Quantum Cosmology vs . Observational Cosmology ( A Simple , Curious and Advanced Approach )

With reference to Planck scale Hubble parameter, super luminal expansion speeds, super luminal rotation speeds and Mach’s principle, we review the current cosmological observations. With our revised assumptions, it is possible to show that, at H0 =70 km/sec/Mpc, current cosmic temperature, age, radius, mass, mass density and rotational kinetic energy are 2.721 K, 4.41x1017 sec, 90 billion light years, 1.14654x1054 kg, 0.0482 times the current critical density and 0.6667 times the current critical energy density respectively. Based on the estimated current mass density and current rotational kinetic energy density, current cosmic dark matter density can be shown to be 0.2851 times the current critical density. Initial and current expansion speeds are 3x108 m/sec and 3.56x109 m/sec respectively. Proceeding further, we developed two interesting methods for understanding cosmic scale factor with reference to a temperature of 3000 K, redshift of 1100 and age of 3,69,000 years. Finally we would like to suggest that, with increasing cosmic age and increasing cosmic expansion speed, current universe is expanding with a speed of 11.885c. Magnitude of the future cosmic expansion speed depends on the magnitude of the future Hubble parameter. By knowing the time to time future cosmic temperatures, corresponding future Hubble parameters can be estimated and corresponding future cosmic expansion speeds can also be estimated. Proceeding further, a unified model of evolving quantum cosmology can be developed.


Introduction
Photons and black holes can be considered as the best candidates of quantum gravitational objects.It is true that, without the existence of universe, there is no independent existence to any photon or any black hole.Now the fundamental question to be answered is: Is our universe a quantum gravitational object or something else? Physicists expressed several opinions with many possible solutions [1][2][3][4][5] and references therein.We could also express different unified views in this direction [6][7][8] and readers are strongly encouraged to go through.
In an optimistic approach, some of the modern cosmologists believe that, during cosmic evolution, Planck scale quantum gravitational interactions might have an observable effect on the current observable cosmological phenomena.Clearly speaking, with respect to 'Quantum gravity' and Planck scale early universal laboratory, current universe can be considered as a low energy scale laboratory.If one is willing to consider the current observable universe as a low energy scale laboratory, currently believed cosmic microwave back ground temperature can be considered as the low energy quantum gravitational effect.At any time in the past, i.e as the operating energy scale was assumed to be increasing; past high cosmic back ground temperature can be considered as the high energy quantum gravitational effect.Thinking in this way, starting from the Planck scale, 'quantum cosmology' can be considered as 'scale independent' and the universe can be considered as the best quantum gravitational object.In this context, we have chosen the following two quantitative relations.

1)
We define the Planck scale Hubble parameter, apply it to cosmological data fitting in the form of 1 ln where t H is the running Hubble parameter and n is a suitable power index.
Based on these quantitative relations, we re-view the phenomena of 'inflation' [17,18,19] 'acceleration' and 'dark energy' [20][21][22][23] with increasing super luminal expansion speeds and increasing super luminal rotational speeds.In this revised version, we proposed methods for understanding cosmic age corresponding to a redshift of 1100 and temperature of 3000 K.In this context, readers are strongly encouraged to see our short communication [24] and its elaborated early version [25].
We arranged our revised version in the following way.In section-2, we proposed our revised assumptions connected with big bang and Planck scale.In section-3 we proposed many possible applications pertaining to observational cosmology.In section-4, we presented a brief discussion on quantum cosmology.Section-5 constitutes a lengthy discussion on the scope and applicability of proposed assumptions.In section-6 we presented our concluding remarks.Subject of cosmology is quite interesting, very complicated and quite controversial.In June 2015, three professors, Jeppe Trost Nielsen, Alberto Guffanti and Subir Sarkar of Niels Bohr International Academy and Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, using the JLA catalogue of 740 SN Ia processed by the SALT2 method, come to a conclusion that [26,27], evidence for the currently believed cosmic acceleration is only marginal and current universe seems to expand at a constant rate.In their words: "The 'standard' model of cosmology is founded on the basis that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating at present -as was inferred originally from the Hubble diagram of Type Ia supernovae.There exists now a much bigger database of supernovae so we can perform rigorous statistical tests to check whether these `standardisable candles' indeed indicate cosmic acceleration.Taking account of the empirical procedure by which corrections are made to their absolute magnitudes to allow for the varying shape of the light curve and extinction by dust, we find, rather surprisingly, that the data are still quite consistent with a constant rate of expansion." In this context, with reference to our proposed assumptions 3d and 3f, at H0=70 km/sec/Mpc, current cosmic expansion speed is 11.885c and temperature is 2.721 K.For a moment, let us guess that, in coming future, (current) Hubble parameter decreases by a factor of 10 and reaches to H0=7 km/sec/Mpc,.Then with our assumptions 3d and 3f, corresponding cosmic expansion speed and temperature can be estimated to be 11.98c and 0.854 K respectively.Clearly speaking, expansion speed increases from 11.885c to 11.98c and practically seems to represent a 'constant rate of expansion'.In our proposed model, steps involved in estimating the cosmic physical parameters.

