Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

: Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of carbon. These studies include different ideas and discuss them within scientific scope and application. Depending on the processing conditions of carbon precursors, in various allotropic forms. The electron transfer mechanism is responsible for converting the gaseous carbon atom into various states – graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene states. A typical energy shaped like parabola trajectory enables the transfer of the electron in carbon atom by preserving its equilibrium state. In the conversion of carbon atom from one state to other state, the trajectory of energy links to suitable filled and unfilled states of the east side, and the other trajectory of energy links to suitable filled and unfilled states of the west side. In this way, filled state electrons instantaneously and simultaneously transfer to unfilled states through the paths of involved typical energy trajectories. The involved typical energy remains partially conserved. Thus, the forces exerted to the electrons at the instant of transferring also remain partially conserved. Carbon atoms, in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states, partially evolve and partially develop the structures. Atoms form structures of one dimension, two dimensions and four dimensions, respectively. In the formation of such structures, binding atoms involve the typical energy shaped like parabola, where partially conserved forces also engage at the electron level. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms is also formed, but in the order of two dimensions and amorphous carbon. The binding energy among graphite atoms is due to the small difference of east force and west force. The structural formations in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve a different shaped typical energy to control the orientation of electrons undertaking one more clamp of the energy knot. The involved typical energy has a form like golf-stick, which is half of the parabola shaped trajectory. To undertake double clamping of energy knot, the south pole, and all four unfilled energy knots of the outer ring (of deposited diamond atom) positioned along the east-west poles. Thus, the growth of diamond is found to be south to ground. The depositing diamond atom binds to the deposited diamond atom from ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms form the tetra-electron topological structure. Graphene atoms can form structure oppositely to diamond atoms. Binding of lonsdaleite atoms can be from ground to a bit south. To nucleate the structure of glassy carbon, three layers of carbon atoms having different state for each layer, i.e., gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite, bind in successive manner. Mohs hardness of carbon nanostructures and microstructures is also sketched.


