Socio-economic benefit of wetland ecosystem (in case of lake ziway)

This study focused for socio-economic benefit of Western shoreline of Lake Ziway ecosystem. The data collected from two woredas they were Adami Tulu Jidu Kombolch (ATJK) and Dugda woreda of fishermen and small scale irrigation users. Lake Ziway great importance for food and water for both groups of respondents and additionally sources of raw material, energy, cultivation, organic fertilizers, genetic and medicinal plants. Lake Ziway also has a major economic benefit for both groups of respondents. The sampled fishermen cached mean amount of 2,524Kg per year with minimum and maximum amount of fish 504Kg and 16,800Kg per year respectively and with this fish catching they got average income of 51,398 Birr ($2,570) per year with range of 7,200 Birr ($360) and 288,000 Birr ($14,400) per year. As like of fishermen small scale irrigation also got economic benefit with their production of cereal crops, fruits and vegetables. They produce in average 13.47Quintal of cereal crop and 69.56Quintal of fruits and vegetables per year and they got average income of 7,727 Birr ($386) and with range of 13,714 Birr ($686) per year respectively. this incurred that wetland ecosystem has a lot of socioeconomic benefit for the people live nearby specially for developing countries like Ethiopia they are more dependent on natural ecosystem like of Lake Ziway. Because of its high importance, we have to protect and conserve and use sustainably of Lake Ziway and similar wetland ecosystems.


Introduction
The people of less developing countries more depend on ecosystem goods and services such as economic dependences, social well beings and livelihoods of the peoples those found around the particular ecosystem like forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem and among these ecosystems lake ecosystem is one of them and it has great role to support the livelihoods of the people found around lakes (EFTEC, 2005).
There are various users of ecosystem goods and services of Lake Ziway , among these users private industries like horticulture company, local farmers using small scale irrigation to agricultural activities, production fishes, using of lake Ziway water for water supply to Ziway town and gives other ecosystem goods and services.Lake Ziway still holds the intrinsic value and aesthetic quality of a wetland, including its functions like shelter for a rich diversity of plants, aquatic birds and fish and ecological functions like filtering pollutants and sediments, buffering against wind and storm etc.The marshes around the lake support several waders, both of intra-African and Northern species while roosts of several thousands of cormorants, ducks and geese can be observed around the lake.The long shoreline of lake Ziway is covered with submerged vegetation and especially in the south, papyrus and emergent grasses, reeds and Scymora trees, in addition the shoreline used for the irrigation purpose for farming activities and for fishery.
In the less inundated areas the lake offers suitable farm and grazing land when the water level is low and breeding and nursery places for fish when the level is high.When properly managed and monitored, lake Ziway has a good potential for the development of tourism with a focus on wetland aesthetics with its riparian forests, hippo's and birds and making boat trips to the islands with hot water springs, local traditions and fish barbecue attractive activities(Petra et al., ( 2009).
Ecosystem services of lakes Ziway like fisheries, cereal crop production, vegetable and fruit production, provide food, income and employment to the rural and urban population.Despite its social and economic role, the value of the ecosystem services of Lake Ziway is undervalue in the development planning of the area (Felegeselam (2003).

Lake Ziway description
Lake Ziway found in the Oromiya region under Eastern Showa and Arisi zones.And most of Western shoreline of Lake Ziway found in the Eastern Showa zone under Adami Tulu Jido Kombolch woreda and Dugda woreda.Lake Ziway is located at about 160Km South of Addis Ababa (7 0 52 ' to 8 0 8'N latitude and 7 0 52' to 38 0 56'E longitude ( Matheos Hailue,2011).The lake is situated at an altitude of 1636m above sea level with a surface area of 434Km 2 and mean of depth 2.5m.The lake is fed by rivers Meki from Noth West and Ketir from East and it has an out flow through Bulbula river, draining in to Lake Abijata.
In the study mainly focused on the Western shoreline of Lake Ziway since most of economic activities were found on the Western shoreline like fisheries, small scale irrigation, livestock production, private companies such as horticulture and others.

Dugda woreda description
The location of Dugda wereda is 130Km from Addis Ababa and 90Km from Adama town and neighboring weredas for are Ziway-Dugda wereda towards East, Bora wereda towards North, Adami Tulu Jidu Kombolcha (ATJK) towards South and South region of SNNPE (South Nation Nationality of Ethiopia) towards West.The total area of Dugda wereda is 95,945 ha.And the total population is 144,910 out of which 74,561 are male and 70,349 are female, in addition the number of people living in rural area are 108,658 and in urban area are 18,386.Being arid and semi-arid Dugda received 750mm rainfall per year with a mean temperature of 26 0 c (Dugda wereda administration, agricultural office annual report, 2012).