1)
With reference to cosmic temperature, corresponding Hubble parameter can be estimated.2) By knowing the Hubble parameter, corresponding cosmic age and cosmic expansion speed can be estimated.3) By knowing cosmic age and expansion speed, corresponding cosmic radius can be estimated.4) By knowing the cosmic radius, corresponding cosmic mass can be estimated.

5)
By knowing the cosmic mass, corresponding mass density and rotational kinetic energy can be estimated.6) By knowing the cosmic mass density and rotational kinetic energy density, corresponding dark matter density can be estimated.

Workable assumptions connected with Planck scale
With the following simple and logical assumptions, most of the currently believed cosmological observations can be reviewed and refined at fundamental level.But a major controversy arises with respect to the currently believed 'dark energy' and proposed cosmic 'rotational kinetic energy' and needs a careful investigation.

1)
With reference to big bang and Planck scale, Hubble parameter associated with Planck scale can be defined as 2) Speed of light can be considered as the initial cosmic expansion speed.
3) At any stage of cosmic evolution, from and about the point of big bang, a) can be considered as the cosmic age.It may be noted that, for the current case, 0 and ≅ where t M is the cosmic mass and t R is the cosmic radius or distance travelled.
c) Magnitude of cosmic angular velocity t ω is equal to t H .

d)
1 ln  can be considered as the cosmic expansion speed.
e) Average distance travelled  can be considered as the cosmic radius t R .
f) Ratio of critical energy density and thermal energy density is equal to Note: Mainstream cosmologists believe that the superluminal expansion period of the universe (called "cosmic inflation") ended by 10 -32 seconds (a tiny fraction of a second) after the Big Bang [9][10][11].Since that time, they believe, expansion initially decelerated (from gravity) and then, after about 6 billion years, began very slowly to accelerate (from dark energy).Many cosmologists proposed different starting mechanisms for initiating and fine tuning the believed 'inflation'.In this context, we would like to stress the fact that, starting from 'speed of light', our model assumes a continuous increase in expansion speed attains a current radius of 90 billion light years which is just twice of the modern estimate!Clearly speaking, considering assumptions 2,3b,3c and 3d, currently believed cosmic inflation, acceleration, dark energy, cosmic homogeneity and cosmic horizon problems can be reviewed and re-addressed in a very simplified approach.In addition, problems connected with 'fine tuning' of beginning of 'inflation' can be ignored.

Various applications of
( )

Application-1: Relation between cosmic thermal energy density and critical energy density
Let us assume that, during cosmic evolution, at any time, thermal energy density is proportional to the critical energy density.
With reference to the Planck scale and by considering the proportionality factor as where t V is the cosmic expansion speed and c is the initial cosmic expansion speed.
For the current case, where 0 V is the current cosmic expansion speed.
With trial-error, it is noticed that, at As per the 2015 Planck data [12], the current value of CMBR temperature is: ) This fitted value of 0 70.0 km/sec/Mpc H ≅ can be compared with the very recent reference [13].