Introduction
Developing materials of selective size and investigating their characteristics for various applications solicit new approaches. The exertion of force at the electron level should also detail energy at the electron level. In the structural formation of different state carbon atoms, an involvement of the partial conservative energy and the non-conservative energy should also engage the partial conservative force and the non-conservative force, respectively. In this context, the involved energy at the electron level should direct the engaged force at the electron level.
A partial conservative energy can be involved in the structural formation of those carbon atoms engaging a partial conservative force for the electrons. (This can be the case in carbon atoms having graphite, nanotube and fullerene states.) A nonconservative energy can be involved in the structural formation of those carbon atoms engaging a non-conservative force for the electrons. (This can be the case in carbon atoms having diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene states.) The same can also be the case in the structural formation of glassy carbon.
Due to the presence of filled and unfilled states nearby the center of carbon atom, it appears that electrons of the outer rings do not deal with the conservative force.
The relation of energy and force in such atoms can be anticipated either in partially conserved mode or in non-conserved mode. This can depend on the state of a carbon atom.
Carbon has different states, which are known in the allotropes, i.e., starting from the gaseous state to graphite state, and then diamond state, lonsdaleite state, fullerene state followed by the nanotube state, graphene state, and finally glassy carbon. Several studies exist in the literature explaining the conditions of deposition.
These studies mainly explain the parameters influencing morphology, growth rate, quality and application, etc.
In different state carbon atoms, electrons of the outer ring can follow transfer mechanism because of the feasibility of built-in interstate electron gap. When forces in the conservative mode are exerted to the electron of a silicon atom, an uninterrupted execution of electron dynamics generates a photon of continuous length [1]. This indicates that the built-in interstate gap of electron dynamics in case of carbon atom is different as compared to silicon atom. Both carbon atom and silicon atom have the same numbers of filled and unfilled states in the outer rings.
However, the distance of electrons of the outer ring from the centre of carbon atom is different as compared to silicon atom. In different gaseous and solid elements, atoms also deal with different distance of outer rings from their centers [2]. Atoms in neutral states execute confined interstate electron dynamics to evolve structures in the relevant formats of exerting forces [3].
Atoms of any element do not ionize [4]. Various spectroscopic analyses of carbon film display peaks at different positions, which indicate that different state carbon atoms amalgamated to develop tiny grains [5]. Depending on the conditions of the process, carbon atoms deposit in different morphology and structure of grains and crystallites [6]. A different morphology of grains and particles was resulted at different chamber pressures identifying the role of entering typical energy near the substrate surface [7]. The deposition of graphite and diamond in separate regions of the single substrate is due to different fixed inter-wire distance of dissociating gases [8]. Different carbon-based materials have atoms of the same element (carbon) but indicate different behaviors during the analysis [5][6][7][8]. This specifies that transition of the electron for new state changes the chemical nature of atom resulted in a new phenomenal state.
It is also observed that the force entering from the north pole and leaving the ground surface for the south pole behave differently as compared to the force on the ground surface (east-west poles) [9]. In suitable gaseous and solid atoms, transitions take place to undertake liquid states [2]; electrons deal with infinitesimal displacements while remaining within the occupied energy knots. But, atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid deal with different ground points [3].
A recent study shows the transformation of graphene film into a diamond like carbon film, where the elastic deformations and chemical natures were changed [10].
Wu et al. [11] also reviewed the developments in Raman spectroscopy of graphenebased materials from both fundamental research and practical perspectives. Uniform carbon nanofibers were grown by vapor deposition method without involving the catalyst [12]. Different applications related to graphene hybrids were reviewed recently in the study [13]. Nitrogen incorporated carbon dots were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode [14]. A novel energy dissipation system was investigated by combining the carbon nanotube and buckyballs [15]. Different carbon allotropes were studied for the dehydrogenation of temperature in their comparison [16]. A precise positioning of the vacancies within the diamond crystal was studied by Chen et al. [17]. Liu et al. [18] presented an efficient strategy of electrochemical activation to fabricate the graphite-graphene Janus architecture. Repeated large-area doped nano-crystalline diamond layers were prepared under optimized conditions of microwave-based vapor deposition system [19].
Cheng and Zong [20] observed a structural evolution of damaged carbon atoms for deeper surface layer. Maruyama and Okada [21] investigated geometric, electronic and magnetic structures of a two-dimensional network of carbon atoms.
Narjabadifam et al. [22] studied both elastic and failure properties of carbon nanocones through the application of molecular dynamics simulation. Levitated nanodiamonds burn in the air because of the presence of amorphous carbon on their surfaces, and they deal with uncertainty in the measurement of their temperature [23]. This leads to the removal of uncertainty in temperature measurement of levitated nanodiamond, which paves the way for considerable applications [24].
A layout of atomic structure in different state carbon atoms is not clear along with the binding mechanism in identical state carbon atoms. The formation mechanism of glassy carbon is also not clear. Here, atomic structures of various carbon allotropes along with their structural formations are studied.

Experimental Details
This work does not include the experimental details on the processes dealing with the formation of structures related to carbon-based materials. However, a preliminary knowledge on the process dealing with the synthesis of different allotropic forms of carbon can be found in the studies cited above. However, the processes utilized to synthesize various carbon-based materials require optimization to single out the particular form of a carbon material. In this context, this study purely deals with the science of originating different carbon allotropic forms along with structural formation in each possible state of carbon.

Formation of atomic structure in different states carbon
Understanding the mechanism of formation of electronic structure in different state The lattice or energy-knot-net of a carbon atom is shown in Figure 1   In the gaseous carbon atom, required four energy knots of the outer ring are filled by the electrons. The states belonging to the zeroth ring are also filled by the electrons. A detailed study on the atomic structure in gaseous, semisolid and solid elements can be found elsewhere [2]. In the outer ring, four states remained filled and four vacant. This order of the states provides the option to originate six different states of the carbon atom in addition to the one in gaseous state. In Figure 1  An occupied or unoccupied position of the electron in atom is termed as "state".
Based on newly occupied positions, transferred electrons originate a new allotropic form of the carbon atom, which is also termed as "state", but it is related to the atomic state instead of electron state or electronic state in this case. Therefore, expansion and compression of carbon atoms under different states depend on the potential energy and orientation of the electrons.

