Physico-Chemical and Microbial Properties of Surface and Groundwater Resources : Case Study of Kogi State , Central Nigeria

PhysicoChemical and Microbial Properties of Surface and Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Kogi State, Central Nigeria Seyi, Mepaiyeda1* and Kakaba, Madi 1 1 Department of Geology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa. * Correspondence; 201714260@ufh.ac.za, geospiritonline@yahoo.com, Tel; +27 632129422 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 9 January 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0076.v1


INTRODUCTION
A large number of communities in Nigeria, especially those in the Eastern highland, Western highland and central parts of Nigeria depend largely on ground water supply from Basement complex rocks from boreholes.The development of ground water resources in these parts of Nigeria are carried out under severe budgetary constraints, with little opportunity for fundamental hydro geological studies.Hard rock masses such as the basement-rock masses covering about two third (2/3) of the land surface of Nigeria in their under -formed state possess little or no primary inter-granular porosity or permeability and the hydro-geological properties are thus mainly determined by secondary storability and transmissivity.
It is not possible to find absolutely pure water in nature even rain water, when it drops just emitting from the clouds, may be considered pure, but as the drops fall down, certain gasses get dissolved in it and make impure (1).Depending largely upon the sources from which they are derived, surface and groundwater so obtained may differ greatly in purity and suitability for the purposes for which they are required (2).Ground water is the water which is stored by nature, underground in the water bearing formation of earth's crust.This could be natural springs, well and boreholes, infiltration galleria and radial collector wells (2).
Communicable diseases which may be transmitted by water include bacterial, viral and protozoan infections.These diseases include typhoid, salmonesis, shigellosis, bacillary, dysentery, cholera, hepatitis e.t.c.(3).These organisms are spread through the fecal discharges (excrement) of sick or carrier persons.The inorganic materials for which maximum contaminant levels have been established are generally toxic in one manner or the other.Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium and Chromium are well known poison and can exhibit chronic or acute toxicity depending on the concentration (3).

This research examined the quality of drinking water around Agbadu-Bunu in Kabba
Local Government Area of Kogi State, central Nigeria.The area has a fast growing population and increasing level of diverse socio-economic activities.Factors responsible for water contamination and the type of contaminants in water to determine its deviance from the normal were examined.Agbadu -Bunu Community lies between latitude 7.91786 0 and longitude 6.26911 0 .The Community is located within Kogi state, central Nigeria and it is accessible by motorable road along Obajana -Kabba road.Agbadu -Bunu Community experiences distinct dry and wet seasons.There is a fairly high amount of rainfall in the wet season and water is readily available during the wet season but may be come dried the dry season.This is particularly so in areas underlain by crystalline rocks of the basement complex where many rivers are intermittent and the underlain lithology does not favor large accumulation of ground water (4).Therefore the major task in such area is to locate ground water while the issue of ground water qualities receives little attention.The study area lies within the tropical savannah climate with distinct dry and wet seasons with an average maximum temperature of 33.2 o and an average minimum temperature of 22.8 o c having distinct dry and wet seasons.The dry season occurs between November and February while the rainy season is between March and October (7-8 months).
Mean annual evaporation for the study area ranges between 750mm-1200mm.The mean annual rainfall in the area is 2000mm-2500mm.There is usually severe harmattan in December and January; this is the period when the north-east trade wind begins to blow towards the country from the Sahara belts.
Vegetation in the study area is characterized by sparse shrubs and interrupted by isolated medium sized trees which are typical of Sudan Savannah.There is usually a more continuous cover of grasses especially during the dry season.The study area rises from about 300 meters along the Niger/Benue Confluence, to the heights of between 300 and 600 meters above sea level in the uplands.The locations of the study area are shown in Figure 1-2.All the (10) ten sample were taking from Agbadu Bunu Community Area of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria.Previous work on the physico-chemical characteristics of surface and ground water in central Nigeria has been carried out (5).It was reported that the concentration of cations and Anions in the water resource of certain parts of central Nigeria conformed to the World Health Organization (WHO) for potable water (5).55 water samples collected for both Cations and Anions analysis using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-DES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were done in the area (6).It was discovered that the area consist of two water types; earth-alkaline water and earth-alkaline waters with alkaline compounds with cations and anions concentrations below WHO limit in one part while some parts had their concentrations above WHO limits.