→ ≅ ×
As per the 2015 Planck data [12], the current value of the Hubble parameter is reported to be: ) Clearly speaking, our fit of 0 H seems to lie in between the values recommended in reference [12] and reference [13] respectively.See section 4 for further discussion on relation (2).

Note:
As the universe is always assumed to be expanding at 'increasing super luminal speeds', there is no scope for 'temperature isotropy' and cosmic temperature will decrease continuously.Since the current observable universe is very large and as the observer is not in a position to reach all parts of the current universe, one may be forced to arrive at a misconception of 'CMBR isotropy'.
It may be noted that, in a quantum gravitational approach, relation (2) can be expressed in the following general form.
Here in this relation, we try to highlight the expression, Qualitatively this expression is similar to Hawking's black hole temperature formula [28] and needs further study.In our earlier publications,{author Seshavatharam U.V.S [29,30] and along with S. Lakshminarayana and E. Terry Tatum [31][32][33][34][35]}, we proposed that, where t M is the mass of universe and is equal to

Application-2: To estimate the current cosmic age
From the beginning of Planck scale which is assumed to be associated with big bang, cosmic age can be estimated as follows: According to standard cosmology, cosmic age corresponding to a temperature of ~3000 K and redshift of ~1100 is around ~3,80,000 years.Based on our proposed assumptions, If See the following table -1.Application-3: To understand the cosmic scale factor with reference to ( ) According to modern cosmology, cosmic age connected with cosmic scale factor is given by, where ( ) is the scale factor.With reference to our proposed assumption 3a, cosmic scale factor can be expressed with the following relation.
( ) For the CMBR redshift case, i.e. 3000 K and 1100; can be fitted with the following relation.
( ) With further study, it is also possible to show that, ( ) ( ) ( ) where 0 V and t V represent the current and past cosmic expansion speeds, 0 t and t represent current and past cosmic ages and 0 R and t R represent current and past cosmic radii.
( ) Application-4: To understand the cosmic scale factor with reference to ( ) According to modern cosmology, cosmic age connected with cosmic temperature ratio is given by, ( ) With reference to the data prepared as per the proposed relations, from relations ( 2) and ( 4) it is possible to show that, ( where 0 V and t V represent the current and past cosmic expansion speeds respectively.Point to be noted is that, magnitude of Point to be noted is that, dimensionally, corresponds to 'length 2 /meter' and ( ) 2 1 z + seems to represent a ratio of For case-B, it is noticed that, Point to be noted is that, dimensionally, corresponds to 'length' and ( ) It may be noted that, relations (16) and [(18A) or (18B)] start deviating when temperature is reaches the of the order of 10 According to Mihran Vardanyan et al [14], "Bayesian model averaging is a procedure to obtain parameter constraints that account for the uncertainty about the correct cosmological model.We use recent cosmological observations and Bayesian model averaging to derive tight limits on the curvature parameter, as well as robust lower bounds on the curvature radius of the Universe and its minimum size, while allowing for the possibility of an evolving dark energy component.Because flat models are favored by Bayesian model selection, we find that model-averaged constraints on the curvature and size of the Universe can be considerably stronger than non model-averaged ones.
For the most conservative prior choice (based on inflationary considerations), our procedure improves on non model-averaged constraints on the curvature by a factor of 2. The curvature scale of the Universe is conservatively constrained to be Rc > 42 Gpc (99%), corresponding to a lower limit to the number of Hubble spheres in the Universe NU > 251 (99%)".With reference to our proposed assumptions, current cosmic radius (including observable and non-observable) can be estimated in the following way.From the beginning of Planck scale which is assumed to be associated with big bang, cosmic distance travelled can be estimated as follows: For the current case,   20) and ( 21), within the current radius of 90 Gly=27.6Gpc, from and about the point of big bang, galactic receding speeds can be approximated with the following relation.

