A Rapid Screening Test for the Diagnosis of Influenza Infection Incubation Period Using Coincidence Analysis of Pulse Waves

Viral infections have long been the biggest threat to human survival, and from a medical perspective, the development of noninvasive high-throughput screening methods that target the incubation period to either treat diseases or limit viral spread would be strikingly effective. Using this technology to target viral incubation periods would also be inexpensive to perform. The current study proposes to transform pulse signals into a rapid diagnostic test using “coincidence analysis” in the hope of preventing or reducing the symptoms of viral infections. The heart plays a critical role in calculating and supplying the needs of all tissues of the body. Pulse waves are pressurized signals in response to heart’s calculations and include all phases of the cardiac cycle, which maintains life and provides energy needed to perform tasks. Any small movement gives a corresponding signal to pulse waves. The current study investigated conclusive data on self-limiting infections, such as common cold. We used pulse wave, coincidence analysis technology to capture signals from individuals with common cold during the incubation period and investigated if particular characteristic signals could be applied to influenza during the incubation period. Preliminary work demonstrated that pulse waves could generate signals using this technology that would be worthwhile for future research. A small amount of analytical data from common cold existed previously. The data structure is based on the idea that a single pulse wave at differing physiological conditions would have slight modifications that would be amplified and presented by various geometrical shapes after extensive data are accumulated. These geometric shapes can then be sliced vertically or horizontally to extract data during different illness stages. The significance of these findings are impressive; from a personal or a public hygiene perspective, this analytical technology provides many benefits, such as rapid Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 20 October 2017 doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0137.v1 © 2017 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. and precise decision-making that can be directly visualized or can be analyzed using software programs. Also, this technology also uses futuristic wearable technology that brings practical problem solving to physiology.