FIELD WORK
A preliminary (reconnaissance) survey of the study area was carried out in order to study the various sources and kind of drinking water available in Agbadu -Bunu community in Kogi state, central Nigeria.This survey helped in the locations of various water sources and was marked out for random sample collection.Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to measure the longitude and the latitude of the respective sample locations as well as the distance above sea level.The source of data for this research work is divided into two, the Primary Source and the Secondary Source of data.Primary data were water samples rain water, two pond water sources, stream water, 4 Hand dug wells and 2 borehole water samples.Two samples each of the above water sources were collected.One set of samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties while the other set of samples were analyzed to determine the microbial components.Secondary data source was the review of published research works, journals, textbooks, scientific discussion and first hand information and other relevant works on water quality.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Two different types of containers were used for collection of sample for analysis in the laboratory.Bottles for microbiological samples were first washed with detergent, rinsed with distilled water, dried and sterilized at 150 0 c for 2hours while other plastic bottles were washed with detergent, rinsed with distilled water before used for sampling water.In the process of sampling, care was taken that the container used in fetching the water (fetcher) was thoroughly washed to making sure that level of contamination is minimized.For the rain water sources, early morning water from the rain was collected into a sample bottle.Boreholes water samples, (Hand Pump Water and Motorized Borehole) were collected after the mouth of the tap was first swabbed with cotton wool soaked with alcohol (ethanol) for sterilization.Some quantities of the water were first pumped out to create room for fresh water from the source and also help in flushing out bacteria or other possible contaminants along the lining of the pipe.
After collection, the samples were protected from reacting with air by tightening the cork properly, packed into a small cooler and transported to the laboratory for analysis.There it was kept in the refrigerator awaiting analysis.The water samples taken from both surface (Stream, Rain, Pound) and ground (Hand Dug Wells/Boreholes) water were collected at random and labeled accordingly as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J respectively.

LABORATORY ANALYSIS
The chemical analytical procedures employed the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).The concentrations of cations, Anions, Heavy Metals and Trace elements were analyzed.
Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed based on the physical changes associated with chemical reactions.The different methods used were in accordance with Hydrological Project Technical Assistance (HPTA) method for standard analytical procedure for water.The PH of the samples was determined using a PH meter (Mode: HP 2211 PWORP meter).10ml of each of the sample was poured in to a sterile beaker and the anode of the PH meter was inserted into it, allowed to stay till for some time before the readings were taken and recorded one after the other.
The stainless sensor was rinsed with distilled water after each reading.Cl (ppm) = VI X 0.025 X 35.5 X 1000 1000 50

RESULTS
The

DISCUSSION
The quality of water is most often a function of the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the rocks underlying the area (8).Most minerals in rocks are soluble under appropriate geochemical condition.The quality of ground water therefore, in some parts of the country, particularly shallow ground changed as a result of human activities.Ground water is less susceptible to bacterial pollution than surface water because the soil and rocks through which ground water flows screens out most bacteria's (9).Bacteria however occasionally find their way into ground water sometimes in dangerously high concentrations.But, freedom from bacteria's pollution alone does not mean that the water is fit for drinking.Many unseen dissolved minerals and organic constituents are present in ground water in various concentrations.Most of which are harmless or even beneficial while others are harmful and a few may be highly toxic.
Water typically is not considered desirable for drinking if the quantity of dissolved minerals exceeds 1000mg/L (9).Water with a few thousand mg/L of dissolved minerals is classified as lightly saline, but is sometimes used in area where less mineralized water is available (9).Water from some wells and springs can contain very large concentrations of dissolved minerals and waste, which cannot be tolerated by humans, animals and plants.The quality of water resources (Surface/Ground) in the study area can be degraded by excessive waste disposal and dissolved minerals which can upsets the balance that exist between plants and animals with severe effects on all forms of life.