( ) (
) ( ) where g d is the current galactic distance from the point of big bang and g v is the current galactic receding speed.
Based on this relation (22), within the current boundary of 90 Gly=27.6Gpc, galactic distances corresponding to assumed galactic receding speeds can be expressed in the following way.
See the following table-5.By co-relating the estimated galactic distances and actual galactic receding speeds with observed galactic red shifts, further research can be carried out.With reference to assumption 3b, at any stage of cosmic evolution, From applications 2 and 3, current visual and non-visual cosmic radius is around 90 Gly.With reference to assumption 3b, current mass of our (visible and invisible parts) universe can be estimated with the following relation. where, It may be noted that, with this mass, current mass energy density can be expressed with the following relation. .
Now mass energy density can be expressed with the following relation. .
Now ratio of mass energy density and critical energy density [12] can be expressed with the following relation.
Based on this strange and interesting coincidence, proposed method of estimating the current cosmic mass can be given some consideration.Clearly speaking, Mach's principle and its quantitative relation, seems to play a vital role in understanding the large scale structure of the evolving universe and its mass density.It may be noted that, in our earlier published papers and references there in, we have focused on

Application-8: To estimate the current cosmic rotational kinetic energy
From assumptions 3a, 3b and 3c, current cosmic rotational energy can be estimated in the following way.
From classical mechanics, rotational kinetic energy of any spherical body is given by, where, I is the moment of inertia of the rotating body and ω is the angular velocity.Based on this relation, current cosmic rotational kinetic energy can be expressed with the following relation.

( )
As current 'mass density' is very small in magnitude, current observable universe can be considered as a thin spherical shell and hence its corresponding current moment of inertia can be expressed with the following relation.
From the above two relations, current cosmic rotational kinetic energy can be expressed with the following simple relation.

( )
Surprisingly it is noticed that, ratio of proposed current cosmic rotational energy density and currently believed dark energy density is very close to unity.It can be expressed in the following way.
With reference to critical energy density, current rotational kinetic energy density can be expressed with the following relation.

( ) (
) With respect to cosmic mass, ( ) ( ) Surprisingly it is noticed that, ratio of current cosmic rotational kinetic energy density and critical energy density is equal to 2 0.666667 3 ≅ .It can be expressed in the following way.
( ) ( ) If one is willing to consider this coincidence as a 'heuristic coincidence', it is possible to say that, currently believed 'dark energy' is nothing but the current cosmic rotational kinetic energy.It is for further study.

Application-9: To estimate the current 'dark matter' density
Based on the currently believed 'flat' model concept and current observations, 'dark matter' density can be fitted in the following way..
Quantitatively this can be compared with the currently believed 'dark matter' density [12] and needs further study.Proceeding further, we noticed a very interesting relation in the following way.
where, ( ) ( ) ( ) We are working on understanding this very strange and very simple relation with respect to past cosmological evolution.Based on this relation, if ( ) , obtained ( )

Discussion on Quantum cosmology, the Planck scale Hubble parameter and the cosmic temperature
In modern physics literature, one can find many articles on 'quantum cosmology'.One best review article is by Martin Bozowald [1].In his opinion, 1) "Quantum cosmology is based on the idea that quantum physics should apply to anything in nature, including the whole universe.Quantum descriptions of all kinds of matter fields and their interactions are well known and can easily be combined into one theory -leaving aside the more complicated question of unification, which asks for a unique combination of all fields based on some fundamental principles or symmetries.Nevertheless, quantizing the whole universe is far from being straightforward because, according to general relativity, not just matter but also space and time are physical objects.They are subject to dynamical laws and have excitations (gravitational waves) that interact with each other and with matter.Quantum cosmology is therefore closely related to quantum gravity, the quantum theory of the gravitational force and space-time.Since quantum gravity remains unfinished, the theoretical basis of quantum cosmology is unclear.And to make things worse, there are several difficult conceptual problems to be overcome".