Structural formation in graphite atoms under electron dynamics
In Figure 2  effective. Hence, the structure compels to be termed as one-dimensional structure.
In tiny grain carbon film, atoms of arrays elongate by the exertion of forces, so they convert into the structures of smooth elements [5].   (1), (2) and (3) in Figure 2

Formation of amorphous graphite structure or amorphous carbon structure
The formation of the amorphous graphite structure can be anticipated when binding graphite atoms are under a bit inconsistent manner. Atoms do not position exactly from the east-west sides or west-east sides. (This was because of the attained dynamics of the graphite atoms. An amorphous graphite structure is more likely a "developed structure" rather than a "formed structure" as graphite atoms do not obey the consistency in attained dynamics. In amorphous graphite structure, the amalgamation of graphite atoms is under the non-uniformly attained dynamics. As shown in Figure 2 (c), amalgamated atoms bind under the non-uniformly attaining dynamics. Therefore, a word 'develop' is also appropriate in the synthesis of different carbon films.) When the surface of graphite structure is not flat at the electron level, the developing structure of graphite atoms can be related to the amorphous carbon structure. In amorphous graphite structure or amorphous carbon structure, the influences of exerting north and south forces are also contributed. Further studies can be conducted to understand the mechanism of binding graphite atoms. Nanotube atoms form a structure based on the involvement of partial conservative energy and based on the engagement of partial conservative force, which is shown in Figure 3    In the formation of fullerene structure, exertion of forces related to the space and surface formats remained engaged for two electrons of oppositely sided quadrants, whereas exertion of forces related to the surface and grounded formats remained engaged for remaining two electrons of the suitable quadrants. In each case, two electrons dealing with the exertion of partial forces depends on the manner of linked typical energy for the relevant quadrants. The surface format also constitutes force of two poles, so in electron of each quadrant, two forces behave for the exposed sides (of the electron) and two forces (of two poles) do not behave due to facing the sides of linked typical energy. This way, the behavior of both energy and force in the formation of fullerene structure is related to partially conserved. In different synthesizing systems, more work is required to understand the binding atoms in fullerene structures.

Formation of diamond structure
A lonsdaleite atom having ground point just below the suitable level of ground surface is shown in Figure 4 (a). It comes to bind the diamond atom once attained the diamond state. A carbon atom having diamond state is also shown in Figure 4 (a). The expected binding point of diamond atoms, when the lonsdaleite state atom will convert into the diamond state, is also shown in Figure 4   or solid atoms, which is discussed in a separate study [2].
Under the involved energy shaped like half of parabola, the force of nonconserved behavior is engaged for each electron. The involved energy shaped like half of parabola has also a non-conservative behavior. A typical energy shaped like golf-stick enables the electron of outer ring of depositing diamond atom to undertake another clamp of the positioned unfilled energy knot of outer ring of deposited diamond atom as shown in Figure 4 This occurs prior to the binding of third diamond atom. This is the nucleation stage of diamond. Upon depositing the third diamond atom, a new point of binding is located under the reference of already adhered two diamond atoms. In this way, a process of growth in diamond is initiated as shown in Figure 4 (c). Therefore, the growth of diamond is south to ground, but the binding of diamond is ground to south. A binding point in diamond atoms remains between surface format and grounded format or ground to south, so diamond growth forms a topological structure. On binding, diamond atoms adjust their expansion and compression. The orientation of growing diamond crystal approximately becomes 18° to the normal axis as shown in Figure 4 (c). A diamond crystal can grow with several faceted faces due to having this degree of orientation.
A lonsdaleite atom is mainly in a bit solid behavior. In structural formation, a lonsdaleite atom also experiences the non-conservative force for two electrons under the involvement of non-conserved energy. It is mainly in the surface format and a bit in the grounded format. Thus, lonsdaleite atoms bind from ground to a bit south, but the growth behaviour is a bit south to ground. Further studies can be investigated.
The ground point of graphene atom exists just above the suitable level of ground surface. Electrons of graphene state carbon atoms largely deal with levitational force. However, the levitational behaviour of force is in non-conserved manner.
Binding of graphene atoms experiences forces mainly in surface and space formats.
So, the growth of graphene atoms is opposite to diamond. Principally, graphene atoms should grow a topological structure. However, due to limitation of existing force in surface format and existing force in space format, adherence of only a few layers in graphene structure is possible. Thus, the topological feature in graphene structure is not observed. In this context, further investigations are required to study not only the binding mechanism in graphene atoms but the viability of associated forces also.