Carbonate (HC03 -):
The World Health Organization standard has given the guideline maximum concentration of carbonate to be 50ml/L (10).The results of the analysis showed that the concentrations of carbonate in the surface water were 19.76mg/L, 66.15mg/L, 48.97mg/L and 38.67mg/L respectively.Their average is 43.388mg/L.However, the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentration ranged from 103.95mg/L, 126.30mg/L, 59.30mg/L, 64.43mg/L, 251.72mg/L to 97.08mg/L.their average concentration is 116.13mg/L.The analysis of surface water concentration shows that three (3) of the four (4) water samples analyzed were within the World Health Organization standard limit and is therefore safe, while the ground water concentration for HC03 -is higher than the World Health Organization standard limit.This is hard water that is not safe for drinking, except by boiling.

Nitrate (N0 3 -) and Sulphates:
The World Health Organization standard has shown that the guideline maximum concentration for nitrate is 50mg/L (10).The result of the analysis shows that the concentration of nitrate in the surface water is 4.52mg/L, 0.27mg/L, 0.019mg/L and 15.943mg/L respectively.
Their average concentration is 5.188mg/L.However the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentration ranges from 0.019mg/L, 0.016mg/L, 0.024mg/L, 0.016mg/L, 0.142mg/L to 0.39mg/L respectively.Their average concentration is 0.101mg/L.The surface and ground water concentrations fall below the World Health Organization standard limit and are therefore safe for drinking.A very low level of nitrate might be that the water contains less or no organic matter water as revealed by (2).The World Health Organization standard for the guideline maximum concentration of sulphate ion is 250mg/L (10).The results of the analysis show that the concentrations of sulphate in surface water are 5.32mg/L, 3.801mg/L, 3.803mg/L, 0.25mg/L respectively.Their average concentration is 3.293mg/L.However, the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentrations ranges from 0.38mg/L, 0.36mg/L, 0.38mg/L, 0.39mg/L, 0.25mg/L to 0.66mg/L.their average concentration is 0.403mg/L.The surface and ground water concentration fall below the World Health Organization standard limit and is therefore safe for drinking.The low level of sulphate is attributed to the geological profile of the soil and the mineral constituent of the source of water used.

Chloride (Cl -):
The World Health Organization standard has shown the guideline maximum concentration for chloride (Cl -) as 250mg/L (10).The results of the analysis show that the concentrations of chloride ion in the surface water are 29.78mg/L,6.62mg/L, 8.51mg/L and 17.02mg/L respectively.Their average concentration is 15.483mg/L.However, the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentrations ranges from 16.54mg/L, 17.02mg/L, 25.52mg/L, 19.85mg/L to 23.16mg/L.Their average concentration is 21.268mg/L concentrations fall below the World Health Organization standard limit and are therefore safe for drinking.The level of chloride is due to the natural occurrence of chlorides in the geological strata of borehole and well and the entry of savage effluents and was into the water body.

CONCENTRATIONS OF CATIONS IN THE SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
Calcium (Ca 2+ ): The World Health Organization standard showed that the guideline maximum concentration for calcium is 100mg/L (10).The results of the analysis carried out on the samples collected from the surface water resources of the study area shows the concentrations of calcium to be 4.38mg/L, 4.21mg/L and 3.64mg/l in rain water, pond water 1 and 2 and stream water respectively for calcium in the samples collected from the surface water, the average was 4.113mg/l.This concentration is below the maximum concentration guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) Standard for drinking water meaning that the surface water is safe for drinking.However, the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentration ranges from 4.120mg/l, 4.101mg/l, 2.90mg/l, 2.64mg/l, 2.11mg/l to 1.48mg/l.
Their average concentration is 2.89.mg/l (Table 3.7).Therefore, the concentration of calcium (Ca 2+ ) in both surface and ground water fall below the World Health Organization standard limit and is considered safe for drinking.