Introduction
Pulse wave detection via tactile pressure has always been used as a diagnostic method in Chinese medicine.The development of modern medical equipment allows us to understand the roles of and relationships between the nervous system and different organs in the human body.
Current clinical research indicates that the shape of the pulse wave is primarily influenced by pressure created when the heart pulses, arterial wall flexibility, blood vessel resistance, blood viscosity, and other related factors.The arterial system is highly branched; if pulse waves encounter changes in the arteriole transverse surface area (e.g., the arterial tube is narrow, branched, or with sharp ends) or arterial wall flexibility while propagating along the arterioles, a partial reflection of pulse waves is induced.Therefore, taking a pulse by using tactile sensation detects the sum of incoming waves from the heart and all reflective waves after a delay.Thus, pulse waves represent the physiological signals of life that provide different information for sickness, health, and other physiological conditions.The heartbeat is the key to human survival, and the pulse can not only identify physiological conditions but also be used to analyze human behavior.For example, dramatic increases in the heart rate and blood pressure occur during exercise, anxiety, and public speaking.Many physiological states can be detected from the pulse.Thus, pulses can not only reflect individual health status but also determine emotional fluctuations, physical activity, and other physical or environmental changes.
When the human viscera is healthy, the arterial tree resonates at a certain frequency, causing pressure waves to be transduced from the aorta to the arterioles through pulse waves that gradually decrease at capillary joints.When humans become ill, capillaries become blocked, resulting in changes in the aortic and arteriole flexibility and resistance, and as pressure waves propagate to sick regions, abnormal changes are reflected back.Therefore, different reflective waveforms are created when changes in visceral responses occur with changing symptoms, and each reflective wave has the characteristics of the corresponding illness.However, detecting pulses by using tactile sensation requires very sensitive fingers, extensive doctoral training, and is subjective.By contrast, small physiological characteristics stimulated by physical activity are more easily observed on pulse images (i.e., changes in the shapes and intervals of wave fluctuations).
Influenza, also known as nasopharyngitis or acute nasopharyngitis, is very contagious and infects many people each year.Symptoms can be severe and include nasal congestion, runny nose, and fever.Fever results from the severe inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which can cause dizziness, headache, sore throat, chills, nausea, inappetence, and weakness.Patients with these symptoms are usually categorized as having cold or influenza.The "common cold" is a respiratory illness caused by several types of viruses, and although cold is usually present during the early winter, infections can occur in any season.Influenza is caused by only an influenza virus, whereas cold can be caused by several different viruses.Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease that dwells in the respiratory tract and is passed among individuals through saliva during coughing or sneezing episodes.The influenza virus is very robust and mutates easily.Therefore, even if someone has previously been infected with influenza, that person can be reinfected, creating situations where huge outbreaks occur, called influenza pandemics.Pandemics often occur during winter and spring, and individuals have a 20%-40% chance of catching the flu each season.Although flu is common, there is no effective method to predict, control, and manage flu at its various stages.Therefore, efficient monitoring and prevention methods are needed to effectively manage influenza.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a self-regulating nervous system.
Its function is to regulate, control, and maintain the body at stable and pleasant physiological conditions.The term "autonomic" means involuntary control of nerve activities through consciousness.The ANS controls essential physiological functions, such as heartbeat, respiration, blood pressure, digestion, and metabolism.ANS can be categorized into (1) the sympathetic nervous system and (2) the parasympathetic nervous system.The sympathetic nervous system mainly functions in initiation and excitation, and the parasympathetic nervous system plays a role in resting and rehabilitation.
Recent research studies found that ANS activity may can be measured through the use of using heart rate variability analysis (HRV) analysis, which is an indicator named the heart rate variability (HRV), or so-called the heart rate variability analysis.
HRV is a method that used to of measuring the level of consecutive changes in the heart rate changes, and which suggests that in addition to .The idea is that, apart from its own regular electrically-induced beating beats, the heart is also regulated by the ANS.For In the past twenty 20 years, many articles studies have indicated that there is the significant relationship between the ANS and mortality exists that are caused by results from cardiovascular diseases, for example such as sudden death [1] , hypertension [2], hemorrhagic shock [3], and septic shock [4][5][6], HRV predict mortality rates related to certain cardiovascular diseases, can be grouped into time and frequency domains, and is most commonly computed as a series of R-to-R peak interval (RRI) times through electrocardiography.HRV usually excludes arrhythmias and other markedly abnormal rhythmic diseases and targets minor heart rate variations with normal heart rhythm.
In 1965, when Hon and Lee initially described HRV [7], they described a method that could detect changes between pulses in consecutive heartbeats.HRV aims to measure changes in the rate and regularity of a heartbeat; however, many HRV refers to the analysis of heartbeat frequency and the extent of the heartbeat interval distance change.Most studies have indicated that HRV is a relationship between the balances and checks between the ANS and the cardiovascular system.Thus, we can learn from HRV experimental results that different outcomes can be obtained during physiological responses to influenza.Most HRV analyses are extracted directly from changes in RRI times to obtain meaningful physiological signals and are feasible.
Our research team aimed to examine at "the incubation period of influenza" in particular and for personal its physical health and public health issues.As well as operational investigations had also been ongoing for many years and had obtained preliminary results.To analyze physiological information, In addition, our team also took this opportunity to developed a physiological information analysis platform to analyze physiologic information that possessing the following five characteristics, including: (1) easy to operate, ; (2) easy to disassemble and assemble, ; under various physiological conditions that show slight differences.These small differences were amplified using many stacking processes, exhibiting various geometric shapes that can be vertically or horizontally cut to identify all stages of cold or influenza.

Participants
We recruited 38 men and 35 women (aged 20--40 years old) to prevent the impact effect of gender sex and age on HRV testing.Pulses were taken for for the experiment.The time spent sampling the subject's pulse was 0.005 seconds, and the sampling frequency was 200 Hz.The measurements were taken time was set between 22:00-and 23:00 hours coordinated universal time (UTC) daily, for and measured for five minutes each time (considered a "measurement unit") each time as a measuring unit.To be included in the study, Subjects participants subjects were required to complete a normal routine each day without sleep, were not must undergo a day's normal routine without sleep in order to be tested, and they are not allowed to do intense exercise intensely, or to engage in any activity that would result in exercise or any behaviors which may cause them to be in a highly mentally excited state an for one1 hour before the experiment, , and were required to wear the subjects will wear the pulse pulse-measuring device in advance before throughout the testing.
Because completely awake and completely asleep states exist, physiological data for each state was captured for 2 minutes.During each measurement, 128 heartbeats were sampled 20 times.Participants were placed into three groups (A, B, or C) with 20 people in each group; none were undergoing medical treatment, and all were in good health.In addition to the aforementioned restrictions, participants were not allowed to stay up late the night before or eat food 1 hour before testing to ensure data objectivity.

