Review
Version 1
Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Interstitial Lung Disease
Version 1
: Received: 3 September 2023 / Approved: 5 September 2023 / Online: 5 September 2023 (05:28:49 CEST)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Kim, Y.; Yang, H.-I.; Kim, K.-S. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Interstitial Lung Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14509. Kim, Y.; Yang, H.-I.; Kim, K.-S. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Interstitial Lung Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14509.
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most serious extra-articular complications of rheu-matoid arthritis (RA), which increases the mortality of RA. Because the pathogenesis of RA-ILD remains poorly understood, appropriate therapeutic strategies and biomarkers have not yet been identified. Thus, the goal of this review was to summarize and analyze the reported data on the etiology and pathogenesis of RA-ILD. The incidence of RA-ILD increases with age, and is also generally higher in men than in women and in patients with specific genetic variations and eth-nicity. Lifestyle factors associated with an increased risk of RA-ILD include smoking and exposure to pollutants. The presence of an anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, high RA disease activity, and rheumatoid factor positivity also increase the risk of RA-ILD. We also explored the roles of biological processes (e.g., fibroblast–myofibroblast transition, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and immunological processes), signaling pathways (e.g., JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt), and the his-topathology of RA involved in RA-ILD pathogenesis based on published preclinical and clinical models of RA-ILD in animal and human studies.
Keywords
Rheumatoid arthritis; interstitial lung disease; pathogenesis
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comments (0)
We encourage comments and feedback from a broad range of readers. See criteria for comments and our Diversity statement.
Leave a public commentSend a private comment to the author(s)
* All users must log in before leaving a comment