Admi Tulu Jidu Kombolcha (ATJK) woreda description
Location of ATJK is 7 o 37'-04'N, 38 o 32'-39 o 04'E and 167 km from the capital Addis Ababa and has total area of 1403.3Km 2 .This wereda also has 700mm annual precipitation which 42% falls in the period between June to September and the mean annual temperature is 24 0 c at Ziway and Admi Tullu station.It has arid and semi-arid ecological zone in addition the total population of this wereda is 141,405 with 71,167 are male and 70,238 are female (ATJK wereda administration, agricultural office annual report, 2012).
In the study used both primary and secondary source of data.The primary data were collected by using survey questionnaire, interview and observation and thought for secondary source of data from literature reviews, organization documents and reports.

Sampling methods
The study categorized the population in to two different groups, fishermen and Small Scale Irrigation Users (SSIU) who are direct users of Lake Ziway ecosystem goods and services.And then sample from the two groups were taken semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to both groups for collecting data.
For determine the size of sample for both groups the study used data from ATJK woreda and Dugda woreda agricultural offices, the number of fishermen and SSIU who got ecosystem services of Western shoreline of Lake Ziway.The total number of fishermen and SSIU were 1590 and 1650 respectively in both woredas, the study used 170 sample size for each group from the total number of each groups.

Data analysis methods
For comparing economical benefit of fishermen and small scale irrigation from Lake Ziway ecosystem, the study used independent sample t-test.And STATA version 11 and SPSS version 20 software used for analyze data.

Socio-economic characteristics of the sample fishermen households
The ages of the sample fishermen ranged between 18 and 57 with a mean age of 31.5 with respect to age frequency most of them were of age 28,30,25,26, with corresponding of 10.6%, 10.0%, 7.1%, 7.1% respectively.And out of the total 73.5 percent of the sample population were below age of 35.The study also revealed that 98.2% were male and among the sample fishermen respondents 57.1% were married and 33.5% single.From the sample fishermen respondents 81.8% attended formal class, and 18.2% did not any attended formal class.Most of the educated people attended class until grade 10, 6, 9 with the percentage of 16%, 11.2% and 10.6% respectively.
The sample fishermen household income varied between minimum of 6,240 birr and maximum of 234,000 birr per year.Mean income was 41,019.97birr per year.In addition, 81.8% of the sample household earned below 56,000 birr per year and only 18.2% of the respondent earned the above state amount.90% of the sample fishermen respondents had a family size below 8 family members and the rest had above 8 family members.
From the sample fishermen household the number of family members who were directly involved in the source household income activities most of their families number are 1and 2 in percentages of 59.4% and 28.8% respectively.Only 11.8% of the sample household had more than 2 family members participating in the household source of income activities.37.1% of the household did not have children who went to school and 61.1% of the sample had between 1and 5 numbers of children who attended formal class.

Socio-economic characteristics of the sample Small Scale Irrigation Users (SSIU) households
The age of the sample respondents of SSIU ranged between a minimum 22 years and a maximum of 66 years with a mean of 37.61 years.79.4% of the respondents were below 46 years of age.72.9% respondents were male and the rest were female.82.9% of the total sample households were married and 47.6% of the sample respondents did not attend formal class and 11.2% respondents were grade 10 completed.The amount of income per year of SSIU sample respondents ranged between 12,000 and 202,000 birr per year and their mean income was 58,869.2birr per year.From the total sample household 74.7% had family size of 2 to 7 numbers, 83.5% of household had 1upto 3 number families directly engaged in the main source of income.Among the total sample in 77.6% of the household there were 1up to 4 numbers of children attending formal class.

Economical benefit of Lake Ziway for fishermen and Small Scale Irrigation Users (SSIU)
Petra et al., (2009) and Felegeselam (2003) indicated that Lake Ziway ecosystem had economical benefit for the residents of the shoreline of Lake Ziway especially for fishermen and SSIU.The fishermen got their main house hold income by catching fishes and selling for the local fish whole sale merchants or by selling directly to the market.Small Scale Irrigation Users (SSIU) also were getting economical benefit from ecosystem services of Lake Ziway and its shoreline by producing cereal crops, vegetable and fruit which they then sold in the market.
This study only dealt with on the economical benefit of Western shoreline of Lake Ziway and the following showed the amount of production, cost, income of the sample household of fishermen and SSIU.