Experimental equipment and materials
The hardware included a laptop, a Rhythm Masters wrist monitor (ANSWatchâ), a timer, a scale, and a subjective measuring and recording questionnaire.Software equipment included an ANSWatch Manager Pro data analysis system and an Excel

Influenza Investigation
"The common cold is a self-healing limiting illness [10][11][12][13],, the common cold being divided into 'cold' and 'influenza' whereas influenza is a more a severe illness.
Overall, the term unlike a common cold, influenza can be associated with more severe symptoms, "common cold" should not be confused with influenza, the latter being more obvious and serious than the former, and also possesses additional symptoms in comparison to the former, such as fever, chills and , muscle muscular pain, and more severe systemic symptoms are more obvious.Influenza can be fatal to those in patients with poor weak immunity (mostly infants, and young children, and the elderly people).The difference between the two is that common cold is caused by rhinovirus, whereas influenza is caused by influenza is caused by influenza virus the influenza virus causes influenza [14][15][16][17][18], as a comparison of these illnesses is listed in Table I.Comparison of the differences of the common cold and influenza.Influenza is very contagious, and the viruses usually travels by droplets in the air, contact between people, or spread by being through contact with contaminated items, .and it is a   viral diseases, such as influenza.

Figure 3. The complete cycle of influenza and definition of the incubation period
Most recovery from influenza occurs within 1 week to 10 days [19][20][21][22][23], but some people develop severe lung infections, such as bacterial pneumonia or bronchitis.

Differences between influenza infection and other viral diseases and intestinal
diseases exist [24][25][26].Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are often mistaken as influenza.
However, influenza usually does not affect the intestines, although approximately 25% of the infected individuals show signs of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [27][28][29][30][31][32].produce antibodies against the virus, but these antibodies are defenseless against any new strains of the virus.The highest risk groups to have severe complications are those between 6 months and 2 years and those aged 65 years and older.Nursing home residents and patients in chronic care centers are also at a high risk of complications.

Study of pulse waves
Because the pulse is the heart and its accompanying counteractive interactions, a series of actions and reactions causing fluctuations can occur.This process includes   times to reveal physiological information.However, as can be seen in this figure, more valuable information is hidden within the data, such as that complete pulse waves represent key physiological signals by taking an entire pulse wave starting from its baseline to find applicable methods.Figure 5 (b) shows the process of capturing pulse waves.After deciding on which sampling number to use, the sampling software locates the position from the top of the R peak, and with that can define the position at which the pulse wave can be captured from the minimum R peak value.
Once the pulse waves are captured, the method of application can be determined.
Figure 5 (c) shows a straightforward alignment of captured pulse waves equidistant along the same axis.Such alignment gives interesting results because alignment and stacking create shapes that are similar to that of a mountain.With this method, pulses detected using the touch of a finger will be transformed into three-dimensional data, which would allow people, computers, and machines to gain a better understanding of such signals.Many different criteria can be applied to the analysis of "wakefulness and drowsiness" or "uninfected and infected."