Magnesium (Mg 2+ ):
The World Health Organization standard showed that the guideline maximum concentration for magnesium (Mg) is 50mg/l (10).The results of the analysis on the surface water sample from the study area are 2.64mg/l, 2.50mg/l, 2.49mg/l and 2.103mg/l in RW, PW1&2 and SW respectively.The average concentration is 2.433mg/l.This concentration is below the maximum concentration guideline of the WHO, 2011 standards for drinking water, meaning that the surface water are safe for drinking.However, the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentrations ranges from 1.94mg/l, 1.90mg/l, 1.81mg/l, 1.92mg/l, 2.53mg/l to 1.21mg/l.Their average concentration is 1.885mg/l.Therefore, the surface and ground water concentration falls below the World Health Organization standard limit and is safe for drinking.

Potassium (K + ):
The World Health Organization standard for the guidelines maximum concentration for potassium is 12.00mg/l (10).The results of the analysis show that the concentrations of potassium in the surface water are 3.51mg/l, 4.11mg/l, 3.04mg/l and 3.61mg/l respectively, their average concentration is 3.568mg/l.This shows that the concentration is below the permissible limit of the concentration of potassium in drinking water by the World Health Organization.
However, the results of ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentrations ranges from 2.11mg/l, 2.38mg/l, 2.04mg/l, 2.87mg/l, 3.31mg/l and 3.73mg/l.Their average concentration is 2.743mg/l.Therefore, the concentration of potassium (K + ) in both water resources fall below the World Health Organization standard limit and the waters are considered safe for drinking.

Sodium (Na + )
The World Health Organization standard for the guideline maximum concentration for sodium is 200mg/l (10).The results of the analysis from the surface water resources of the study area showed that the concentrations of sodium are 0.13mg/l, 0.782mg/l, 0.63mg/l and 0.67mg/l respectively.Their average concentration is 0.553mg/l.This concentration is below the maximum concentration guidelines for World Health Organization Standards for drinking water, meaning that the water is safe for drinking.However, the results of the ground water (Hand dug wells and boreholes) concentrations ranges from 0.37mg/l, 0.13mg/l, 0.48/l, 0.38mg/l, 3.41mg/l their average concentration is 1.588mg/l to 4.76mg/l.The ground water concentrations also fall below the World Health Organization standard limit and are therefore safe for drinking.

Lead (Pb 2+ ):
The World Health Organization shows that the standard guideline maximum concentration for lead is 0.010mg/l and the maximum admissible concentration is to be 0.005mg/l.The results of the analysis carried out on samples collected from the surface water of the study area shows that the concentrations of lead is 0.031mg/l, 0.071mg/l, 0.07mg/l, 0.30mg/l respectively.Their average concentration is 0.118mg/l (Table 3.10).The concentration is above the World Health Organization standard limit for drinking water.However, the concentration of lead (Pb) in the ground water ranges from 0.044mg/l, 0.043mg/l, 0.046mg/l, 0.05mg/l, and 0.034mg/l to 0.031mg/l (Table 4.3).Their average concentration is 0.041mg/l (Table 4.10).
Therefore, the concentration of lead (Pb) in the surface and ground water resources is higher than World Health Organization permissible limit.This shows that the surface water and ground water may not be safe for drinking.This increase may probably be as a result of the human activities in the environment.