Amount of production, cost and income by fish catching of fishermen
From the sample fishermen respondents mean amount of fish produced per year is 2,524 Kg (Table 1), with a minimum and maximum amount of fishes produced per year were 504 and 16,800 Kg respectively and its standard deviation is 1930.From the frequency table, it showed that the first, second, third and fourth order in percentage 15.3% of fishermen respondents were produced 2,520Kg of fish per year, 12.4% produced 2,100Kg of fishes, 11.2% produced 840Kg of fishes, 11.2% produced 1,680Kg of fishes and 10%of the fishermen respondents produced 3,360Kg of fishes per year respectively.
The mean expense incurred for caching fish by the sample fishermen respondents was 12,001birr per year (Table 1) and the minimum and maximum expense were 0 and 72000 birr respectively per year and its standard deviation 9754.The frequency table showed that 90.6% of the fishermen respondents incurred expense less than 18,000 birr per year for catching fishes.
In addition the fishermen respondents average income obtained from catching fish was 51,398.

Amount of production, cost and income by producing cereal crops and vegetable and fruit production of fishermen
The fishermen respondents indicated that they produced 1.95 and 2.37 quintal in average of cereal crops and vegetables and fruits respectively (Table 2).However from the fishermen respondents only 16.5% of re produced cereal crop and 3.5% of the fishermen respondents produce vegetable and fruit.Further more the respondents indicated that they produced cereal crop and vegetable and fruit as part time work not as the main house hold income source because their main source of income was catching fishes from Lake Ziway.
Amount of average expense incurred by fishermen sample respondents for cereal crop and vegetable and fruit production were 326 and 450 birr per year (Table 2).And maximum amount of expense for cereal crop and vegetable and fruit production were 6,000 and 36,000 birr per year respectively.Average income obtained from selling cereal crop and vegetable and fruit were 248 and 1,279 birr per year accordingly.

Amount of production, cost and income by fish catching of SSIU
Average amount fishes catched per year were 60.2Kg by SSIU, minimum and maximum amount of fish catched per year were 0 and 2,520Kg respectively and their standard deviation is 282(Table 3).However from the sample respondents of SSIU only 5.3% were doing an activity of fish caching from the total respondents and they were doing fish catching in their part time.Average expense incurred by SSIU for fish catching was 332 birr per year (Table 3), minimum and maximum amount of expense were 0 and 10,800 birr per year and their standard deviation was 1,599.In addition average income got with fish catching by SSIU was 1,010birr per year, minimum and maximum income obtained from fish catching by SSIU were 0 and 54,000 birr per year accordingly.

Amount of production, cost and income by producing cereal crops, vegetable and fruit production of SSIU
Sample SSIU respondents produced in average 13.47 Quintal of cereal crop per year and their minimum and maximum amount of cereal crop production were 0 and 120 Quintal per year and from the sample 40% of respondents did not produce cereal crop (Table 4).The average cost incurred for cereal crop was 2,865 birr per year in addition minimum and maximum amount of cost incurred for cereal crop production were 0 and 30,000 birr per year.However 40% of the SSIU respondents did not incurred any cost for cereal crop production.Sample SSIU respondents also got incomes generated from cereal crop production and their average amount of income was 7,727birr per year as well as their minimum and maximum amount of income gets from selling cereal crop were 0 and 72,000birr per year respectively (Table 4).But 56.5% of SSIU respondents did not get income by selling cereal crop because 40% of the respondents did not produce cereal crop and 16.5% of SSIU respondents used cereal crop for home consumption not for selling in the market.Average amount of vegetable and fruit produced per year was 69.56Qunital per year by sample SSIU respondents and minimum and maximum amount of vegetable and fruit produced were 0 and 200Quintal per year respectively in addition 61.7% of SSIU respondents were produced vegetable and fruit between 18 and 80Quintal per year (Table 4).Average amount of expense incurred for vegetable and fruit production was 13,714birr per year also the minimum and maximum amount of cost incurred for vegetable and fruit production by sample SSIU were 0 and 60,000birr per year.Also 78.2% of SSIU respondents were incurred cost for vegetable and fruit production between 1,500 and 20,000birr per year.
In addition income get by SSUI respondents with selling vegetable and fruit production, based on this average income get with selling of vegetable and fruit production is 66,451birr per year and minimum and maximum amount of income get by selling vegetable and fruit by SSIU are 0 and 220,000birr per year.Among the respondents 82.3% get income between 7,200 and 93,000birr per year from vegetable and fruit production by SSIU.

