(7).Dashed red curve represents the binding energy per nucleon estimated with relations (7) and (14).

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Comparison of estimated and SEMF binding energy per nucleon

2 1 H
binding energy can be estimated to be 2.02 MeV and actual binding energy is 2.225MeV.From relation (15), Triton  

3 1 H
binding energy can be estimated to be 4.37 MeV.From relation (13), Triton  

3 1 H
binding energy can be estimated to be 12.68 MeV.Actual binding energy (8.482MeV) seems to be close to the average of (4.37 and 12.68) MeV = 8.525 MeV.Clearly speaking, binding energy of  