Analysis of combined double influenza pulse waves
We then compared the exportation of two neighboring pulse waves from healthy people and patients with influenza.Figure 7 shows that after an influenza diagnosis, all the basic data obtained each day were compared to find common factors.
Consecutive pulse waves from the healthy and infected stages of one influenza patient by comparison of graph wave curves were recorded.We found that the pulse wave R peak amplitude was more uniform, shorter, and wider in the asymptomatic stage compared with wave slopes that were less steep and more complete (R, S, T, U, and V waves) in the symptomatic stage.Therefore, the total length of each wave was longer, and the R wave amplitude was higher in the symptomatic stage than in the asymptomatic stage.Furthermore, after patients are infected, individual small pulse waves (U and V) are covered by the following R wave, which appears in the complete pulse wave curve graphs.
Comparing the exportation of two neighboring pulse waves of "healthy person and flu patient", Figure 7 indicates that after the flu patient has been confirmed by the doctor as being infected by the influenza, all of the basic measured data obtained each day are compared for common evidence.Figure 7 shows consecutive pulse waves from the healthy stage and the infected stage of the same flu patient, through comparison fo the wave curves in the graph, it was found that the pulse wave R peak amplitude is more uniform and shorter and more fat for the healthy stage, and the slope of the complete waves are less steep and more complete (R, S, T, U, V waves), therefore the total length of each wave is longer, yet on the contrary, the R wave amplitude average height for the infected stage is higher than that of the healthy stage, also the change in height of the R wave amplitude is far greater.Furthermore, after the subjects are infected with the flu virus, certain small pulse waves (U, V waves) will be covered by the next R wave that is to appear in the complete pulse wave curve graphs.

Analysis of double pulse waves during influenza virus infection
If we reorganize the data in Figure 7 and separately draw curves of healthy stages and symptomatic stages, as seen in Figure 8    stages of influenza virus infection in the same patient (as in Figure 6).
Figure 10 shows the same graph as that shown in Figure 9 with a 45° rotation along the Y axis.By performing this inspection, we confirmed that the line produced from 3D images were single straight lines.Figure 10 (a) and (b) shows that the lines of the 3D mountain-like shape were both straight and coherent.
Figure 10.Using the same data as used in Figure 9, data were rotated at 45° along the Y axis from (a) the healthy and (b) symptomatic stages of influenza virus infection in the same patient (as in Figure 6)

Discussion of cross-sectional graphs of coincidence analysis concerning influenza virus infection
Figures 10 and 11 confirm that patients infected with influenza virus have easily recognizable differences when comparing healthy versus symptomatic stages of infection.Although these differences are seen at only a few points in only a few of the pulse waves and shapes, five differences are found when these minor differences are analyzed using coincidence analysis (1) amplification, (2) highlights, (3) contrast, (4)

A rapid diagnostic test to identify the incubation period of influenza virus infection
The template of this study used basic data collected from influenza-infected patients, who were asymptomatic, and followed them until they became symptomatic.
This basic data involved collecting pulse wave data for 5 minutes and then storing the data in a database each day.The data were then traced back from the date of symptom onset because the influenza incubation period is usually 3-4 days before the onset of flu.We investigated the physiological signals of influenza virus infection during the incubation period and used software that could perform (1) equidistant overlapping alignment along the same baseline and axis and (2) stereoscopic cross-sections of data.
The first day of the incubation period (Figure 12 (b)) showed differences in cross-sectional images compared with those of the asymptomatic stage.Figure 12 (a)), which included (1) shortening of the complete pulse wave amplitude, (2) shortening of the R wave baseline, and (3) multiple breakpoints at the outer edges of the cross-sectional platform, forming many small closed circles.On the second day of the incubation period (Figure 12 (c)), the three differences of the cross-sectional images were even greater compared with the asymptomatic stage.On the third day of the incubation period, (Figure 12 (d)), the cross-sectional images revealed that the complete pulse wave amplitude was one third of that of the asymptomatic stage; however, the most obvious signal was similarly sized small closed circles throughout the outer edges of the cross-sectional platform.We therefore concluded that the outer edge of the cross-sectional platform is the candidate signal for the influenza incubation period.In Chinese medicine, when palpating the pulse on an individual's wrist, a floating pulse is considered diagnostic for influenza.A floating pulse of Chinese medicine is defined as a strong pulse that is easily taken, but that can be reduced when forceful pressure is applied.Pyrogens cause increased, irregular heart and metabolic rates to generate body heat, causing blood vessels on the body surface to dilate.A relative increase in blood and lymph volumes occurs after an influenza infection, causing the floating pulse to appear.Another pulse classification in Chinese medicine is a "full" pulse.This pulse "full of energy" and is indicated by an increase in breathing and body temperature.When the immune system competes with viruses (vital energy vs. pathogens), especially at the skin surface, capillaries dilate, releasing many immunoglobulins, which increase body temperature and initiates the early stages of a viral infection (the incubation period).Regarding pulse waves, two layers of meaning can be inferred: (i) pulse waves with coincidence analysis can be used to detect critical incubation period signals during influenza infection and (ii) pulse waves with coincidence analysis should be measured during the influenza incubation period.The main reasons for the appearance of closed loops on the cross-sectional images of the pulse wave after coincidence analysis are the narrowed width and increased coefficient of variation in every pulse wave.Therefore, the coincidence analysis of pulse waves revealed in this study is a visualized process of the tactile pulse used in Chinese medicine.In other words, the valuable Chinese medical wisdom of tactile pulse responses can be more easily understood using our defined pulse wave technology.Although few people can learn tactile pulse techniques, many more people can understand pulse changes using the coincidence analysis of pulse waves.
Future smart medical applications can be developed using this technology.