Cadmium (Cd 2+ ):
The World Health Organization standard showed that the guideline maximum concentration for cadmium (Cd) is 0.003mg/l and the maximum admissible concentration to be 0.005mg/l.The results of the analysis carried out on the samples collected from the surface water resources of the study area show that the concentrations of cadmium range between 0.004mg/l, 0.075mg/l, and 0.073mg/l to 0.062mg/l respectively (Table 3.3).Their average concentration is 0.054mg/l.This shows that the concentration of cadmium (Cd) is above the concentration of World Health Organization standard limit for drinking water.However, the concentrations of Cadmium (Cd) in the ground water range from 0.04mg/l, 0.05mg/l, 0.04mg/l, 0.06mg/l, and 0.014mg/l to 0.011mg/l.Their average concentration is 0.036mg/l (Table 3.10).Therefore, the concentration of cadmium (Cd) in surface and ground water resources is higher than World Health Organization permissible limit.This showed that the surface water and the ground water in the study area may not be safe for drinking.This increase may probably be as a result of the human activities in the environment.

Zinc (Zn 2+ ):
The World Health Organization standard shows that the guideline maximum concentration for zinc (Zn) is 3.00mg/l (10).The results of the analysis from the surface water resoures of the study area show that the concentrations are 0.16mg/l, 0.22mg/l, 0.23mg/l and 0.13mg/l respectively.Their average concentration is 0.185mg/l.This shows that the concentration of zinc is below World Health Organization standard limit for drinking water.
However, the concentrations of zinc (Zn) in the ground water range from 0.12mg/l, 0.104mg/l, 0.101mg/l, 0.102mg/l, and 0.12mg/l (Table 3.3).The average concentration is 0.092mg/l (Table 3.10).Therefore, the concentration of zinc in both surface and ground water resources are lower than the World Health Organization permissible limit, meaning that both waters are safe for drinking.

Nickel (Ni 2+ ):
The World Health Organization standard shows that the guideline maximum concentration for nickel (Ni) is 0.020mg/l (10).The results of the analysis from the surface water resources show that the concentrations are 0.071mg/l, 0.06mg/l, 0.051mg/l and 0.35mg/l respectively.Their average concentration is 0.133mg/l .But the concentration of nickel is above the World Health Organization for the surface water.However, the concentration of nickel in the ground water ranges from 0.030mg/l, for hand dug wells 1 -4, 0.039.0.045 for HPW to 0.02mg/l therefore, the concentration of nickel in ground water is higher than the World Health Organization permissible limit and may not be safe for drinking, except for motorized borehole that has 0.02mg/l.This increase may probably be as a result of the human activities in the environment.

Iron (Fe):
The World Health Organization standard showed that the guideline maximum concentration for iron (Fe) is 0.300mg/l and the maximum admissible concentration for iron is 0.20mg/l (10).The results of the analysis carried out on the samples collected from the surface water for iron (Fe) is 0.74mg/l, 0.241mg/l, 0.25mg/l and 0.42mg/l respectively.Their average concentration is 0.213mg/l.While the ground water concentration ranges from 0.13mg/l, 0.12mg/l, 0.14mg/l, 0.12mg/l, and 0.33mg/l to 0.19mg/l.The average concentration is 0.172mg/l.
The surface and ground water resources of the study and ground water resources of the study area show that seven (7) of the ten (10) water samples analyzed for iron (Fe) is within the exception of rain water, stream water and hand pump well that has the value of 0.74mg/l, 0.42mg/l and 0.33mg/l respectively.The high level of iron recorded in this work might be due to the natural occurrence of iron in the geological strata of the soil, corrosion of iron and steel materials in the case of rain water hand pump well or leachates from dump sites and vehicles (2).

Manganese (Mn)
The World Health Organization standard guideline of maximum concentration for manganese (Mn) is 0.05mg/l (10).The results of the analysis from the surface water for Manganese (Mn) are below detective limit and 0.00mg/l except for the rain water that recorded a value of 0.010.Their average concentration is 0.003mg/l.While the ground water is also below dilution limits and 0.00mg/l.This shows that both concentrations are below the permissible limit by World Health Organization.The water is therefore, safe for drinking.