Comparing economical benefit of fishermen and Small Scale Irrigation Users (SSIU) from Lake Ziway ecosystem
In order to compare the economical benefit of fishermen and Small Scale Irrigation Users from Lake Ziway the study used by comparing their total production amount of expense incurred for their production and amount of income obtained from selling their products in the market by using independent sample T test.
Mean total production of fish, cereal crop production and vegetable and fruit production of small scale irrigation users was 8,363.8Kg per year.On the other hand the mean total productions of fishermen was 2,956.3Kgper year in addition from (5) their mean difference shows that total mean production of SSIU is higher than the total mean production of fishermen by 5,407.5Kgper year.Based on their total mean production the study test their differences by using independent sample T-test, the result show that their mean difference is statistically differ each other because with 0.005 of confidence the significance level is 0.00 with considering of equality of variance so that their total mean production statistically differ.This means the total production of small scale irrigation users were got more amount of production than fishermen per year with statistical significant difference.This study also used total mean expense for comparing of economical benefit of fishermen and small scale irrigation users.From the result total mean expense of SSIU for their total production was16, 911 birr per year and total mean expense of fishermen for their total production was 12,777.3birr per year (Table 6).And their mean difference was 4,133.6birrand their differences were statistically significance at 0.005 confidences at significance level 0.001 with considering of equality of variance .This implied that total expense of production of small scale irrigation users had more total expense than fishermen.
The other way of comparing economical benefit of fishermen and SSIU who lived on the western shoreline using in this study was total mean income got from their production.Total mean income of SSIU from their production was 75,189 birr per year and total mean income of fishermen was 52,926 birr per year (Table 7).And their mean income difference was 22,263 birr per year and their mean income difference was statistically significance because at 0.005 confidence at significance level of 0.00 this showed that the significance level was below alph or 0.005 so that by accepting the alternative hypothesis then rejecting null hypothesis.From the result it showed total income of small scale irrigation users were more statistically more than fishermen total income got from their production from ecosystem of Lake Ziway.
Based on above ways of comparing, SSIU have more economical benefits from Western shoreline because of SSIU had higher total production amount and total income from their production than fishermen from Western shoreline of Lake Ziway.

Conclusions
 From all other ecosystem services water related ecosystem services held higher percentage of users.For example 81.8% of fishermen respondents used drinking water for human and livestock from Lake Ziway, 90.6% obtained services of bathing and swimming from Lake Ziway and 87.6% got water for washing their cloths.And in other side 100% of SSIU respondents obtained water used for irrigation from Lake Ziway, 87% of SSIU obtained bathing and swimming services, 84.1% used water for human and livestock from western shoreline of Lake Ziway.
 From food related ecosystem services 100% of fishermen respondents got fish from Lake Ziway and 15.3% of SSIU respondents obtained bee hive from Lake Ziway ecosystem.
 Both fishermen and SSIU obtained energy and raw material services from Lake Ziway.
 From ecosystem services related to cultivation and organic fertilizer, 41.8% fishermen got weed and grass and 15.3% of fishermen produce cereal crop from Lake Ziway ecosystem.And SSIU also get cultivation and organic fertilizer services from Lake Ziway among these 97.1% SSIU respondents produced vegetable and fruit production, 61.2% SSIU respondents produced cereal crop, and 50% of SSIU respondents got weed and grass from Western shoreline of Lake Ziway.
 Lake Ziway also gave services related genetic and medicinal resources to local community for example 37.6% of SSIU respondents used medicinal plants and 8.2% fishermen respondents for also used medicinal plants from Western shoreline of Lake Ziway.
 Mean total production of fishermen was 2956.3Kg per year and mean total production of SSIU was 8363.8Kg per year.And from independent T-test, the amount of mean total production of SSIU was significantly higher than fishermen total mean production.
 Mean total expense of SSIU for their production was 16,910.9birr per year and mean total expense of fishermen was 12,777.3birr per year.And from comparing their mean total expense, the mean total expenses of SSIU were significantly higher than fishermen mean total expense.
 Total mean income of SSIU was 75,188.9birr per year and total mean income of fishermen was 52,926 birr per year from their production of cereal crop, vegetable and fruit production and fish catching.And when comparing their total mean income, total mean income of SSIU was significantly higher than that of fishermen.

Table 1
Amount, expense and income get by fish caching by fishermen

Table 2
Amount, expense and income get by producing cereal crops and vegetable and fruit production of

Table 3
Amount, expense and income got by fish caching by SSIU

Table 4
Amount of production, cost and income by producing cereal crops and vegetable and

Table 5
Comparing of total mean production of fishermen and SSIU

Table 6
Comparing of total mean expense for production of fishermen and SSIU

Table 7
Comparing of total mean income of SSIU and fishermen