Conclusion
To perform physiological analysis, we developed an information platform with the following five characteristics: (1) easy to operate, (2) easy to disassemble and assemble, (3) programmable, (4) easily captures and amplifies physiological signals, and (5) noninvasive.These five characteristics are found using pulse waves with coincidence analysis.
Our particular emphasis was on using this platform to diagnose influenza during the incubation period.We proposed an entirely new set of pulse wave coincidence analysis with algorithms that were different from many conventional methods.The overall structure use single pulse waves in various physiological conditions that could detect slight differences and then amplify the differences so that they can be easily visualized.The data can be easily recorded and combined with other signals and can be presented in different geometric shapes.Longitudinal or cross-sectional cuts can also be performed to capture every viral infection stage.
We found significant differences between asymptomatic healthy individuals and patients diagnosed with early symptomatic influenza infection starting as early as the incubation period.This analytic method has many advantages, including the ability to make precise and fast judgments either visually or by using software programs.It is suitable for future wearable technology.This set of algorithms can complement the medical diagnostics used in traditional Chinese medicine.
statistical program.The Rhythm Masters physiology wrist monitor recorded measurements, as shown in Figure1.If blood pressure and HRV were measured, eight physiological parameters could be obtained in 5 minutes, including SYS, DIA, HR, HRV, LF (NU), HF (NU), LF/HF, and irregular heartbeats.After completion of testing, the abovementioned physiological parameters were displayed on the LCD screen.Up to 50 tests could be stored on the pdf .The physiology wrist monitor must be worn on the left wrist, and the height should be measured at approximately the position of the heart.Participants were not allowed to move while measurements were being recorded.The monitor was labeled with (a) to designate the front side and (b) to designate the backside so that the reader could recognize the correct position of the monitor.The center line should align with the index finger in extension.

Figure 1
Figure 1 New physiological wrist monitor: Rhythm Masters (ANSWatchâ).This monitor must be worn on the left wrist, and the height should be measured approximately at the position of the heart.Testing lasted 5 minutes, and participants were not allowed to move while measurements were being recorded.(a) the front side of the monitor and (b) the backside of the monitor.
contagious disease.It is Influenza viruses are composed of RNA viruses belonging to within the family Orthomyxoviridae.mucus viral family.Every year, the influenza is popular prevalent during the temperate fall and winter seasons, .Sand serious complications associated with the virus viral infection has led to a higher mortality rate in critically ill patients.
Influenza is usually caused by three viral types: influenza A, B, and C [33-39].Type A occurs once every 10-40 years and can cause worldwide epidemics.Type B has a more limited reach.Type C occurs less often, and its symptoms are mild; it is a very stable virus.Type A and B viruses mutate frequently.A new epidemic occurs once every couple of years.Malignant virus strains occur in a localized manner and usually occur approximately once every 3 to 15 years.Once infected with influenza, people