Copper (Cu):
The World Health Organization standard shows that the guideline maximum concentration for copper (Cu) is 0.05mg/l (10).The results of the analysis from the surface water resources show that the concentrations are 2.01mg/l, 3.46mg/l, 3/61mg/l and 2.88mg/l respectively.Their average concentration is 2.99mg/l.However, the concentration of copper (Cu) in the ground water resources ranges from 2.19mg/l, 2.18mg/l, 2.18mg/l, 2.19mg/l, 2.41mg/l and 0.70mg/l.It has an average concentration of ground water as 1.975mg/l.The concentration of copper (Cu) in both surface and ground water resources of the area is above the permissible limit by World Health Organization.This increase could be as a result of sediment dissociation, acid rain or water can also lead to corrosion of copper pipes and copper galvanized roofing sheet and so not safe for drinking.

VALUES OF PH, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND ALKALINITY IN THE SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA PH:
The World Health Organization standard limits for PH is 6.5 -8.

Total Dissolved Solid:
The World Health Organization standard limit for Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) is 500mg/l.The results of the analysis from the surface water for TDS is 0.00mg/l, 20.0mg/l, 20.0mg/l, and 20.0mg/l respectively as shown in Table 4.5 above.Their average concentration is 15.0mg/l.the ground water concentration ranges from 380.0mg/l, 20.0mg/l, 20.0mg/l, 20.0mg/l, 360.0mg/l to 20.0mg/l.Their average concentration is 136.67mg/l.these results obtained from the analysis of both surface and ground water of the area shows that the water in the area is safe for drinking, since it within the World Health Organization limit of 500mg/l

Alkalinity:
The World Health Organization standard guideline of maximum concentration for alkalinity is 100mg/l.The results of the analysis carried out on the samples collected from the surface water for alkalinity is 43.33mg/l, 13.33mg/l, 100.0mg/l and 80.0mg/l respectively (Table 4  indiscriminate dumping of refuse, gaseous emission from vehicles, application of fertilizers on farm land, e.t.c. in this analysis, calcium has the highest rate of distribution as shown above.This is followed by potassium, magnesium with sodium been very low.The average values of each analyzed cations from the distribution graph are: 3.503mg/l (Ca 2+ ), 2.159mg/l (Mg 2+ ), 3.156mg/l, (K + ) and 1.071mg/l (Na + ).This shows that the average concentration of these cations fall below the value of World Health Organization standard for drinking water: 100.00mg/l, 50mg/l, 12.00mg/l and 200.00mg/l respectively.This simply means that the water is safe for drinking, considering the average and individual concentrations of cation in the water resources of the study area.Also lead (Pb) has an average concentration of 0.080mg/l as against the WHO standard of 0.010mg/l, Cadmium (Cd) average concentration is 0.045mg/l against WHO of 0.003mg/l while that of zinc (Zn) average concentration is 0.139 as against the WHO standard of 3.000mg/l.The average concentration above showed that Lead, Cadmium and Nickel exceeded the maximum permissible limit by World Health Organization.While that of zinc is falls below WHO standard.
Therefore, necessary precaution should be taken to reduce likely sources of wastes in the environment.solvent is capable of dissolving the minerals of the underlying rocks and wastes which in turn percolates into the ground as contaminants to the ground water of the area, while others flows into the surface as run-off into streams and ponds in the area.
Moreover, the increase in improper waste disposal, use of chemicals in controlling weeds and fertilizers usage without taking into consideration the environmental effects on both ground and surface water resources of the area, may pollute the water resources of this area thereby making it unfit for human consumption.
The microbial analysis of the water samples in the area revealed heavy presence of indicator organisms in samples A, B, C, D, E, F and H respectively.This makes the water quality of these locations unfit for human consumption.This is because their concentrations in the water samples are higher than the World Health Organization.