Formation of glassy carbon structure
In the structural formation of glassy carbon, three layers of carbon atoms having different state for each layer such as gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite bind in successive manner. For structural growth of glassy carbon, layers of gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite state carbon atoms bind in the repeated manner as shown in Figure 5.    The same is the case in structural formation of glassy carbon; however, layers of gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite state atoms bind successively.

General discussion
In the structural formation of different carbon allotropes, the involved energy engages the force in different formats of the exertion. Here, the word "involve" refers to an action of energy for "instant time", whereas the word "engage" refers to an action of force for "eternal period". The "grounded format" implies that the force exerts along the south pole of an electron, whereas the "ground" signifies east-west poles, i.e., surface format, where force exerts along the east-west poles of an electron. When carbon atoms of gaseous state are converted into another state, the involvement of energy at the first stage is there rather than the force. In each carbon atom, electrons of the outer ring execute dynamics. Electrons of the zeroth ring do not undertake dynamics. This indicates that atomic radii in different elements along with electronic structure of an atom is the core to elucidate the sort of energy and force which is anticipated for that atom.

Conclusion
Carbon atom in any state does not deal with an impartial or a neutral force for the electrons. In the conversion of carbon atom from one state to another, energy When the graphite atom execute interstate electron dynamics, a structure of onedimensional is formed, so both attained dynamics and electron dynamics of graphite atoms contribute. When the structure of graphite atoms is two-dimensional, it is through the uniformly attained dynamics of amalgamated atoms. Thus, graphite atoms deal with the force difference for a minute margin between opposite poles.
However, weak force and energy contribute to keep the atoms bound. Graphite atoms also form amorphous structure under non-uniformly attained dynamics.
In the structural formation of graphite, nanotube and fullerene atoms, a partially conserved energy gets involved. Hence, a partially conserved force engages to form the structures in one dimension, two dimensions and four dimensions, respectively.
To form the structure of nanotube, a carbon atom involves the partially conserved energy of two electrons of opposite quadrants. To form the fullerene structure, a carbon atom involves the partially conserved energy of four electrons of all quadrants.
In the formation of topological structure, the exertion of force to electrons is nonconserved. Involved typical energy in the diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms is in non-conservative manner. The involvement of typical energy engages nonconservative force to control orientation (of the targeted electrons) and position (of the unfilled energy knots). Each electron of the outer ring of depositing diamond atom deals with non-conservative force to take another clamp of energy knot belonging to the outer ring of deposited diamond atom. Here, the non-conservative energy shaped like golf-stick involves in the process of electron gets transferred.
Binding of diamond atoms is from ground to south, but growth is from south to ground, so it forms a tetra-electron topological structure from ground to south.
Binding of lonsdaleite atoms can be from ground to a bit south, so it forms a bielectron topological structure from ground to a bit south. Binding of graphene atoms can follow opposite mechanism to that of the diamond. The involved nonconservative energy for graphene atoms engage the non-conservative forces at electron level. Here, the engaged forces at electron levels function in the surface format and space format. Hence, graphene atoms form a tetra-electron topological structure. However, binding graphene atoms can sustain a structure of a few layers only though the topology of graphene structure is not obvious.