( 1 )
the beating of the heart valve induced by the rush of blood sent out by the heart,(2) the beating of arteries caused by the rush of blood sent out by the heart, (3) the rebounding waves of arteries due to the impact of blood sent out from the heart,(4) the backtracking waves produced by blood sent out by the heart, which then runs through the aorta and into smaller arteries, and (5) the expansion and retraction of rhythmic diastolic and systolic heartbeats.All pulses can be detected through the artery near the skin surface.These fluctuations cover a complete body cycle; thus, signals of the body and heart get recorded in the process.A test that is very similar to the measurement of pulse waves is electrocardiography (ECG).ECG records electrical activity of the heart in terms of time through electrodes on the chest skin.The working principle of ECG is that when myocardial cells depolarize during a heartbeat, minimal electrical changes occur on the skin surface, and these small changes are captured as tracing by the electrocardiogram.When myocardial cells are in the resting state, differences in the concentration between positive and negative ions on each side of cells produce a potential difference.When the potential difference of myocardial cells rapidly changes to zero, depolarization occurs, which causes contraction.In the cardiac cycle of healthy hearts, depolarization waves are produced by the sinoatrial node cells and are transmitted through the heart; they are first transmitted to the atrium and then to the ventricles.If two electrodes are placed randomly on each side of the heart, small voltage changes can be recorded, which are displayed on an ECG monitor and traced.ECG recordings can reflect the entire rhythm of the heart, including that the weakest cardiac muscles.However, ECGs have four disadvantages: (1) electrode pads cause inconvenience and discomfort, (2) the machine is large and is not portable, (3) female participants were unable to could not be measured tested in a comfortable environment due to the clothing they wear, and (4) only certain information can be obtained from ECG recordings.By contrast, pulse wave technology does not have these problems, and because it is portable, individuals can have their pulse waves measured daily and continuously until they are infected with influenza and a doctor confirms the disease.Due to previous more basic pulse wave measurements looking at common cold, the corresponding disease symptom information can be used to precisely determine the exact point at which the incubation period starts.If big data stacking analysis is performed on basic measurements that correspond to the incubation period, it is realized that these techniques have a significant application based on the idea that such techniques can transform signals of touch into signals of three-dimensional (3D) vision.These can occur through complete pulse wave capture, and the completion of one-dimensional arrangements and 3D vision stacking.Touch sensation in identifying pulse is not easily understood by many people, machines, or computers, but the transformation touch sensation into 3D visionary effects is a technique that people, machines, and computers can understand.Figure 4 shows two types of signals related to the heart pulse are displayed, Figure 4(a) shows a type one heart signal using electrocardiography, and Figure 4 (b) shows a type two heart signal using the ANSWatchâ.One can see that the (a) and (b) provide information in different forms.With the preliminary data available, data translation from the second type of heart signal (pulse waves) can be performed.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) partial information about basic pulse wave measurements, using 360 pulse waves recorded in 5 minutes.The study used R-to-R peak interval (RRI)

Figure 5 3 . 5
Figure 5 Three actions are completed before computing information captured from pulse waves: (a) pulse wave measurements, (b) complete excision of pulse waves, and (c) equidistant stacking alignment of pulse waves along the same axis.

Figure 6
Figure 6 shows the capture and exportation of 50 and 70 pulse waves for alignment.This figure indicates that equidistant overlapping of pulse waves along the same axis can transform planarized data into three-dimensional images, which increase and enrich the readability of all the information acquired from pulse waves.
Such data enrichment presents the HRV of every pulse wave in a more detailed manner.In other words, for all small HRV signals, our team developed functions that allow us to rotate or tilt the overlapped graphics along a certain axis, resulting in equidistant and overlapping alignment along the same baseline and axis and allowing us to perform a detailed inspection of every three-dimensional image.These images indicate that regardless of pulse wave number used to transform the three-dimensional images, the effects are the same.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The capture and exportation of basic data from (a) 50 and (b) 70 pulse waves were gathered to perform equidistant and overlapping alignment along the same baseline and axis.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Shapes of consecutive pulse waves recorded during the healthy (red curve-line) and symptomatic stages of influenza (blue curve-line)virus infection in the same infected individuals.
(a), the pulse wave curve during the healthy stage can be observed more clearly.The surface area is also enclosed by Influenza Health Influenza Health the connection between the left and right base points of the R wave (defined as A), and the surface area enclosed by the lowest connection point after reduction of A is defined as B. Figure 8 (a) shows that the ratio of the R wave area, A, and the reduced area, B, in the asymptomatic stage is 1:4, and Figure 8 (b) shows that the same ratio in the symptomatic stage is 1:2.5.R waves represent the left ventricular beat cycle during one heartbeat; therefore, the R wave surface area A could be defined as the blood volume pumped out of the heart in every beat.The curve graph in Figure 8 (b) could indicate the time at which the influenza virus already infected the body; the ANS adjusts the heartbeat cycle to a larger left ventricular beat and a faster heartbeat frequency.