Figure 1 ;KEYFigure 2 ;
Figure 1; Map of Nigeria showing the study area results of the concentrations of cations, Anions, Heavy Metal, Trace Elements, PH, Alkalinity and Total Dissolved Solids in the water resources (Surface and Ground water) are shown in the tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 respectively.While the average concentrations in the study area are shown in tables 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, and 3.15 respectively.Tables 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, and 3.20 shows the comparisons of the average concentrations of Cations, Anions, Heavy Metals, Trace Elements and PH, Alkalinity and Total Dissolved Solids of the water resources of the study area with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water.Figure 3 to 6 shows the plots of the respective concentration parameters against the sample locations

Figure 4 :Table 3 . 3 :(
Figure 4:Plots of Concentrations of Anions in the Water Resources Versus Locations of the Study Area A-Rain Water, B-Pond Water 1, C-Pond Water 2, D-Stream Water, E-Hand dug Well 1, F-HDW 2, G-HDW 3, H-HDW 4, I-HPW and J-MBH

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Plots of Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Water Resources Versus Locations of the Study Area

Figure 6 :Table 3 . 5 :
Figure 6: Plots of Concentrations of Trace Elements in the Water Resources versus Locations of the Study Area Sample A = Rain Water (RW), sample B and C = Pond Water (PW1 & PW2), Sample D = Stream Water (SW), samples E, F, G, and H= Hand Dug Well (HDW1 -4), Sample I and J = Boreholes (Hand Pump Well and Motorized Borehole) respectively

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Average Distribution of cations in the Water Resources of the Study Area

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Average Distribution of Anions in the Water Resources of the Study Area.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Average Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Water Resources of the Study Area

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Average Distribution of Trace Elements in the Water resources of the Study Area.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.13 revealed that the average concentration of Alkaline is very high in the study area, it has an average concentration of 174.999mg/l as against WHO, 2011 of 100.00mg/l.This is follow by the average concentration of TDS with 88.00mg/l as against WHO, 2011 of 500.00mg/l.While that of PH is 7.083 as against the WHO standard of 6.5 -8.5.However, the average concentration of Alkalinity is far higher than the WHO standard.The other observed parameter (PH and STD) falls below the World Health Organization standards.

Table 1 ; Sample points and their coordinates
KEY: RW: Rain Water, PO: Pond Water, HDW: Hand Dug Well, HPW: Hand Pump Water, MPW: Motorized Pump Water

OF SULPHATE (S0 4 ) (TURBID METRIC METHOD)
(Phenolphthalein) was added and titrated with silver nitrate solution until a permanent brick red precipitate persisted.The titre value was recorded as VI.The titration was repeated twice and the average volume used was determined for each sample of water.

Table 3 .20: Comparison of Average values of PH, Alkalinity and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Resources of the Study Area with WHO standards Other Parameters WHO,2011 Guideline Maximum Value Mg/L Guideline Value Mg/L Maximum Admissible Concentration Mg/L Analyzed Average Value of Study Area
TBC) value of the water samples analyzed has the mean value of 199.75 X 10 3 cfu/100ml and 50 X 10 3 cfu/100ml for surface and ground water of the area respectively.The highest values ranging from 2.35 X 10 2 cfu/100ml to 1.38 X 10 2 cfu/100ml for surface and ground water respectively against the 100cfu/ml for WHO standard for potable water.Total Coliform Count of the water samples has mean values of 2.0 X 10cfu/100ml and 0.717 X 10 1 cfu/100ml for surface and ground water respectively.The highest values ranging from 0.23 X 10 2 cfu/100ml to 0.30 X 10 2 cfu/100ml for surface and ground water respectively against zero (0) cfu/100ml for WHO standard for potable water (Table3.21).E. Coli Count for the water samples analyzed is absent in most of the samples and only present in very minute amount in some of the samples.Though no particular amount was recorded, this mostly conformed with the zero (0) cfu/100ml for WHO standard for potable water.

Table 3 .21; Microbiological analysis of water samples in the study area
5. The results of the analysis from the surface water for PH are 6.95, 7.18, 6.96 and 7.06 respectively.Their average concentration is 7.04.The ground water concentration ranges from 7.22, 7.01, 6.82, 6.76, and 7.21 to 7.66.Their average concentration is 7.113.These results show that the PH concentration in both surface and ground water resources of the study area are below the permissible limits by World Health Organization.Therefore, the water is safe for drinking.