2) "We remain far from a proper understanding of quantum cosmology, especially when physics at the
Planck scale is involved.At the same time, research on quantum cosmology has led to progress in our understanding of generally covariant quantum systems and often showed unexpected effects of quantum space-time".understanding and fitting the current Hubble parameter and current cosmic temperature in the form of relation ( 8) that seems to have a deep quantum mechanical back ground. .

Discussion on the proposed assumptions and their consequences or results
We would like to highlight the following points: 1) Modern cosmologists strongly believe that current universe is accelerating.But they are silent in quantifying the past and current cosmic expansion speeds.Based on assumptuion 3d, we tried our level best in quantifying the past and current cosmic expansion speeds.2) Even though, modern cosmology is strongly believing in current cosmic acceleration, it is silent in quantifying the current cosmic acceleraton.Along with the assumed cosmic age, we assume the current and initial cosmic expansion speeds and thereby estimating the past current cosmic radii.With reference to data presented in table-1, it is very clear that, current cosmic expansion speed is slowly increasing with increasing cosmic age.Based on this fact, we can have two possible observations as expressed in the following way.
a) With increasing cosmic age, current universe is expanding with a slowly increasing speed of 11.885c.b) Magnitude of the future cosmic expansion speed depends on the magnitude of the future Hubble parameter.c) By knowing the time to time future cosmic temperatures, from relation (2), corresponding future Hubble parameters can be estimated and thus, corresponding future cosmic expansion speeds can be estimated.
. 3) With reference to the proposed assumptions, current universe seems to constitute 267 Hubble spheres.According to Mihran Vardanyan et al [23], the curvature scale of the Universe is conservatively constrained to be Rc> 42 Gpc (99%), corresponding to a lower limit to the number of Hubble spheres in the Universe NU > 251 (99%).This coincidence clearly indicates the workability of our proposed assumptions.4) We consider continuous superluminal expansions and hence it is possible to understand the currently observed large scale cosmic homogeniety or isotropy.Important point to be noted is that, modern estimate of cosmic radius is strictly assumed to obey 'inflation' whereas our estimate of cosmic radius (that is twice of modern estiamte) is independent of 'inflation'.From table-1, it is clear that, at around 1.06x10 -32 seconds, cosmic expansion speed was around 4.64c and at around 0.41 seconds, cosmic expansion speed was around 9.76c.Based on these points, 'inflation' concept can be relinquished [18].In addition, concepts associated with 'fine tuning' of 'beginning of inflation' can also be ignored.

5)
As the observed universe is very large and observers cannot reach outer parts of the univese, one may be forced to believe in 'temperature isotropy'.In reality, as universe is continuously assumed to be expanding at increasing super luminal speeds, expecting 'temperature isotropy' may not be reasonable.6) Since it is assumed that, universe is always expanding with increasing super luminal speeds, generally believed 'Lambda term ' can be ignored in our proposed model.7) Without a radial in-flow of matter in all directions towards one specific point, one cannot expect a big crunch and without a big crunch, one cannot expect a big bang.Really if there was a 'big bang' in the past, with reference to formation of big bang as predicted by GTR and with reference to the cosmic rate of expansion that might had taken place simultaneously in all directions at a 'naturally selected rate' about the point of big bang -'point' of big bang can be considered as the characteristic reference point of cosmic expansion in all directions.Thinking in this way, to some extent, point of big bang can be considered as a possible center of cosmic expansion.8) It may be noted that, many cosmologists are working on 'cosmic rotation' .In this context, one can see the following important points quoted by eminent scientists: A) According to Fani Dosopoulou et al [38]: "Current observations are consistent with small amounts of universal rotation, which means that, if the universe rotates, it does so very slowly.This is also in agreement with the inflationary scenario, where the exponential expansion is expected to essentially eliminate any traces of primordial vorticity.Nevertheless, most (if not all) astrophysical structures rotate, which raises the question whether their rotation is of cosmological origin, or a relatively recent addition due to local physical processes.Magnetic fields have long been known to act as sources of rotational distortions and the agent responsible for their generation is the field's tension.Consequently, one could argue that the origin of cosmic magnetism and that of universal rotation are closely (if not directly) related.Put another way, magnetized universes should also rotate." B) According to L.M.Chechin [39]: "From these estimations it result that Universe angular velocity must be in the following range 21 H ω  From this follows the correctness of Gamov's remark [70] that the unique reason for Universe expansion and its rotation must be.If take into account that vacuum creates all baryonic substance, it is the moving force of the total Universe evolution, hence." C) According to C.Sivaram et al [41]: "The origin of rotation or spin of objects, from stars to galaxies, is still an unanswered question.Even though there are models which try to explain this, none of them can account for the initial impulse that gave rise to this spin.
In this paper we present that a cosmological model that contains a term involving the primordial spin of the universe can explain how these objects acquired the property of spin.This model also gives a natural explanation for the quadratic scaling of angular momentum with mass.Again, from this model, the background torsion due to a universal spin density not only give rise to angular momenta for all structures but also provide a background "centrifugal term" acting as a repulsive gravity accelerating the universe, with spin density acting as effective cosmological constant."D) According to Serkan Zorba [42,43]: "The universe is rigidly rotating with an angular frequency equal to the Hubble's constant, and with a centrifugal force that is linearly proportional to distance.It implies that dark energy is not the "vacuum energy," but rather the rotational energy of the universe.My model thus has significant implications for the cosmological principle and the standard model of cosmology.Our universe appears to possess mysterious dark energy and dark matter because it is part of a rotating space-time of a disk-shaped universe, and the centrifugal and Coriolis forces due to rotation are perceived by us as dark energy and dark matter."E) According to Wlodzimierz Godlowski [44]: "The presented observational situation is that the galaxies, their pairs and compact groups have a non-vanishing angular momentum.In the structures of mass corresponding to groups of galaxies, this feature has not been found, while in the clusters and super clusters alignment of galaxy orientation has been actually found.Also we know that galaxies have net angular momentum due to the fact that we actually measure the rotation curves of galaxies.These facts lead to the conclusion that theories which connect galaxy angular momentum with its sur-rounding structure are at some extend favored by data.We show that in the light of scenarios of galaxy formations this result could be interpreted as an effect of tidal forces mechanism, but it is also consistent with Li's model, in which galaxies form in the rotating universe."F) According to Michael J. Longo [45]:"A preference for spiral galaxies in one sector of the sky to be left-handed or right-handed spirals would indicate a parity violating asymmetry in the overall Universe and a preferred axis.This study uses 15158 spiral galaxies with redshifts 0.085 z < from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.An unbinned analysis for a dipole component that made no prior assumptions for the dipole axis gives a dipole asymmetry of 0.0408 0.011 with a probability of occurring by chance of , while spirals with separations 20 Mpc/h < have smaller spin correlations."G) According to Korotky V.A. and Obukhov [55]:"We believe that the cosmic rotation is an important physical effect which should find its final place in cosmology.In this paper we outlined one of the possible theoretical frameworks which can underlie our understanding of this phenomenon."

9)
From modern estimates, cosmic radius about earth is 46.5 billion light years and from our estimate, cosmic radius about the point of big bang is 90 billion light years and ratio of these two radii is very close to ½.Estimated radii point of view, factor ½ is not a big issue.As earth is far away from the observable cosmic boundary, even though, if current universe is really rotating with very small magnitude of angular velocity, one may not be able to observe the effects of cosmic rotation from and about earth.10) Considering all the proposed assumptions collectively, it is certainly possible to show that, ratio of currently believed 'dark enery density' and proposed 'rotational kinetic energy density' is equal to unity.This coincidence casts doubt on the existence of 'dark energy' at fundamanetal level and needs further study.It may be noted that, very recently, Naser Mostaghel, in his paper [58] clearly demonstrated an alternative way of describing the expansion of space without involving the controversial dark energy.According to Xiaochun Mei and Ping Yu [59]: The red shift of cosmology is considered as the Doppler's effect.However, the basic formula used to calculate the high red shift of Ia supernova in current cosmology is related to scalar factor ( ) R t rather than velocity factor ( ) .R t .There exists inconsistency which is not allowed in physics.It is proved that the current formula used to calculates the relation of red shift and distance of Ia supernova is wrong in cosmology.We should directly use the Doppler's formula to calculate the red shift of cosmology.By the method of numerical calculation, based on the Newtonian gravity and the Doppler's formula, it is proved that the red shift of Ia supernova can be explained well.The hypotheses of dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe are completely unnecessary.The problem of the universe age can be solved well.11) Even though our proposed model is independent of galactic redshifts, galactic distances and galactic receding speeds, with proposed assumptions, outline of the currently believed evolving cosmic structure can be understood very easily.By measuring the actual galactic receding speeds, assumption 3d can be investigated further.12) In any model of cosmology, fundamental questions to be solved are: 1) Why do 'dark matter' and 'visible matter' have their measured values of ~33% of critical energy?2) Why do 'dark energy' has its measured values of ~68% of critical energy?3) How to estimate their 1) Extrapolation to past and future is very easy.
2) A unified model of evolving quantum cosmology can be developed.
3) With further study and observations, 'actual' galactic receding speeds and observed galactic redshits can be studied in a unified approach.
km/sec/Mpc 2.268529 10 sec , (1Mpc=3.085677581 10 m) H ≅ ≅ × × it seems, is in good correlation with specified interval.At the same time the peculiarity of quoted articles is the Universe rotation searching in the determination by a baryonic substrate.In contrary, i.e the Universe rotation determines by Newtonian's mechanics and is the consequence of vacuum presence.That is why the ratio of Universe angular velocity to the Hubble parameter is about unit, i.e. ( ) 0 1.
asymmetry is seen in the Southern Galaxy spin catalog of Iye and Sugai.The axis of the dipole asymmetry lies at approx.along that of our Galaxy and close to alignments observed in the WMAP cosmic microwave background distributions.The observed spin correlation extends out to separations 210 Mpc/h 

Table -
and

: To estimate the current distance travelled by the universe
6K.With respect to radiation dominated era and matter dominated era above relations can be recommended for further research.See the following table -2 for various estimated redshift magnitudes.According to modern cosmological observations, the commoving distance from Earth to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.26 Gpc (46.5 Gly = 4.40 × 10 26 meters) in any direction.The observable universe is thus a sphere with a diameter of about 28.5 Gpc = 93 Gly = 8.8×10 26 m).Readers are suggested to see the valuable scientific information available in Wikipedia web site on 'Observational cosmology'.

Table -
mation.With further research and analysis and by understanding the galactic red shifts, discrepancy can be reviewed and resolved.Diameter of current (observable and non-observable) cosmic sphere about the point of big bang is 180 Gly=55.2Gpc.See the following table-4.

Table - 5
: To understand galactic receding speeds and distances from and about the point of big bang

.473E-12 1.16E+13 2.145E+22 2.888E+49 4.132E+67 6.990E-19 1.094E-14 6.389E-05
R ≅and developed "Black hole cosmology models".But we could not present a reasonable explanation for the origin and understanding of the observed cosmic visible mass density.See the following table-6 for understanding the past cosmic mass density.From the last column of table-6, it is clear that, during cosmic evolution, mass density increases with cosmic age and strongly supports the 'hot big bang' idea of 'early matter was in the form of radiation'.
These points clearly indicate the poor status of 'current quantum cosmology'.In this context, for in depth analysis at fundamental level.In addition, one can see the simplicity of relation (2) in