Figure 8 . 3 . 7
Figure 8.The curve graph of consecutive double pulse waves from (a) the healthy and (b) symptomatic stages of influenza virus infection in the same patient (as in Figure6).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Sixty pulse waves from basic data captured using equidistant overlapping alignment along the same baseline and axis from (a) the healthy and (b) symptomatic Figure11(a), we attempted to find physiological signals that were exclusive to the incubation period of influenza is very sensitive.We obtained cross-sectional slices of 3D images, and when the plane view of the upper section was removed from half of the average height of the mountain-like 3D pulse wave image, inspection of the image performed.In Figure11(b), we can see that the view obtained after cross-sectioning the 3D image has a large number of closed circles distributed on the edge, which come from differences in 70 exported R waves.Figure8, we show that when the body is invaded by a virus, the ANS activates the immune system in an attempt to attack the virus and also performs two other functions: (1) it accelerates the heartbeat cycles and increases the strength of the large left ventricle to pump out blood and (2) it accelerates the homeostatic rate, which is subject to changes in left ventricular strength.These two factors cause the R wave height and width to become inconsistent during the influenza incubation period, enabling viral counteracting and immune activating waves to occur in a short period.The heart works with these counteracting waves, needing to pump out more blood than usual.The R wave width becomes narrower to increase the heart rate, and the height of the R wave increases to increase the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.(a) Seventy pulse waves in an overlapping arrangement exported from

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Characteristic signals of the influenza incubation period showing a cross-sectional view of stereoscopic images in patients with influenza infection at (a) the healthy stage, (b) the first day of the incubation period, (c) the second day of the incubation period, and (d) the third day of the incubation period.
factors can affect HRV, including age, sex, ethnic group, and other pathological factors, such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, and heart failure.In 1981, Akselrod et al. defined the relationship between the parasympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic activity, and heart rate.They believed that the ANS was directly responsible for regulating the heart rate and that it influenced frequency fluctuations, such as arterial blood pressure.Normal heartbeats are affected by ANS regulation and can produce fluctuations that can disappear with maladjustment of the ANS.When this occurs, the heart rate becomes regular and without fluctuations.
[8]se heart rate fluctuations are recognized as ANS heart abnormalities.Appropriate HRV standards were developed by the European Society of Cardiology and the Cardiac Electrophysiology Society of North America to ensure future research directions and included names and terminology, measurement methods, defined physiological and pathological correlations, and appropriate description of clinical applications.To date, many studies have reported that ANS activity during rest and exercise is significantly different.Ivanovv et al.[8]compared healthy individuals with patients with heart disease and astronauts in severe environments to evaluate differences in HRV parameters while being awake and asleep.

Table I .
Common symptoms of cold and influenza illnesses

The importance of latency research
From a public health management perspective, the incubation period is a critical period before an outbreak occurs, and finding a characteristic signal to identify infection is the primary goal.Currently, the main diagnostic test is a rapid diagnostic blood test and a test measuring viral RNA.These procedures require at least 24 hours, are time consuming, and expensive, which considerably reduce virus prevention efficiency.A more effective rapid diagnostic test is needed.The new test developed should be (1) simple, (2) can be implemented on a large scale, and (3) noninvasive.Influenza viruses mutate easily, are highly contagious, and often cause epidemics.host, the best strategy to effectively treat this disease is to test as soon as the first evidence of disease is seen.If a person can be tested during the incubation period, they can be quarantined and treated, which is the only effective response to infectious Preprints (www.preprints.org)| NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: